Analysis of Physicochemical and Biological Characters by Applying

Mushroom Substrate into Soil in Cold Region

Q. Y. Meng

1,2,3,4,#

, B. G. Zhu

1,3,4,#,†,*

, C. F. Zhang

1,3,4,‡,*

, N. N. Wang

1,3,4

, H. Y. Feng

1,3,4

, X. H. Yang

and C. D. Li

Jiamusi Branch, Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Heilongjiang, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China

Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Postdoctoral Programme, Haerbin, Heilongjiang, China

The Key Laboratory of Major Crop Breeding and Cultivation in Sanjiang Plain, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, China

The Albic Soil Machinery Improvement Technology Innovation Center in Heilongjiang Province,

Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China

Corresponding author e-mails

These authors contributed equally to this work

Keywords: Mushroom Substrate, Soil Physicochemical.

Abstract: After soil reclamation in cold regions, the basic fertility, tillage, and biological activity of creatures all

decrease. As a waste of edible fungus medium, the mushroom substrate contains quite a lot of nutrients that

are beneficial to the growth of crops, which are capable of soil improvement and cultivation and make a

promotion to yields. Therefore, it is of great significance to research the application of mushroom substrate

to improve the physicochemical and biological characteristics of soil in a cold region. The experiment was

implemented in 2016 as a randomized block design with micro plots. The soil hardness of 0 - 20 cm horizon,

the ratio of three phases, field capacity, soil nutrients content, microbe amounts, soil enzymatic activity, and

the influence of yield are discussed. In these tests, the writer added black mushroom substrate into plowing

horizon soil at different rates: 0 kg m

-2

(CK), 2.5 kg m

-2

(T1), 5 kg m

-2

(T2), 7.5 kg m

-2

(T3), and 10 kg m

-2

(T4). The results show that the addition of mushroom substrate can decrease the penetration resistance of soil,

improve soil three-phase, increase soil fertility and activate the activity of soil microorganisms, earthworms,

and soil enzymes, and thus increase crop yield. Compared with CK, the potato production correspondingly

increased by 12.82% (T1), 27.90% (T2), 50.74% (T3), and 63.41% (T4). The treatments with the mushroom

substrate at 7.5 kg m

-2

, and 10 kg m

-2

stand out in improving soil physicochemical properties and activating

the activity of soil microorganisms.

1 INTRODUCTION

Logs were traditionally used as raw material to

cultivate edible fungus. At present, logs are replaced

by straw, rice husk, sawdust, and other raw materials,

which will be edible fungus hypha residues and

compounds of crude fibers decomposed by edible

fungi and qualitatively changed after the harvest of

edible fungus. These compounds are known as edible

fungus cultivation waste, residue, or oddment, which

is referred toas the mushroom substrate in this article.

China ranks first in total production and export of

edible fungus in the world, and the annual production

of edible fungi accounts for more than 75% of the

world's total output (Zhang et al., 2016; Deng 2016),

which results in an enormous amount of fungus waste.

It is calculated that about 5kg of the mushroom

substrate can be produced by each 1kg of edible

fungus (Nakatsuka et al., 2016; Lau et al., 2003).

After grain, vegetable, fruit tree, and oil production,

the edible fungus is the fifth largest industry in

China's agricultural industry. Traditional ways of

dealing with edible fungus are wasting or burning

them, which not only waste agricultural organic

resources but also seriously pollute the surrounding

environment (Lou et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2017).

The pressure on the economy and environment caused

by the mushroom substrate in agricultural and forestry

areas has become an urgent problem.

The utilization ratio of the nutrients in the

medium is about 70%, so it remains a large number of

edible mycelia in the mushroom substrate after the

Meng, Q., Zhu, B., Zhang, C., Wang, N., Feng, H., Yang, X. and Li, C.

Analysis of Physicochemical and Biological Characters by Applying Mushroom Substrate into Soil in Cold Region.

DOI: 10.5220/0011596500003430

In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Agricultural and Biological Sciences (ABS 2022), pages 83-91

ISBN: 978-989-758-607-1; ISSN: 2795-5893

harvest of edible fungus, including organic matters,

nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrients

needed by crops (such as protein, crude fiber, fat,

amino acid, many vitamins, microelements, and

special enzymes) (Jordan et al., 2008; Medina et al.,

2012; Roy et al., 2015). Apart from the existing

beneficial nutrients, the mushroom substrate is loose,

permeable, and can preserve water and fertilizer. Due

to the special physicochemical properties of

mushroom substrate, the main reusing ways are

making it into medium (Liu et al., 2016; Picornell et

al., 2016; Li et al., 2015; Mao et al., 2015), organic

fertilizer (Paredes et al., 2016; Hidayat 2017; Cao et

al., 2017; Zeng et al., 2015), feed (Rangubhet et al.,

2017; Li et al., 2016; Hassan et al., 2014; Seok et al.,

2016), soil improver or restorer (Shi et al., 2014;

Wang et al., 2017).

Heilongjiang province is the third largest edible

fungus production base in China after Henan and

Shandong provinces. There is a growing threat caused

by enormous fungi to the economy, especially the

ecological environment in agricultural and forestry

areas. As an agricultural area in a cold region, parts of

cultivated land of the Sanjiang plain in the eastern part

of this province saw a reduction in tillage land, and

soil fertility declined, which were caused by many

improper methods of tillage, such as continuous

cropping, single management, and extensive farming.

Water and soil erosion, soil acidification, soil

pollution, and other problems stand out (Zhou 2015;

Zhang et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2017). To solve the soil

problems, improve soil quality and restore soil

productivity in this area, the researches on soil

improvement have received wide attention.

Many reports on the use of mushroom substrate

mainly focus on soil physicochemical properties. By

adding different proportions of the black mushroom

substrate to the soil to improve soil, the writer aimed

at studying soil physicochemical properties, as well as

soil microorganisms, animals, and enzymes, which

provide a comprehensive reference basis for

comprehensively improving soil, increasing soil

fertility, and improving the economic efficiency of

crops.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Experimental Site

Located in Jiamusi branch of Heilongjiang academy

of agricultural sciences (130° 24' 29.5056" E, 46° 47'

29.9328"N) in Sanjiang plain, China, the test site is

subjected to the temperate zone continental monsoon

climate, with rain and hot over the same period, and

the annual average temperature is 3 ℃. Here, winter

is long and summer is short, and the annual average

precipitation is 527 mm.

2.2 Experimental Design

The test began in 2019. The tested soil was meadow

soil. The basic physicochemical properties of soil

were the organic matter of 31.41 g kg

-1

, total nitrogen

of 1.10 g kg

-1

, total phosphorus of 1.68 g kg

-1

, total

potassium of 26.26 g kg

-1

, and the pH was 6.17.

The component of the mushroom substrate used

for test was black mushroom substrate. Its main

components were: wood chips 53%, wheat bran 15%,

corncob 30%, gypsum 1%, and lime 1%. The basic

physicochemical properties of the mushroom

substrate are shown in table 1.

Table 1: Basic physicochemical properties of the mushroom

substrate.

Total

nitrogen

-1

)

Total

phosphorus

-1

)

Total

potassium

-1

)

Organic

matter

-1

)

9.47 2.09 1.89 216.5 6.2

The mushroom substrate was added in five

different treatments, and the amounts (dry weight)

were 0 kg m

-2

(CK), 2.5 kg m

-2

(T1), 5 kg m

-2

(T2),

7.5 kg m

-2

(T3), and 10 kg m

-2

(T4). Randomly

distributed, they were tested in small areas and each

is 6 m

-2

, and repeated 3 times. A 50 cm isolation belt

was set between two areas. The mushroom substrate

was fully mixed with soil (0 - 20 cm), which was

shown in Figure 1.

Notes: 1-a The mushroom substrate; 1-b The mushroom

substrate covered soil; 1-c The mushroom substrate and the

plowing horizon soil were fully mixed.

Figure 1: The mushroom substrate was added to the soil.

ABS 2022 - The International Conference on Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Growing crops: potato (Netherlands 14). The

row spacing was 80cm and the plant distance was

18cm. Fertilizer: base fertilizer and potato special

fertilizer (N: P: K=15: 12: 13) 800 kg hm

-2

. The mixed

fertilizer was well dug in the space between every two

lines, supplied with natural precipitation, and the test

areas were managed like normal fields. The potato

special fertilizer was used at 800 kg hm

-2

when the

crops were in the growing period.

2.3 Soil Sample Collection and

Measurement Method

2.3.1 Soil Sample Collection

After removing plant residues and stones, plowing

horizon soil (0 - 20 cm) samples were collected in the

serpentine sampling method in the autumn of 2016

during the potato maturation period. Fully mixed and

sifted with a sieve (size: 2 mm), the soil was put in the

aseptic bags to be used for the measurement of soil

nutrients, soil enzymes, and the number of soil

microorganisms. The plowing horizon soil samples

collected in the ring knife collection method were to

be used for the measurement of soil three-phase. The

soil samples collected from different depths (0 - 5 cm,

5 - 10 cm, 10 - 15 cm, and 15 - 20 cm) were to be used

for the measurement of soil field capacity.

2.3.2 Soil Sample Measurement and Method

Soil physicochemical properties measurement and

method: soil penetration resistance (DIK-5521

hardness tester, Japan, and the conical area was 2cm

);

soil three-phase (DIK-1120 soil three-phase

instrument, Japan); soil field capacity content (dry

method, 105 ℃, 24 h); soil nutrient measurement and

organic matters (potassium dichromate-sulfuric acid

external heating method); soil total nitrogen (Kjeldahl

determination); soil full phosphorus (acid soluble

molybdenum antimony colorimetry); soil full

potassium (sodium hydroxide melt-flame

photometer); soil alkaline solution nitrogen (alkali-

diffusion method); effective phosphorus (sodium

bicarbonate leaching-molybdenum anticolorimetry);

rapidly available potassium (ammonium acetate

extraction - flame photometric method) (Lu, 2000).

Measurement and methods of soil

microorganisms and soil enzymes: soil bacterium

(beef extract peptone medium), fungus (improved

gauzeⅠmedium), and the plate counting method were

used for the number counting of actinomycetes (rose

bengal medium); the number of earthworms in soil

was measured by sample method (quadrat size: 30 cm

× 30 cm × 20 cm). Soil enzymes measurement

included soil catalase (0.1 N KMnO

titration), urease

(indophenol blue colorimetry), and phosphatase (3, 5

dinitrosalicylic acid colorimetric method) (Guan,

1986).

2.3.3 Potato Yield

In each test area, whole potatoes were measured, and

the single tuber of potato, significantly more than 200

g, was named big one, and 100 - 200 g medium potato,

less than 100 g small potato. Potato starch content was

measured by the method of specific gravity.

2.4 Statistical Analysis

The experimental data were calculated and

statistically analyzed using SPSS 20.0, and LSD

multiple comparison method was adopted. The

significant level was 0.05.

Figure 2: Effect of soil improved by the mushroom substrate

on soil penetration resistance.

3 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

3.1 Effects of Soil Improved by The

Mushroom Substrate on

Physicochemical Properties of Soil

3.1.1 Soil Penetration Resistance

Soil penetration resistance has a direct effect on plant

growth and crop yield. With soil depth increased, the

penetration resistance of processed soil increased

(Figure 2); with the increase of adding the amount of

mushroom substrate, the penetration resistance value

significantly lowered at each measured point of soil.

Decrease of soil penetration resistance value at each

horizon in T4 treatment shows that the addition of

Analysis of Physicochemical and Biological Characters by Applying Mushroom Substrate into Soil in Cold Region

mushroom substrate can reduce soil penetration

resistance and loosen the soil. At depth of 10 cm, the

values of soil penetration resistance were respectively

T2 - 0.43 MPa, T3 - 0.40 MPa, T4 - 0.30 MPa, and all

were lower than CK - 0.57 MPa.

3.1.2 Soil Penetration Resistance

The three-phase ratio of soil is the volume percent of

soil solid phase, liquid phase, and gas phase. The solid

phase mainly refers to various kinds of detritus of

rocks, mineral particles, and residue of animals,

plants, and microorganisms in the soil; the liquid

phase mainly refers to soil solution or soil water; the

gas phase refers to soil air or void that is not occupied

by water. Different distribution and ratios of soil three

phases influence soil aeration, permeability, water

supply, water conservation, and other physical

properties, as well as the soil pH, exchange number of

cation ions, base saturate rate, and other chemical

properties. So it is used as an important parameter to

value the relationship between water, fertilizer, gas,

and heat in the soil. An ideal soil three-phase ratio is:

the solid phase is 50%, the liquid phase is 20% ~ 30%,

and the gas phase is 20% ~ 30%.

Figure 3: Effects of soil improved by mushroom substrate

on the three-phases of soil.

The results of the three-phase of the soil adding

ripe mushroom substrate (Figure 3) show that with the

increase of the mushroom substrate, the solid phase

value decreased, and the soil gas and liquid value

increased. The comparison of solid phase value is：

CK - 46.43% > T1 - 41.62% > T2 - 40.63% > T3 -

35.77% > T4 - 30.34%. Compared with CK, solid

phase value decreased by 26.38% in T4 treatment.

The results show that the addition of the mushroom

substrate can change the soil three-phase, reduce the

soil solid phase value effectively, and increase the gas

and liquid phase value, which can effectively change

the soil compaction, hardening, and other problems

caused by the long-term tillage.

3.1.3 Soil Field Capacity

Soil field capacity is one of the most important

components of soil. It plays an important role in the

formation and development of soil and the migration

of matter and energy in the soil. Soil water is the

material basis for the survival and growth of plants,

and is the main source of crop water (Sun et al., 2007).

Figure 4: Effect of soil improved by mushroom substrate on

soil field capacity.

The plowing horizon soil was sectionally

collected every 5cm, and the soil field capacity was

measured. As shown in Figure 4, the soil field

capacity increased with the increase of the soil depth

of plowing horizon soil. Except for the soil of 0-5cm,

mushroom substrate and soil field capacity were

almost the same. soil field capacity was increased in

the soil horizons of 5 - 10 cm, 10 - 15 cm, and 15 - 20

cm. With the mushroom substrate increasing, soil

field capacity also tended to increase. In the depth of

5 - 10 cm and compared with CK, soil field capacity

in treatments respectively increased by 6.60%,

10.69%, 15.73%, 17.19%; in the depth of 10 - 15 cm

and compared with CK, soil field capacity in test areas

respectively increased by 15.46%, 19.00%, 26.77%,

17.19%; in the depth of 15 - 20 cm and compared with

CK, soil field capacity content in treatments

respectively increased by 14.98%, 17.36%, 20.31%,

18.90%. The results show that the addition of

mushroom substrate can increase the soil field

capacity of plowing horizon soil and then improve

soil field capacity conservation and the efficiency of

water utilization.

3.1.4 Soil Nutrients and pH

Soil fertility degradation mainly refers to the barren

soil nutrient and the loss of soil’s effective nutrient

supply mechanism. Element content and effectiveness

of soil nutrients are closely related to the composition

and the content of the nutrient elements in the plants

(Sun et al., 2007).

ABS 2022 - The International Conference on Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Table 2: Effect of the soil improved by the mushroom substrate on soil nutrients and pH.

Treatment

Organic

matter

(g kg

-1

)

Total

nitrogen

(g kg

-1

)

Total

phosphorus

(g kg

-1

)

Total

potassium

(g kg

-1

)

Alkaline

nitrogen

(m g kg

-1

)

Alkaline

phosphorus

(mg kg

-1

)

Available

potassium

(mg kg

-1

)

36.15 c 1.63 b 1.65 b 22.57 a 98.46 b 111.33 c 388.06 c 6.23 a

38.79 b 1.65 b 1.70 b 22.57 a 100.57 b 113.00 c 405.10 b 6.24 a

39.15 b 1.68 b 1.85 b 23.41 a 106.90 b 126.67 b 383.24 c 6.29 a

40.22 b 1.82 a 1.89 a 21.88 a 109.01 b 134.00 b 405.18 b 6.24 a

42.42 a 1.85 a 1.89 a 23.20 a 127.29 a 146.00 a 427.50 a 6.27 a

Note: Different loweercase letters in the same column mean a significant difference bwtween treatments. (LSD, P <

0.05). The same below.

Table 3: Effects of the soil improved by the mushroom substrate on soil microorganisms, earthworms, and activity of soil

enzymes.

Treatment

Bacteria

(×10

)

Fungi

(×10

)

Actinamyces

(×10

)

Earthworms

(Each

quadrat)

Catalase

(0.1N KMnO

mL g

-1

)

Ourease

(NH

-N mg

100g

-1

)

Intervase

(Glucose mg g

-1

)

24.44

1.07 c 6.87 c 3.00

5.07 b 5.02 c 6.66 b

T1 34.00 c

1.73 b 7.88 c 6.33 c 5.29 ab 5.52 c 6.95 b

T2 42.30 bc 1.30 c 8.16 c 8.67 bc 6.03 ab 10.05 b 7.72 a

T3 51.70 b 2.01 b 12.92 b 11.00 b 6.49 a 10.18 b 8.50 a

T4 79.64 a 3.98 a 23.89 a 17.33 a 6.56 a 14.13 a 8.90 a

After the harvest of the potatoes, the soil nutrients

influence of the mushroom substrate addition is

shown in table 2. Different mushroom substrate

addition made no significant difference to soil total

potassium and pH, while making a great difference to

the soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total

phosphorus, total potassium, alkaline nitrogen,

alkaline phosphorus, and alkaline potassium.

Compared to CK, with the increase of the amount of

the mushroom substrate added in, soil organic matter,

total nitrogen, total phosphorus, alkaline nitrogen, and

alkaline phosphorus content tended to increase. The

reasons for the phenomenon above are1) edible

fungus cultivation material itself contains large

amounts of organic matter; 2) the addition of the

mushroom substrate improves the soil physical

properties, which improves the soil aeration and the

permeable performance, influences the activity of the

soil microorganisms, and then activates the nutrient

content in the soil.

Compared to CK, organic matter increased by

17.34%, total nitrogen by 13.50%, total phosphorus

by 14.55%, total potassium by 2.79%, alkaline

nitrogen by 29.28%, alkaline phosphorus by 31.14%,

and alkaline potassium by 10.16% in treatment T4.

After the growth of edible fungus mycelium, there are

many residual nutrients, from which plants can absorb

organic matter, carbon, and nitrogen nutrient for the

growing need. Therefore, the edible mushroom

substrate can supply good organic matter for the crops.

Soil organic matter is an important source of a variety

of nutrients in the soil, especially NPK. Because soil

organic matters can absorb many positive ions, the

soil can conserve the fertilizer well and has good

buffering. The content of organic matter in the soil is

an important index of the soil fertility. The mushroom

substrate plays little role in the soil pH and there is no

significant difference among the treatments.

3.2 Effects of Soil Improved by the

Mushroom Substrate on Soil

Microorganisms and the Activity of

Soil Enzymes

The quantity, distribution, and activity of

microorganisms in the soil reflect soil fertility, so they

are commonly used as biological indicators for the

evaluation of soil quality, maintaining productivity,

environment protection quality, and a healthy system

maintenance (Zhou, 1987). The addition of the

mushroom substrate significantly increased the

number of bacterium, fungus, and actinomycetes in

the soil. As shown in Table 3 comparing to CK, the

total number of microorganisms respectively

increased by 34.68% in T1, 59.83% in T2, 105.77%

in T3, and 232.06% in T4.

The earthworms can improve the soil, promote the

decomposition and the mineralization of organic

Analysis of Physicochemical and Biological Characters by Applying Mushroom Substrate into Soil in Cold Region

matters, and the nutrients cycling, which help the

potatoes grow. Furthermore, the earthworms can

reflect the soil fertility status and soil productivity.

That is to say, they are soil environmental indicators.

Due to long-term tillage, there was no earthworm in

the tested soil before treatment. The number of

earthworms in the soil significantly increased with the

increase of the amount of the mushroom substrate

addition, as shown in Table 3. Soil enzymes are the

core of the soil ecosystem (Huang and Xu, 2013), and

it mainly comes from the secretion of soil

microorganisms, the secretion of the plant root system,

residues of plants, and the decomposition of soil fauna.

The activity of soil enzymes are a potential indicator

of soil biological activity and maintenance of soil

fertility. Soil catalases come from fungus and

bacterium, and it may come from the plant roots. Soil

catalase can promote the decomposition of hydrogen

peroxide in the soil (Sun et al., 2007), and is

conducive to preventing hydrogen peroxide from

hurting the plant roots in the soil (Xue et al., 2005).

Urease is an obligate enzyme, and urea can only be

hydrolyzed under the function of urease. Nitrogen,

product of urease’s enzymatic reaction, is one of the

nitrogen sources the plants need. Its activity can

reflect the amount of nitrogen in soil. Soil sucrase is

widely found in the soil and it directly participates in

the metabolism of soil organic matters (He et al.,

2003). In general, intervase the higher the soil fertility

is, the stronger the enzyme activity is. The activity of

the intervase can not only reflect the soil biological

activity, but also can be used as an indicator of soil

maturation and the soil fertility. mushroom substrate

added to the soil significantly strengthened the

activity of soil catalase, urease and intervase. As

shown in table 3, the mushroom substrate added to the

soil strengthened the activity of soil microorganisms

and changed the environment of soil microorganisms.

3.3 Effects of Soil Improved by the

Yield Traits

Adding mushroom substrate to the soil can increase

the yield of potatoes. As shown in table 4, with the

increase of the adding amount of the mushroom

substrate, the increasing rate of potato yield also

increased. Compared to CK, yield in T1 increased by

12.82%, T2 by 27.90%, T3 by 50.74%, and T4 by

63.41%. The mushroom substrate added to the soil

increased the big and medium size of the potato,

reduced the small one, and increased the starch

content of the potato.

Table 4: Effects of soil improved by mushroom substrate on potato yield and quality.

Treatment

Rate of big

tuber

(

)

Rate of medium

tuber

(

)

Rate of small

tuber

(

)

Starch content

(

)

Yield

(

Increasing

rate

(

)

CK 23.27 d 45.38 a 31.35 a 12.59 c 25423.90 c -

T1 33.02 c 36.58 b 30.40 ab 14.57 b 28684.17 bc 12.82

T2 35.89 bc 40.04 ab 24.08 abc 14.57 b 32517.67 b 27.90

T3 39.72 b 38.76 ab 21.52 bc 15.91 ab 38323.58 a 50.74

T4 47.41 a 32.80 b 19.80 c 16.59 a 41544.74 a 63.41

4 DISCUSSION

The mushroom substrate is light in weight and small

in density, which can improve the soil structure. For

example, Shi et al. (2014) found that Hericium

Erinaceus substrate could reduce the soil bulk density

and increase the soil porosity as a saline-alkali soil

modifier; Dai et al. (2014) improved saline-alkali soil

with Agaricus Bisporus substrate and the results

showed that the substrate could reduce soil bulk

density. This study demonstrated that mushroom

substrate addition reduced the soil hardness, in which

the water capability increased and the soil pore was

enlarged with a decrease in solid phase ratio. This is

beneficial for the water intake and usage of the crops.

General methods for soil fertility are organic fertilizer

addition and straw returning in China (Zhang et al.,

2019). The low-temperature condition in northern

China, especially in Heilongjiang Province, reduces

the decomposition rate of straw seriously, so the straw

is an improper material for soil improvement. The

mushroom substrate in which cellulose and lignin

have been largely decomposed plays an active role in

soil improvement and makes a positive significance

for chemical fertilizer reduction and rapid soil

fertilizing (Wang et al., 2017; Sun et al., 2007). The

soil nutrient content increased after the mushroom

substrate addition in this research. The possible

ABS 2022 - The International Conference on Agricultural and Biological Sciences

reasons are as follows: 1) the mushroom substrate

produces plenty of organic matters such as

polysaccharides, monosaccharides, amino acids, and

other nutrients with the mycelia growth; 2) biological

enzymes and other secondary metabolites are secreted

to the cultivation matrix. Zhang et al. (2019) believed

that mushroom substrate could promote plant growth

and root development, improve the root exudates, and

then increase the content of soil organic carbon. A

large number of studies showed that mushroom

substrate was capable of increasing the content of soil

organic matter and nutrients (Zeng et al., 2015; Sun et

al., 2007). The soil organic matter fertilized the soil

and affected the microbiological characteristics. The

addition of mushroom substrate increased the number

of soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activity

during potato maturity. On the one hand, the

mushroom substrate contained a large number of

microorganisms, especially fungi with high-energy

cellulose degradation, which was a good biological

agent (Wang et al., 2007). On the other hand, it

increased the water capacity and organic matter,

which also provided raw materials and growth

conditions for the growth of soil microorganisms. The

nutrients in the mushroom substrate provided a

carbon source and energy for microorganisms and

enhance the activity and quantity of microorganisms

(Feng et al., 2019). Cao et al. (2017) thought that the

high microbial content improved and optimized the

growth environment of plants effectively, reduced

diseases and pests greatly, and formed a good growth

mode. The results above generally showed the

addition of mushroom substrate could effectively

increase the yield of potatoes.

Adding Organic fertilizer, returning straw in soil

and other methods are adopted in China to enrich the

soil. While low temperature in the cold region in

northern China seriously obstructs the decomposing

of straw. Greatly degraded cellulose and lignin in the

mushroom substrate are of positive significance for

the rapid fertilization of the soil. The physical and

chemical properties of different edible fungus wastes

differ a lot. If we use the mushroom substrate as a

material to improve the soil, we should do the

research according to the physicochemical properties

of the mushroom substrate and soil. The mushroom

substrate itself contains a large number of

microorganisms, and there was no sterilization in this

research. We should analyze the change in the

diversity of the soil microorganisms in the soil with a

long-term addition of the mushroom substrate, as well

as the comprehensive evaluation of the effect on the

environment at the same time. There will be further

research into the conversion process of organic

carbon contained in the mushroom substrate in the

future.

5 CONCLUSION

In this study, by adding different amounts of the

mushroom substrate into the soil to improve soil, the

conclusions are as follows:

1. The mushroom substrate added to the soil improves

the soil physicochemical properties in the cold region.

With the increase of the adding amount of the

mushroom substrate, the penetration resistance in the

plowing horizon soil is reduced, the soil gas and liquid

phase are increased, soil field capacity in the plowing

horizon is increased, the soil fertility is heightened,

and organic matters, nitrogen, phosphorus, and

potassium tend to rise generally.

2. The mushroom substrate added to the soil in the

cold region activates the soil microorganisms,

earthworm, and the activity of soil enzymes.

3. The mushroom substrate added to the soil increases

the crop yield and related the yield traits. The yield of

potato increased by 12.82%, 27.90%, 50.74%, and

63.41%. The rate of the big potato increased, as well

as the content of starch.

4. The results show that when the mushroom substrate

was added to the soil at 7.5 kg m

-2

, 10 kg m

-2

, soil

physicochemical properties, the activity of soil

microorganisms, and the crop yield were significantly

increased.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was supported by the Strategic Priority

Research Program of the Chinese Academy of

Sciences (Grant No. XDA28100202,

XDA28010403). The Agricultural Science and

Technology Innovation Leaping Project of

Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences

(HNK2019CX1304, HNK2019CX14,

HNK2019CX07-12).

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