Comparison of Precipitation from Different Meteorological Stations:

A Case Study

Yansong Xiao

, Yahua Liao

, Lijuan Li

, Jianlin Hou

, Sijun Li

, Zhipeng Tan

, Rujing Deng

，

Zhihong He

, Hongguang Li

and Bin He

1,*

Chenzhou Tobacco Company of Hunan Province, 423000, Chenzhou, Hunan, China

Hunan Provincial Tobacco Company, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China

Keywords: Different Site, Regression Model, Time Scales, Relationship.

Abstract: Precipitation (P) can affect the growth, yield and quality of tobacco. This study compares P from the field

automatic meteorological station (FMS) and national meteorological station (NMS) which are installed in

different sites in Guiyang County, Chenzhou City of south Hunan Province on different time scales (whole

year, tobacco-growing season and different tobacco-growing stages). The results show that P, P differences

(ΔP), and day numbers of P difference (ΔP < 0 mm, = 0 mm, and > 0 mm) between FMS and NMS are

different at different sites and different time scales. The range of ΔP between FMS and NMS are from 20.4 to

339.1 mm with the absolute error from 4.6% to 48.4%, and day number is 0 - 133 d for ΔP < 0 mm, 7 - 191 d

for ΔP = 0 mm and 8 - 158 d for ΔP > 0 mm; In most cases the quadratic regression model could describe well

the correlation in P between NMS and FMS on different time scales, but the accuracy of the regression model

varies with different sites and different time scales. Therefore, it is necessary to determine climate zones firstly

for a tobacco-planting region and then FMS should be installed for each zone to obtain the real zonal P data

for meeting the requirements of fine meteorological services and revealing more accurately the relationship

between climate and the growth, yield and quality of tobacco.

1 INTRODUCTION

Many studies in China have shown that precipitation

(P) can directly affect the growth, yield and quality of

tobacco (Xu and Wang, 2016; Liu, 2017 and 2020; Xu

et al., 2019; Ji et al., 2021). Usually 0.8 - 1 kg of water

is needed to produce 1 kg of tobacco leaves, and the

suitable precipitation is 500 - 600 mm in the whole

tobacco-growing season, among of which, 100 - 120

mm, 230 - 280 mm and 150 -180 mm in the rooting,

flourishing and maturing stages of tobacco,

respectively (Liu, 2017).

P is dependent on the spatial location and can be

influenced by many factors, such as latitude,

longitude, altitude, vegetation and so on. But in China

there is usually only one national meteorological

station (NMS) in a county and in most cases, it is not

in the tobacco-planting region, thus, P of NMS can’t

reflect the real P of a tobacco-planting region, P

predicted by the model based on the data of NMS may

lead to the mis-decision and result in the adverse

effects for the planting of high-quality tobacco.

In recent years the field automatic

meteorological stations (FMS) have been installed in

some tobacco-growing regions in China (Li et al.,

2015a and 2015b; Liu, 2020; Shi and Liu, 2016), and

have supported the determination of transplanting

time of tobacco (Li et al., 2019)

and the effects of

climate parameters on quality formation of tobacco

(Zha et al., 2014; Gao, 2021). However, usually the

data of P have to be used from the nearest NMS for a

tobacco-planting region without NMS, and also P data

of multi years (for example, 20 years or more) from

NMS nearest the tobacco-planting region have to be

used to establish the predicting model of P because

many FMS have not been setup for a long time in

China. However, some studies found there are

differences in the data of climate parameters (for

examples, temperature, relative humidity and

atmospheric pressure) between NMS and FMS even

in the same small region (Chen et al., 2018 and 2019;

Yu et al., 2021), however, no comparison so far is

reported between P between FMS and NMS.

Chenzhou City, as the most typical region of

Nanling Hill Ecological Zone of tobacco with the

Xiao, Y., Liao, Y., Li, L., Hou, J., Li, S., Tan, Z., Deng, R., He, Z., Li, H. and He, B.

Comparison of Precipitation from Different Meteorological Stations: A Case Study.

DOI: 10.5220/0011596400003430

In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Agricultural and Biological Sciences (ABS 2022), pages 76-82

ISBN: 978-989-758-607-1; ISSN: 2795-5893

aroma style of burnt-pure sweet in China (Luo et al.,

2019), is the largest tobacco-planting region in Hunan

province, accounting for about 1/3 (2.67 × 10

) of

the total tobacco-planting area in Hunan (Luo et al.,

2017). Some studies were conducted on P in tobacco-

growing regions in Chenzhou and showed that,

according to the suitable values of P for the high-

quality tobacco, P was unfavorable in rooting stage but

suitable in flourishing and maturing stages of tobacco-

growing (Rong, 2013), excessive P in early growing

stage was a main factor inducing the occurrence of

unfavorable “high temperature forced early-maturity”

(Kuang, 2009), P changed irregularly on the scales of

year, tobacco-growing season, and in the rooting and

flourishing stages of tobacco-growing (Kong et al.,

2020). However, the climatic data used in the above

studies are either from NMS (Chen et al. 2015; Rong,

2013; Kuang, 2009; Kong et al., 2020) or from FMS

(Gu et al, 2020; Wang, 2017), so far there is no report

on P comparison between FMS and NMS, and the

differences in P from different meteorological stations

possibly can lead to the misjudgments about the

relationship between P and tobacco. So here we

propose the following two hypotheses: 1) P data

recorded in the national metrological station (NMS) in

a county (usually there is only one NMS in a county in

China) is different from that recorded in the

metrological station (FMS) installed in the tobacco-

planting region, which is mainly due to the difference

in the spatial sites, also to the differences in terrain,

land use type and so on, so P data of NMS can’t be

directly used to establish the model for predicting P in

the tobacco-planting region, for it would lead to mis-

decisions and the adverse effects on tobacco planting.

2) there is a certain correlation and comparability

between precipitation data of NMS and FMS, this

correlation is dependent on the location and time, and

could be used to modify the model based on P data of

NMS in order to improve further the prediction

accuracy of P in the tobacco-planting region. We hope

that the results of our study can prove further that FMS

should be installed in tobacco-planting region in

revealing more accurately the relationship between P

and tobacco-planting, and meet the requirements of

fine meteorological services in the tobacco-planting

region.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Information of Study Region

Chenzhou City is located in the southeast of Hunan

province of south-central China, between 112˚13' to

114˚14' in east longitude and 24˚53' to 26˚50' in north

latitude with a total area of 1.94×10

, which

belongs to subtropical monsoon humid climate with

annual mean temperature of 15.4-18.3°C, cumulative

sunshine hours of 1510.3-1764.3 hrs, precipitation of

1320.3-1654.7 mm and frost-free season of 235-296

d (Rong, 2013). The altitude of Chenzhou City ranges

from 70 to 2061 m, and the landform is complex with

mountains and hills accounting for about 3/4 of the

total area. The main soil types are red soil, yellow-red

soil and paddy soil (Hunan Agriculture Department,

1989), and the total area of cultivated land is

30.96×10

with the areas of 25.94×10

paddy fields (Chenzhou Municipal Bureau of Statistic,

2018). Tobacco is mainly cultivated in paddy fields

under the rotation of tobacco and late rice.

2.2 Sources, Processing and Analysis of

Climate Parameters

The original daily cumulative P are from the NMS in

Guiyang County (GY, No. 57973) and from FMS

(Temperature and Humidity Recorder 179-TH,

Beijing Dingxuan Shengshi Technology Co., Ltd.) in

Fangyuan Town (FY) and Aoquan Town (AQ), two

important tobacco-planting regions in GY installed in

October 2019.

Three-time scales are used in our study, which

include the whole year (from January 1 to December

31), tobacco-growing season (from March 10 to July

20) and different tobacco-growing stages (the rooting

stage from March 10 to April 20; the flourishing stage

from April 21 to May 31, and maturing stage from

June 1 to July 20).

Microsoft Excel 2016 and IBM Statistics SPSS

22.0 software are used for data processing and

analysis. The abnormal data are eliminated according

to the mothed of mean ± 3×S.D. The significant

difference and correlation are indicated by p<0.05 or

p<0.01.

3 RESULTS

3.1 Comparison of P between FMS and

NMS on Different Time Scales

The statistical information of P of FMS and NMS at

different time scales is presented in Table 1 From

Table 1 it can be seen that P, absolute error (AE) and

relative error (RE) of P between FMS and NMS are

different at different time scales, the range of P

difference between FMS and NMS are from 20.4 to

Comparison of Precipitation from Different Meteorological Stations: A Case Study

339.1 mm with the absolute error from 4.6% to 48.4%.

At the scale of year, in 2020, P of FY and AQ was

154.6 mm (10.5%) and 149.8 mm (10.2%) higher than

GY, respectively. However, in 2021, P of FY and AQ

was 339.1 mm (20.7%) and 142.4 mm (8.4%) lower

than GY, respectively. At the scale of tobacco-

growing season, in 2020, P of FY and AQ was 75.7

mm (10.0%) and 35.2 mm (4.6%) higher than GY,

respectively. However, in 2021, P of FY was 67.5 mm

(8.4%) lower than GY, while P of AQ was 139.6 mm

(17.4%) higher than GY. At rooting and flourishing

stages in 2020 and 2021, P of FY and AQ was 117.1

mm (30.2%), 61.0 mm (15.7%) and 20.4 mm (11.8%),

76.4 mm (44.3%) higher than GY in 2020; 26.0 mm

(14.0%), 49.1 mm (26.5%) and 18.9 mm (4.6%), 16.7

mm(4.1%) higher than GY in 2021; while at maturing

stage, in 2020, P of FY and AQ was 67.4 mm (36.7%)

and 74.9 mm (40.8) lower than GY, respectively;

However, in 2021, P of FY was 106.8 mm (48.4%)

lower than GY, while P of AQ was 46.5 mm (21.1%)

higher than GY. The statistical information of day

numbers of P difference (ΔP < 0 mm, = 0 mm, and >

0 mm) between FMS and NMS at different time

scales is presented in Table 2. From Table 2 it can be

seen that the day numbers of ΔP are different at

different time scales, day number is 0-133 d for ΔP <

0 mm, 7-191 d for ΔP = 0 mm, 8-158 d for ΔP > 0 mm.

At the scale of year, there are 27.0%-36.3%, 40.7%-

49.3% and 23.0% of days in 2020-2021 in FY with P

lower than, equal to and higher than in GY,

respectively; 4.4%-29.8%, 41.3%-52.3% and 28.9%-

43.3% of days in 2020-2021 in AQ with P lower than,

equal to and higher than in GY, respectively. At the

scale of tobacco-growing season, there are 27.8%-

33.1%, 39.1%-42.9% and 27.8%-29.3% of days in

2020-2021 in FY with P lower than, equal to and

higher than in GY, respectively; 0-33.1%, 42.1%-

43.6 % and 24.8%-56.4% of days in 2020-2021 in AQ

with P lower than, equal to and higher than in GY,

respectively. In rooting stage, there are 40.5%, 21.4%-

40.5% and 19.0%-38.1% of days in 2020-2021 in FY

with P lower than, equal to and higher than in GY,

respectively; 0-57.1%, 16.7%-50.0% and 26.2%-50.0

% of days in 2020-2021 in AQ with P lower than,

equal to and higher than in GY, respectively. In

flourishing stage, there are 0-31.7%, 29.3%-39.0%

and 29.3%-70.7% of days in 2020-2021 in FY with P

lower than, equal to and higher than in GY,

respectively; 0-31.7%, 26.8%-36.6% and 31.7%-73.2

% of days in 2020-2021 in AQ with P lower than,

equal to and higher than in GY, respectively. In

maturing stage, there are 14.0%-18.0%, 56.0%-64.0%

and 22.0%-26.0% of days in 2020-2021 in FY with P

lower than, equal to and higher than in GY,

respectively; 0-14.0%, 54.0%-60.0% and 26.00%-

46.0% of days in 2020-2021 in AQ with P lower than,

equal to and higher than in GY, respectively.

Table 1: Comparison of P on different time scales.

Scale Year

GY FY AQ

P (mm)

(mm)

AE (mm) RE (%)

(mm)

(%)

Whole year 2020 (n=366) 1466.8 1621.4 154.6 10.5

1616.

149.8 10.2

2021 (n=365) 1636.0 1296.9 -339.1 -20.7

1493.

-142.4 -8.7

Tobacco-growing

season

2020 (n=133) 757.3 833.0 75.7 10.0 792.5 35.2 4.6

2021

(

n=133

)

803.6 736.1 -67.5 -8.4 943.2 139.6 17.4

Rootin

sta

e 2020

(

n=42

)

388.2 505.3 117.1 30.2 449.2 61.0 15.7

2021

(

n=42

)

172.4 192.8 20.4 11.8 248.8 76.4 44.3

Flourishing stage 2020 (n=41) 185.4 211.4 26.0 14.0 234.5 49.1 26.5

2021 (n=41) 410.7 429.6 18.9 4.6 427.4 16.7 4.1

Maturin

sta

e 2020

(

n=50

)

183.7 116.3 -67.4 -36.7 108.8 -74.9 -40.8

2021

(

n=50

)

220.5 113.7 -106.8 -48.4 267.0 46.5 21.1

Notes: AE = FY or AQ - GY, RE(%) = (FY or AQ - GY)×100/GY.

ABS 2022 - The International Conference on Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Table 2: Day numbers of different P values at different time scales.

Time scale

Site Period

ΔP (℃)

Total (days)

< 00> 0

%Da

Year FY 2020 133 36.3 149 40.7 84 23.0 366

2021 101 27.7 180 49.3 84 23.0 365

AQ 2020 109 29.8 151 41.3 106 28.9 366

2021 16 4.4 191 52.3 158 43.3 365

Tobacco season FY 2020 37 27.8 57 42.9 39 29.3 133

2021 44 33.1 52 39.1 37 27.8 133

AQ 2020 44 33.1 56 42.1 33 24.8 133

2021 0 0 58 43.6 75 56.4 133

Growing stage FY 2020 Rooting 17 40.5 9 21.4 16 38.1 42

Flourishing 13 31.7 16 39.0 12 29.3 41

Maturin

7 14.0 32 64.0 11 22.0 50

2021 Rooting 17 40.5 17 40.5 8 19.0 42

Flourishing 0 0 12 29.3 29 70.7 41

Maturing 9 18.0 28 56.0 13 26.0 50

AQ 2020 Rooting 24 57.1 7 16.7 11 26.2 42

Flourishing 13 31.7 15 36.6 13 31.7 41

Maturin

7 14.0 30 60.0 13 26.0 50

2021 Rooting 0 0 21 50.0 21 50.0 42

Flourishing 0 0 11 26.8 30 73.2 41

Maturing 0 0 27 54.0 23 46.0 50

Notes: P = GY-FY or GY-AQ.

3.2 Regression Models of P between

NMS and FMS at Different Time

Scales

SPSS software were used to decide the optimal

regression model of P between FMS and NMS based

on the comparison of the accuracies of all kinds of

models listed in SPSS, although there are obvious

differences in P between FMS and NS, Table 3 shows

in most cases the quadratic regression model could

describe well the correlation in P between FMS and

NMS on different time scales except in FY at the

scale of tobacco-growing season, in rooting stage in

2020 and maturing stage in 2021, and in flourishing

stage in AQ in 2020. It also can be seen from Table 3

that, p are 0.000 except in AQ in flourishing and

maturing stages in 2020 (p=0.081 and 0.016) and in

maturing stage in 2021 (p=0.190). R

is 0.298-0.733

with a mean of 0.511 in FY and AQ at the scale of

year, 0.323-0.732 with a mean of 0.518 in FY and AQ

at the scale of tobacco-growing season, and 0.068-

0.819 with a mean of 0.542 at the scales of the

different tobacco-growing stages.

4 DISCUSSION

It is well-known that P are different in different sites

even in small space, our study also not only found the

differences in P between FMS and NMS, but also

found the difference in P between FMS in FY and in

AQ. Generally, P is increased with the decreases of

latitude and the increase of altitude and vegetation

coverage, but it actually is still very difficult or

impossible to give a clear quantitative explanation for

the difference in P in the three sites of our study even

there are the information available of longitude,

latitude, altitude, topography, land use type and

vegetation coverage of the three sites listed in Table

4. For examples, the latitude from north to south is

25°55′36″ for FMS in AQ, 25°44′58″ for NMS in GY,

and 25°40′49″ for FMS in FY, the altitude from high

to low is GY (329,1 m), FY (320.4 m) and AQ (250.0

m), which are not consistent with P, which from high

to low is FY (1621.4 mm), AQ (1616.6 mm) and GY

(1466,8 mm) in 2020, GY (1636.1 mm), AQ (1493,6

mm) and FY (1296.9 mm).

Comparison of Precipitation from Different Meteorological Stations: A Case Study

Table 3: Regression models of P between NMS and FMS at different time scales.

Time scale Site Year Regression model R

Year FY 2020

y = -0.004x

+ 1.125x + 0.296 0.733 0.000

2021

y = -0.003x

+ 0.787x + 0.440 0.593 0.000

AQ 2020

y = -0.016x

+ 1.314x + 0.732 0.419 0.000

2021

y = 0.003 x

+ 0.213x - 0.440 0.298 0.000

Tobacco season FY 2020 y = 1.039x + 0.345 0.732

0.000

2021 y = -0.004 x

+ 0.929x + 0.774 0.641

0.000

AQ 2020 y = -0.012 x

+ 1.094x + 1.639 0.323

0.000

2021 y = -0.011 x

+ 1.180x + 2.145 0.375

0.000

Rooting stage FY 2020 y = 1.201x + 0.931 0.788

0.000

2021 y = 0.007x

+ 0.648x + 1.378 0.748

0.000

AQ 2020 y = -0.020x

+ 1.719x + 0.694 0.708

0.000

2021 y = -0.016x

+ 1.566x + 0.828 0.568

0.000

Flourishing stage FY 2020 y = 0.024x

+ 1.668x – 0.147 0.753

0.000

2021 y = -0.009x

+ 1.328x + 0.560 0.819

0.000

AQ 2020 y = 0.451x + 3.679 0.076 0.081

2021 y = -0.011x

+ 1.353x + 1.254 0.743

0.000

Maturing stage FY 2020 y = 0.009x

+ 0.280x + 0.434 0.775

0.000

2021 y = 0.410x + 0.465 0.302

0.000

AQ 2020 y = -0.019x

+ 0.817x + 0.987 0.162

0.016

2021 y = -0.011x

+ 0.785x + 3.465 0.068 0.190

Notes: in regression model, y and x are the data of climate parameters from the field and national stations, respectively.

Table 4: Information of FMS and NMS in Guiyang County (GY) of Chenzhou City.

Meteorological Station Site Longitude Latitude Altitude (m) Terrain Land use Period of P data

FMS FY 112°40′0″ 25°40′49″ 320.4 plain Farmland

2020.1.1-

2021.12.31

FMS AQ 112°34′36″ 25°55′36″ 250.0 Plain Farmland

2020.1.1-

2021.12.31

NMS (No. 57973) GY 112°43'29" 25°44'58" 329.1 hill Forest

2020.1.1-

2021.12.31

Notes: FY and AQ are the main tobacco-growing towns of GY.

Meanwhile, we think the stability and reliability of P

data of NMS data is better than that of FMS, which is

based on the facts that we have found that in other

tobacco-planting regions, FMS occasionally does not

work well, thus affect the accurate acquisition of P data.

Anyhow, we believe that as long as FMS is under normal

operation in the tobacco field, the obtained precipitation

data are reliable and acceptable.

Compared with the suitable P at tobacco-growing

season and at different tobacco-growing stages,

according to Table 5, the suitability of P for tobacco-

planting are similar (all are excessive) in GY, FY and

AQ in tobacco-growing season and in rooting stage in

2020 and 2021, in flourishing stage in 2021, in the

maturing stage (all are insufficient) in 2021, while it is

different in flourishing stage in 2020 and maturing stage

in 2021, in which P is insufficient in GY and FY, but

suitable in AQ in 2020, while P is excessive in GY

and AQ and insufficient in FY in 2021, which

means that sometimes the differences in P from

different meteorological stations possibly can lead

to the misjudgments about the relationship

between P and tobacco, it is necessary to obtain the

real data of P for a specific site when analyze the

relation between P and the growth, yield and

quality of tobacco.

The previous studies on comparison between

FMS and NMS mainly focused on the differences

in temperature, relative humidity and atmospheric

pressure (Chen et al., 2018 and 2019, Yu et al.,

2021), so far, there is no report on P difference

between FMS and NMS, which may be due to

more complex influential factors (mainly include

site, terrain, vegetation, hydrological condition,

ABS 2022 - The International Conference on Agricultural and Biological Sciences

and human activities) or high spatial variation of P. Our

study compares (Table 6) the accuracy in predicting P at

FY and AQ stations in the same period by using the

models of whole year, tobacco-growing season and

different tobacco-growing stages between FMS and

NMS. It can be seen from Table 6 that tobacco growing

season model is more accurate than whole year model in

predicting P in tobacco-growing season and in maturing

stage in FY and AQ in 2020 and 2021. But the optimal

model is different in predicting P in rooting and

flourishing stages, for examples, in rooting stage,

tobacco-growing season model is more accurate

for FY in 2020 and AQ in 2021, while rooting

model is more accurate for FY in 2021 and AQ in

2020; In flourishing stage, tobacco-growing

season model is more accurate for FY in 2020 and

2021, while flourishing model is more accurate for

AQ in 2020 and 2021, which mean the site and

time scale must be considered when predicting P

with regression model between NMS and FMS.

Table 5: Suitability assessment of P at different time scales.

Time scale

Suitable

P (mm)

Year

GY FY AQ

P (mm) Suitable or no P (mm) Suitable or no P (mm)

Suitable or

Tobacco season 500-600 2020 757.3 excessive 833.0 excessive 792.5 excessive

2021 803.6 excessive 736.1 excessive 943.2 excessive

Rooting stage 100-120 2020 388.2 excessive 505.3 excessive 449.2 excessive

2021 172.4 excessive 192.8 excessive 248.8 excessive

Flourishing stage 230-280 2020 185.4 insufficient 211.4 insufficient 234.5 suitable

2021 410.7 excessive 429.6 excessive 427.4 excessive

Maturing stage 150-180 2020 183.7 insufficient 116.3 insufficient 108.8 insufficient

2021 220.5 excessive 113.7 insufficient 267.0 excessive

Notes: Data of suitable P are from Liu 2017.

Table 6: Accuracy of regression models of P between NMS and FMS at different time scales.

Time scale Model

FY AQ

2020 2021 2020 2021

ME RSME ME RSME ME RSME ME RSME

Tobacco-growing season Year 0.18 1.94 -1.23 4.15 -0.62 6.93 -5.28 10.54

Season 0.58 0.79 -0.27 2.89 -0.22 6.73 2.43 2.61

Rooting stage Year -0.31 3.37 0.78 2.47 1.61 7.18 4.53 9.48

Season 0.81 1.12 0.11 1.47 1.63 7.41 2.45 2.52

Rooting 3.49 5.17 0.34 1.45 1.25 5.29 1.14 2.53

Flourishing stage Year 0.42 0.52 2.84 6.15 1.10 10.01 -7.71 12.26

Season 0.54 0.67 -1.38 4.23 -0.54 9.22 2.78 2.81

Flourishing 6.42 15.92 11.24 21.16 0.53 7.67 1.51 2.65

Maturing stage Year 0.41 0.50 -0.38 3.12 0.6 1.47 -3.9 9.83

Season 0.44 0.50 0.30 2.39 1.23 2.19 2.13 2.45

Maturing -0.83 3.10 -0.88 5.09 -0.38 5.02 -0.37 12.84

5 CONCLUSION

Our study shows that there are obvious differences in

P between FMS and NMS in different locations and

at different time scales even in the same tobacco-

planting county. Although P is significantly

correlated between NMS and FMS in most cases, and

the regression models could be used in predicting P

from the data of NMS for a tobacco-growing region

without FMS, however, the accuracy of the

regression model varies with different sites and

different time scales, therefore, it is necessary to

Comparison of Precipitation from Different Meteorological Stations: A Case Study

determine climate zones firstly for a tobacco-planting

region, and then FMS should be installed for each

zone to obtain the real P data of the zone to meet the

requirements of fine meteorological services and to

reveal more accurately the relationship between

climate and tobacco in the tobacco-growing region.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was supported by the Project of Chenzhou

Company of Hunan Tobacco Company (No. 2019-

45). We would like to express thanks to those who

helped in soil sampling and analysis.

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