Patriotism of the Peoples of The USSR in the Great Patriotic War

1941-1945

Sapiyat Tsutsulaeva

and Lidzhiev Alexander

Chechen State University Named After A.A. Kadyrova, Grozny, Russian Federation

Kalmyk State University Named After B.B. Gorodovikova, Elista, Russia

Keywords: Patriotism, Soviet People, War, Heroism, Fascism, Victory.

Abstract: A lot has been written about the Great Patriotic War over the years. And the same number will be written,

continuing the traditions of previous generations of historians, writers - all those who cherish the memory of

the heroic past of their homeland. This war still remains an indelible pain in the hearts of the people of both

modern Russia and neighboring countries. Created in its time, an unprecedented, unique society called the

Soviet people showed and proved in work and in battle its amazing resilience, true friendship, genuine, not

imaginary internationalism, indestructible solidarity, unparalleled courage. Soldiers of all nationalities of the

former Soviet Union stood in the same ranks, sharing difficulties and troubles. One Motherland, one enemy -

this is the main component in the worldview of the Soviet people, which helped them to survive. The peoples

did not oppose themselves to each other, considering some to be chosen and others to be outcasts. Here

everyone was equal, and therefore they won. Victory is one for all! The victory in the Great Patriotic War for

the majority of Russians is the main event of the 20th century, it gives rise to a sense of pride in the new

generation.

1 INTRODUCTION

May 9, 1945 ended the bloodiest war in the history of

mankind - the Great Patriotic War. Years pass,

generations change, but in the grateful memory of the

peoples of our country, these pages of history, full of

drama and heroism, will be preserved forever. 1418

days on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War in

different periods, from 8 to 12 million people fought

on both sides, tens of thousands of aircraft and tanks,

hundreds of thousands of artillery pieces and mortars

were involved (Abazatov, 1973; Bokov, 1992).

The decisive contribution to the Victory over Nazi

Germany was made by the Soviet Union. The

backbone of the Nazi military machine was broken

precisely on the Eastern - Soviet-German - front. The

USSR paid a terribly high price for the Victory: only

the killed our country lost about 27 million people.

Astronomical figures measure the loss of material and

cultural values. According to the data of the

Extraordinary State Commission for Establishing and

Investigating the Atrocities of the Nazi Invaders and

Their Allies and the Damage They Caused to

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3565-041X

Citizens, Collective Farms, Public Organizations,

State Enterprises and Institutions of the USSR, 1,710

cities and more than 70,000 villages and villages of

the Soviet Union were destroyed during the Great

Patriotic War. Union; 1,209 thousand houses were

destroyed and destroyed in cities, 3.5 houses in rural

areas. 31,850 plants, factories and other industrial

enterprises were completely or partially destroyed

and looted, not counting small enterprises and

workshops. This data can be continued and detailed.

But, given that they are widely used in research

practice, we will only recall the total losses in

monetary terms (at pre-war prices): 679 billion

rubles, or 128 billion US dollars. In addition, material

damage (direct military spending, war-related

expenses, loss of income for the population and

Soviet enterprises) amounted to 1,890 billion rubles,

or 357 billion US dollars. The total material losses of

the USSR were estimated at 2 trillion. 600 billion

rubles (Tsutsulaeva, 2020).

The victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-

1945 is the result of the common contribution to the

defeat of fascism of all the peoples of the USSR.

148

Tsutsulaeva, S. and Alexander, L.

Patriotism of the Peoples of The USSR in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945.

DOI: 10.5220/0011608700003577

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Actual Issues of Linguistics, Linguodidactics and Intercultural Communication (TLLIC 2022), pages 148-152

ISBN: 978-989-758-655-2

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Undoubtedly, the greatest burden of this struggle fell

on the shoulders of the Russian people.

In Russian historiography, the theme of the Great

Patriotic War occupies a special place. Many works

have been written on various issues of the history of

the war, both of a general nature [2-4], and on

individual problems of the war - Shtemenko S.M.

(Ibragimov, 2007), Grechko A.A. 1941-1943

(Ibragimov, 2007), Smirnov S.S. (Bokov, 1992) and

others. Regional historiography also made a

significant contribution to the study of the theme of

the Great Patriotic War. In particular, the

participation of Chechens in the Great Patriotic War

is considered in the works of Abazatov M.A.

(Abazatov, 1973), Ibragimova M.M. and Khatueva

I.Z. (History of World War II 1939 - 1945 in 12

volumes, 1973-1982), Oshaeva H.D. (The peoples of

the Caucasus in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945,

2005), Tsutsulaeva S.S. (Tsutsulaeva, 2020) and

others. Historical works show the courage, heroism

and steadfastness of Soviet soldiers, who, despite all

the difficulties, defended our country from the Nazi

invaders. In a few months we will celebrate the 80th

anniversary of the beginning of the Great Patriotic

War.

The historical experience of the formation and

development of our Fatherland indicates that the most

important means of forming a civil society,

strengthening the unity and integrity of the

multinational Russian Federation is the patriotic

education of citizens. The theme of the Great Patriotic

War 1941-1945. especially relevant in today's

society. In 2020, our country celebrated the 75th

anniversary of the Great Victory, the Victory

achieved by the Soviet people. The article is written

on the basis of various sources, which show the

courage and heroism of Soviet soldiers, regardless of

nationality, who defended our country from the Nazi

invaders.

Soviet soldiers in the first months of the war were

significantly inferior to the enemy in terms of

supplies and military equipment, even grenades and

cartridges were not enough, not to mention tanks or

aircraft. There was a significant shortage of

medicines, food, warm clothing. From the rear, long

echelons with parcels from civilians left, who gave

away the last rations and knitted mittens to warm and

feed an unfamiliar soldier.

With bated breath, millions of citizens listened to

the disappointing news about how the enemy was

advancing towards the capital, what losses the

defenders of Brest, Kyiv, Leningrad, Stalingrad,

Novorossiysk suffered. Fearless defenders of the

Fatherland were awarded orders and medals: For the

Defense of Leningrad, For the Defense of Moscow,

For the Defense of Odessa, For the Defense of

Sevastopol, For the Defense of Stalingrad, For the

Defense of Kyiv, For the Defense of the Caucasus ,

For the defense of the Soviet Arctic. Each award

contains another story of a feat from the pages of a

flaming book about the war. Each award is a

monument to self-sacrifice, when, without thinking

about himself, a soldier stopped enemy tanks or went

on reconnaissance.

2 RESEARCH METHODS

Heroism does not mean characteristic behavior only

in offensive battles, but it is during a long defense,

and even more so during a retreat, that the deepest

abilities of a person are revealed. An example of

courage, courage and fortitude is the defense of the

Brest Fortress. “To die, but not to surrender to the

enemy!” - under this motto, the heroes of the fortress

fought against the Nazis - the head of the defense,

Captain I.N. Zubachev, regimental commissar E.M.

Fomin, commander of the 44th Infantry Regiment,

Major P.M. Gavrilov, Lieutenant I.F. Akimochkin

(Bokov, 1992), as well as more than three hundred

soldiers of Checheno-Ingushetia (The peoples of the

Caucasus in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945,

2005). In the center of the Brest Fortress there is a

stele, under which the remains of 1038 dead soldiers

are buried today. 277 names immortalized. Among

them are four Chechens - Aindi Abdurakhmanovich

Lalaev, Magomed Yakhyaevich Uzuev, Zaindi

Askhabovich Masaev and Elim Alievich Elmurzaev.

The feat of the defenders of the Brest Fortress will

remain for centuries. He is immortal!

Soviet soldiers not only expelled the Nazis from

their native country, but also made a significant

contribution to the cause of the general liberation of

Europe. Many European cities and towns remember

the names of the liberators, which are inscribed on

numerous memorials and monuments. No wonder a

separate category of medals appeared with the

geography of the European map: “For the capture of

Budapest”, “For the capture of Koenigsberg”, “For

the capture of Vienna”, “For the capture of Berlin”,

“For the liberation of Belgrade”, “For the liberation

of Warsaw”, “For liberation of Prague”.

More than 7.2 million front-line soldiers were

awarded orders and medals of various degrees, and

new medals were issued for each anniversary and

memorable date. Almost 12 thousand people were

awarded the title of the highest degree - Hero of the

Soviet Union. More than a hundred nationalities of

Patriotism of the Peoples of The USSR in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945

149

the former Soviet Union are represented here. Among

them are representatives of our republic. So,

Checheno-Ingushetia gave 41 Heroes of the Soviet

Union, of which 9 were Chechens. Here are their

names: Nuradilov Khanpasha Nuradilovich,

Magomed-Merzoev Khavadzhi, Idrissov Abuhazhi,

Visaitov Movlid Aleroevich, Dachiev Khansolt

Chapaevich, Beibulatov Irbaykhan Adelkhanovich,

Abdurakhmanov Kanta, Uzuev Magomed

Yakhyaevich, Umarov Movldi Abdul-Vahabovich.

(History of World War II 1939 - 1945 in 12 volumes,

1973-1982, The peoples of the Caucasus in the Great

Patriotic War 1941-1945. 2005). As you know,

during the Great Patriotic War, according to Professor

Khamzat Adamovich Gakaev, more than 50

Chechens were presented with the high rank of Hero

of the Soviet Union. And only because of their

nationality they were denied. On February 23, 1944,

under a false accusation, the Chechen people, like

some peoples of the former Soviet Union, were

deported to the eastern regions of the country, and

Chechen soldiers were removed from the fronts and

sent to logging in the eastern regions of the country.

However, some still managed to stay at the front and,

showing courage and heroism, defended our

Motherland. What must they have felt when they

learned that their families, their people were deported

to Central Asia? However, there is not a single case

where at least one Chechen went over to the side of

the enemy after that. Moreover, when, by order of

Stalin, Chechens began to be expelled from the front,

for being Chechens, many began to be called

Georgians, Ossetians, in order to stay at the front.

And their commanders hid that representatives of the

deported peoples were fighting against the Germans

in their units [2-4].

The exploits of the soldiers were supported by

home front workers: workers, collective farmers,

scientists, engineers, designers, who, with their

selfless work, ensured the supply of metal and

weapons, fuel and raw materials, bread and

medicines. In a short time, there was a large-scale

evacuation of industrial complexes from the central

regions to the Urals, to the cities of Central Asia.

People began to work on machines almost in an open

field, as soon as they were unloaded from freight cars.

Hospitals, institutes, museums and other cultural and

historical institutions were transported and put into

operation. The oil industry of our republic in a short

time switched over to military footing. Industrial

enterprises produced products for the front.

Application of the command of the Northern Group

of Forces of the Transcaucasian Front dated

September 30, 1942: B-74 - 2000, B-70 aviation

gasoline - 1500, KB-70 cracking gasoline -1150,

motor gasoline - 5604, naphtha - 700, diesel fuel -

697, aviation oil " MZS” – 300, autola – 463 tons

(Ibragimov, 2007).

Workers worked in production for 12-14 hours a

day, without days off and holidays, often spending the

night right at the plant, so as not to waste time and

effort on going home. Not eating enough, not getting

enough sleep, people went to their shifts in order to

fulfill and overfulfill the plan. "Beat the enemy with

your skill!" - called posters. As the fascists seized the

western regions of Russia, the main focus in the

production of military equipment, equipment and

shells by the Center was placed on the southern

regions of the country, and in particular on the

Chechen ASSR. Particularly high was the need for

military equipment in fuels and lubricants of high

quality.

Rural residents fully experienced the brunt of

wartime, it was they who ensured the supply of the

army with food supplies, raw materials for factories

and combines that produce food products.

Agronomists and livestock specialists, mechanics and

tractor drivers, workers of collective farms and state

farms achieved outstanding results.

The competition actively involved: engineers and

technicians, scientists, cultural figures, literature and

art. Labor shifts did not stop even during the raids of

the fascist aviation, which inflicted massive strikes on

residential areas and industrial facilities.

Particular attention should be paid to the mass

participation of women in both rear and front-line

activities. Their number in the ranks of the Soviet

Army has reached an unprecedented scale: more than

half a million women, including more than 85

thousand officers. Telephonists and signalmen,

nurses and snipers - yesterday's graduates went to the

front line with weapons in their hands.

During the war years, doctors saved more than 16

million soldiers and officers of the Red Army, almost

80% survived, more than half returned to duty.

Among them was Asiyat Tutaeva, who died

heroically in 1944 [3-4].

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Courage and heroism were shown by the Soviet

people behind enemy lines, in the occupied territory,

trying to undermine the presence of the Nazi

garrisons. The invaders unleashed a brutal terror

against the civilian population, took away provisions,

cracked down on unwanted people, and exterminated

women and children.

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However, even under the threat of imminent

death, the Soviet people did not submit to the

invaders. Local residents in partisan detachments

acted against the invaders in the rear, who themselves

obtained weapons, established communications and

coordinated joint actions.

The forms of popular struggle behind enemy lines

were very diverse: the partisan movement, the

activities of the underground in cities, the sabotage of

workers at enterprises and transport - all this helped

to crush the power of the German command and

defeat the Wehrmacht.

The main goals of the partisan movement were

aimed at operational intelligence work and the

disorganization of the rear activities of the enemy.

During the war years, the partisans organized and

carried out more than 18,000 operations to destroy

enemy trains, disabled more than 10,000 steam

locomotives and 106,000 wagons, blew up 56

armored trains, more than 60,000 vehicles, and

destroyed 14,000 bridges. The persecution of

partisans and all the residents involved was extremely

cruel and inhumane, often entire villages became

hostages of fascist punishers.

For courage and heroism shown in the rear of the

enemy, over 128 thousand people were awarded the

medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War", more than 184

thousand - other medals and orders, and 250 partisans

and underground workers were awarded the title of

Hero of the Soviet Union. Among them were

Chechens - Zyaudin Akhmatkhanov, Shemil-

Khadzhi Chadaev, Osman Satuev, Umar Gazikov,

Magomed Arsenoev, Khamzat Khunkarkhanov and

others (J NA IRI RAN f. 2, razdel VI, op. 3, 1941).

The nationwide struggle of the Soviet people on

the front line and behind enemy lines was of great

international importance. She became an

unforgettable example of courage and courage,

thanks to which uprisings rose in concentration camps

and in the occupied territories of European countries.

Citizens of Bulgaria, France, Belgium and other

countries fought together with Soviet soldiers. The

joint struggle continued until the complete liberation

of the European peoples from the captivity of the

“brown plague”.

Thus, the joint struggle of the peoples of the

USSR for its independence during the Great Patriotic

War contributed to the strengthening of the unity of

the Soviet peoples, the formation of a sense of

patriotic duty as a defender of the Fatherland among

the younger generation. Sons and daughters of the

Soviet people fought on the fronts of the Great

Patriotic War. Entering the battle, they did not ask

themselves which of them was Russian, Chechen,

Tatar or Kalmyk. They fought and died as fighting

comrades-in-arms, as brothers in arms, shoulder to

shoulder destroying the sworn enemy of the

Fatherland. This unity was one of the main sources of

victory over fascism (Yaroslavsky, 1941). Our sacred

duty is to remember and honor these heroes, at the

cost of their lives, who won this Great Victory for us.

She is common! And it obliges us, the descendants of

glorious winners, to be devoted to our Motherland -

multinational Russia.

Victory Day became a single national holiday in

the Soviet Union, and later in the Russian Federation.

This is a real day of national unity and reconciliation,

which evokes the same feelings in the children and

grandchildren of the winners who have gone forever.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The bloody war turned the life of the entire population

of the USSR. For all strata of society, for all nations

and nationalities, for every citizen, it has become

truly Patriotic, sacred. The war demanded the

exertion of all the forces and resources of the country,

subjected the consciousness of the people to the most

severe test. On the scales of war, along with the

material force - tanks, planes, “Katyushas” was

thrown a spiritual charge of great power, a huge

people's soul, which made it possible to withstand and

win this deadly battle. The spiritual forces of the

people depended on the impact of various conditions

and circumstances, but many of the basic elements

were formed long before the tests. They reflected both

the historical traditions and peculiarities of the

Russian mentality, as well as the processes and

changes that took place in the country and society in

the 1920s-1940s. Together with the understanding of

the just nature of the war, this basis created the

foundations of the spiritual forces of the people.

Despite the decades that have passed since the end of

the war, interest in its history is still great. Each

generation entering into life rethinks the heroic and

tragic pages of the past war, pays tribute to the

immortal feat of the victorious people, and draws

lessons from the past for the present and future. The

victory in the Great Patriotic War is not only a

historical date, but also a reminder of the price our

people paid for peace and social progress. Victory

Day serves as a warning about the inadmissibility of

a new world war, which could be the last for

humanity. Unfortunately, even almost 70 years after

the end of the war, some publicists and historians, not

only abroad, but also in Russia, are trying to falsify

the history of the Great Patriotic War and belittle the

Patriotism of the Peoples of The USSR in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945

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role and significance of the Great Victory of the

Soviet people over German fascism. Time is

relentless: the soldiers of the Great Patriotic War who

saved Russia and the world from the brown plague of

the 20th century, unfortunately, are becoming less

and less, so the task of historians dealing with the

problems of war is to convey to the consciousness of

the younger generation the truth about the war.

REFERENCES

Abazatov, M. A., 1973. Chechen-Ingush ASSR in the Great

Patriotic War of the Soviet Union.

Bokov, H. H., 1992. Road of sorrow and courage: On the

deportation of the peoples of the North Caucasus in

1944. p. 26.

Tsutsulaeva, S. S., 2020. Chechen warriors at the final

stage of the Great Patriotic War. 2 (46). pp. 57-62.

Ibragimov, M. M., Khatuev, I. Z., 2007. The truth about the

participation of the peoples of the Chechen Republic in

the Great Patriotic War.

Ibragimov, M. M., Khatuev, I Z., 2015. Feat for the

Motherland (The contribution of the Chechen people to

the victory over fascism during the Great Patriotic War

of 1941-1945.

History of World War II 1939 - 1945 in 12 volumes. The

peoples of the Caucasus in the Great Patriotic War

1941-1945. 2005. p. 3.

The sound of a few bombs exploding is all that is required

to return our Boloto to the side of the Germans. 748,

1941.

J NA IRI RAN f. 2, razdel VI, op. 3, d. 1, l. 5. Transcript of

a conversation with collective farmers from Tula oblast

dated 23 December 1941.

Yaroslavsky, E., 1941. The Great Patriotic War of the

Soviet people. Pravda. 2.

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