The Relationship between Chronotype and Consumption Habits

of Coffee to Dysmenorrhea Pain in Adolescent

Safira Cindra Ardina

, Vitri Widyaningsih

and Anik Lestari

Postgraduate Student of Human Nutrition Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia

Department of Public Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Chronotype, Coffee, Dysmenorrhea Pain, Adolescent.

Abstract: The prevalence of dysmenorrhea in young women between 16.8-81%. A Lifestyle like awake and sleep habits

(chronotypes) can affect women's reproductive health such as menstrual disorders. This habit can affect the

drinking of coffee that has perception of coffee can help drowsiness. The aim of this study was to learn about

relationship between chronotype and consumption of coffee to dysmenorrhea pain. The study was a cross-

sectional analytic study. The population of this study was students of SMAN 1 Kesamben in Blitar district

aged 15-18 years old with a subject of 100 students. The data retrieval of the study used the MEQ, SQ-FFQ,

and a pain dysmenorrhea questionnaire. Data analysis used Chi-Square statistical test at a significant level =

0,05. The result showed that 87% of students were dominated by the morning type with 50% mild pain and

48% of the students who were habitually drinking coffee with 29% mild pain. According to statistics, there

was a positive correlation between chronotype and dysmenorrhea pain (p=0.031) and no substantial

correlation between the drinking of coffee and dysmenorrhea (p= 0.248). In conclusion, students with morning

type tend to have mild dysmenorrhea pain as well as no substantial correlation between coffee and

dysmenorrhea pain.

INTRODUCTION

Dysmenorrhea is a menstrual condition in which

menstrual backache extends to the waist, lower back,

and thigh. The reason for dysmenorrhea is the

menstrual period where prostaglandin appears in

excess f2 minerals, which stimulate hyperactivity and

the muscular spasms of the uterus (Wulan, 2018). In

Indonesia, dysmenorrhea incident is 54.89% of

primary dysmenorrhea and 9.36% of secondary

dysmenorrhea (Savitri, 2015). In Blitar District, 75%

of adolescents aged 16-18 years have dysmenorrhea.

Dysmenorrhea can interfere with women's normal

activities. A study reported that girls with

dysmenorrhea symptoms have a higher risk of slow

activity, the tension of their hips, back pain,

headaches, and fatigue.

There are several factors that can trigger the

occurrence of dysmenorrhea, both internal and

external factors. In Pejčić .'s research and Janko

(2016) stated that several things can affect the

occurrence of dysmenorrhea such as caffeine intake,

smoking, exercise habits, age of menarche, length of

menstruation and lifestyle. Lifestyle is determined by

many things and affects each other for example sleep

and eat pattern.

Every people has phases of waking and sleeping

consistently with their activities and habits or their

sleep pattern. It’s called chronotype. Chronotype is

divided into the morning type (morningness), the

evening type (eveningness), and the intermediate

type. Chronotypes can reflect variations in their

individual circadian rhythms (Solomon, 2019).

Disturbed circadian rhythms can increase the risk of

health problems because the internal clock of the

human body is designed to be active day and night.

Indonesians have conceptions and habits of

consuming coffee as sleepiness deficiency. Coffee

becomes one of the beverages consumed to prevent

drowsiness especially when active at night. Coffee is

a high-caffeine-containing food. It can increase

instant intelligence and one's mental vigilance.

Studies show that drinking caffeine during the day

increases mind awareness, so caffeine is often

combined with energy drinks to improve mental

performance (Agha et al., 2014)

Caffeine is one of the most widely digested active

pharmacological substances. The quick digestive

Ardina, S., Widyaningsih, V. and Lestari, A.

The Relationship between Chronotype and Consumption Habits of Coffee to Dysmenorrhea Pain in Adolescent.

DOI: 10.5220/0011642500003608

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Social Determinants of Health (ICSDH 2022), pages 49-52

ISBN: 978-989-758-621-7; ISSN: 2975-8297

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

tract in the intake of caffeine is then channeled

throughout the network (Bedoya et al., 2013).

According to Faramarzi (2014), it is unclear how

caffeine can cause dysmenorrhea, but it is possible

because the vasocongenital effect of caffeine causes

pelvis pain. Based on the lack of coffee habits, it was

found that more respondents had dysmenorrhea than

those who did not. Women with high caffeine diets

have a risk of 2.084 times higher than dysmenorrhea

(unsal et al., 2010).

Based on that background, the researcher want to

research about the relationship between chronotype

and consumption habits of coffee to dysmenorrhea

pain in adolscent in SMAN 1 Kesamben Blitar.

METHODS

The study used annalytic observational with croos

sectional design to learn relationship between

chronotype connections and coffee habits to degrees

of dysmenorrhea. Determination of the minimum

number of subjects is calculated using the OpenEpi

formula (Open Source Epidemiological Statistics for

Public Health) which is calculated from the results of

the most independent variables in this study. The

study was conducted on SMAN 1 Kesamben Blitar

with a sample of 100 students who had the criteria for

15-18 years of inclusion and didn’t smoke.

Sample sampling is a proportional random

sampling technique to get a minimum sample in every

class. The data retrieval of the study uses the MEQ

(morning-eveningness Questionnaire) for chronotype

data result. This questionnaire consists of 19 question

items with a grid in the form of aspects in the

morning/wake up, bedtime, waking time, feeling in

the morning, time of daily/physical activity, peak

performance and planning. SQ-FFQ

(Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire) for

consumption habits of coffee result, and a degree of

pain dysmenorrhea questionnaire. all data results

obtained from interviews with that questionnaire.

The chronotype data, consumption habits of

coffee and dysmenorrhea pain were analyzed with the

help of Microsoft Excel and then exported to SPSS 20

software. The chronotype measurement results

category is the morning type if the score is <42, the

intermediate type with the score 42-58, and the

evening type with the score >58. The consumption

habits of coffee measurement results category is

habits (consumption > three time in a week) and not

habits (consumption < three time in a week). The

results of dysmenorrhea pain are obtained from the

dysmenorrhea pain scale, 0 means no pain, 1-2 means

mild pain, 3-6 means moderate pain, 7-9 means

severe pain and 10 means very severe pain.

The data in this study to determine the relationship

between variables using the Chi-Square test with a

95% confidence level or sig (p) <0.05.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

There are 93% students in SMAN 1 Kesamben had

dysmenorrhea pain with 54% mild pain, 33%

moderate pain and 6% severe pain. In category of

chronotype there are 60% of students with morning

type, 34% with intermediate type and 6% with night

type. In category of coffee habits there are 48% with

habits and 52% with not habit drinking coffee.

Table 1: Dysmenorrhea Pain, Chronotypes, and Coffee

Abuse on SMAN 1 Kesamben.

Dysmenorrhea Pain N (%)

No Pain 7 7

Mild Pain 54 54

Moderate Pain 33 33

Severe Pain 6 6

Chronotype

Morning Type 60 60

Intermediate T

e 34 34

ht T

e 6 6

Coffee Habits

Habit 48 48

Not Habit 52 52

Total 100 100

* all values are expressed by n (%)

The students who have the most chronotype in the

morning, 50% suffer from mild pain. Whereas the

students who have the most chronotype of the night

suffer from a moderate amount of pain at 5 (5%).

Based on the chart above by using the chi-square

exam, it got an asymptotic margin of 0.031. Due to

asymptotic readings 0.031 < 0.05, there is a

meaningful connection between the chronotype and

the degree of dysmenorrhea pain.

Table 2: Crosstable Chronotype with Dysmenorrhea Pain.

Chronotype

smenorrhea Pain

Total

value

Pain

Mild

Pain

Moder

ate

Pain

Severe

Pain

Mornin

e 4 39 15 2 60

0,031

Intermediate

2 13 16 2 34

ht t

e 1 2 5 3 6

Total 7 54 33 6 100

* Chi-square test, signifikan if p<0,05

ICSDH 2022 - The International Conference on Social Determinants of Health

The students who were not used to drinking the

highest amounts of coffee were given a mild pain of

25 (25%). Whereas the girls with the highest

concentration of coffee habits had 29 mild pains

(29%). Based on the chart above by using the chi-

square exam, it got an asymptotic margin of 0.248.

Because of the asymptotic dysmenial value 0.248 >

0.05, there is no significant connection between the

drinking of coffee with dysmenorrhea pain

Table 3: Crosstable In The Coffee Culture With

Dysmenorrhea Pain.

Coffee

Habits

Dysmenorrhea Pain

Total

value

Pain

Mild

Pain

Modera

te Pain

Severe

Pain

Not

Habit

5 25 17 5 52

0,248

Habit 2 29 16 1 48

Total 7 54 33 6 100

* Chi-square test, signifikan if p<0,05

This study shows that 87% of students are

dominated by the chronotype morning compared to

the chronotypes that have the chronotypes by night.

This is in line with the afghaniy research (2013) in

high school children who tend to be dominated by

children who have chronotypes by morning. It can

also be influenced by a school schedule in the

morning so that one is required to be active in the

morning because of having to participate in teaching

activities.

Based on the dysmenorrhea pain chart, the result

is that only 7 people (7%) did not feel pain during

dysmenorrhea while 93 people (93%) felt pain.

Menstrual pain often occurs in young women because

they not reaching biological maturity (particularly

those of the reproductive apparatus of endometrium

growth are still rudimentary. (Rustam,2015)

Whereas the results seen in the cross chart

between chronotypes with degrees of dysmenorrhea

pain suggest that there is a meaningful connection

between chronotypes with degrees of dysmenorrhea.

The student with the dominant chronotype received

mild pain by 57 people (50%). Chronotypes are

closely associated with circadian rhythm or biological

rhythm. Biological rhythms play an important role in

reproductive regulation such as in regulating the

production, release, synthesis, and operation of

hormone reproductive tools. Night sleep turned into a

reason for symptoms of menstruation to rise (negriffs,

2011). Therefore when bedtime is not disturbed,

menstrual symptoms such as dysmenorrhea can be

reduced.

The table of drinking habits shows that 52% of

girls do not have the habit of drinking coffee with 25

(25%) girls suffering moderate pain. While 48% of

the students who drank coffee were physically ill with

as many as 29 people (29%). Based on the cross-chart

of coffee habits with dysmenorrhea pain indicates

there was no meaningful connection between of both.

Minor pain experienced by adolescents who

habitually drink coffee can be affected by caffeine

consumption limits daily. High caffeine intake is

over-defined if caffeine consumption exceeds

prescribed encouragement.

In the study, researchers have also found that

research limits have been found that researchers have

lost control of the design factors, such as stress, sleep

quality, and other foods that may affect menstrual

dysmenorrhea pain.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results it was determined that there was

a relationship between chronotype and dysmenorrhea

pain in the SMAN 1 Kesamben Blitar, but there was

no substantial correlation between the drinking of

coffee and the degree of dysmenorrhea pain.

Adolescents with morning chronotypes tend to

develop degrees of mild pain at dysmenorrhea

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We want to express our thanks to the Blitar district

education service that has granted us permission to

carry out research on the Blitar region and the under

director of the student council on SMAN 1 Kesamben

Blitar, which has given us permission and benefits to

perform the research on the student of SMAN 1

Kesamben Blitar.

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