The Relationship between Environmental Factors and Other Factors

with Energy Intake in Students of SMA Muhammadiyah 11

Jakarta in 2022

Irhamna Amalia, Imas Arumsari and Fildzah Badzlina

Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. Hamka, Jakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Energy Intake, Fast Food, Environmental Factors, Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Muhammadiyah 11.

Abstract: Energy intake influences the incidence of nutritional problems in adolescents. This is related to the

adolescent lifestyle that always wants to do anything in a short time and always follow the latest trends. The

purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between environmental factors and the contribution

of western fast food and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) intake to RDA with total energy in students of

SMA Muhammadiyah 11 Jakarta. This study has a cross-sectional design. This research was conducted on

159 students of class X and XI SMA Muhammadiyah 11 Jakarta. Environmental factors data were obtained

by filling out questionnaires independently, consumption data of western fast food and sugar-sweetened

beverages (SSBs) were obtained by interviewing a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQ-

FFQ), and data on energy intake was obtained by interviewing food recall 2 x 24 hours. A total of 159

students participated in this study. The proportion of students with excessive intake was 18,20%. Based on

data analysis, factors that are related to the total energy in students of SMA Muhammadiyah 11 Jakarta are

the contribution of western fast-food intake and the contribution of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs)

intake.

1 INTRODUCTION

Being overweight is one of the nutritional problems

experienced by many adolescents. The highest

prevalence of overweight occurs in America, which

is 30% of American adolescents experiencing

overweight problems, and 22 – 25% of European

adolescents also experience the same problem

(Bibiloni et al., 2013). In 2018 there were 13.5% of

adolescents aged 16-18 years in Indonesia

experienced overweight problems, while in DKI

Jakarta province reached 21.1% of adolescents aged

16 – 18 years experienced overweight problems

(Kemenkes RI, 2018).

The high number of nutritional problems in

adolescents can occur due to an imbalance between

the food intake consumed and their needs.

Adolescents who consume more food intake than

their needs have a 4.69 times greater risk of obesity

compared to adolescents who consume adequate

energy intake (Adiyanti et al., 2015). If the food

intake consumed by a person is to his needs, the

optimal nutritional status will be achieved (Kuswari

et al., 2018).

Food intake comes from all food or drinks

consumed by a person (Palupi, 2014). In

adolescents, a person will be more easily influenced

by the environment and their closest people, and

adolescents will quickly follow the times or trends

that are developing in society, especially in terms of

modern food (Ardiani et al., 2017). At the age of

adolescence, someone can already eat the food he

likes and can also solve their curiosity about food

(Chikamah & Nisa, 2020). Western fast food is one

of the foods favored by almost all teenagers. Fast

food products have high energy content and make a

significant contribution to the recommended daily

energy intake (Mackay et al., 2021). Lucio, et al.

(2020) research also states that the menus available

in fast food restaurants contain energy that exceeds

the recommended daily intake for school children

(Lucio et al., 2020). In addition to food, some drinks

have a fairly high energy contribution to a person's

needs, namely sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs).

The growing development of the sweet drink

Amalia, I., Arumsari, I. and Badzlina, F.

The Relationship between Environmental Factors and Other Factors with Energy Intake in Students of SMA Muhammadiyah 11 Jakarta in 2022.

DOI: 10.5220/0011650000003608

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Social Determinants of Health (ICSDH 2022), pages 82-88

ISBN: 978-989-758-621-7; ISSN: 2975-8297

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

industry today indicates that this drink is accepted

by the community, including adolescents. Based on

research on students in Jordan, sugar-sweetened

beverages (SSBs) contribute up to 481 kcal in one

day, hot drinks are the most frequently consumed by

these students (Bawadi et al., 2019). There is also a

study conducted on adolescents in Bandung, stating

that the average energy intake contributed by

sweetened drinks is 327.29 kcal, or 19.4% of the

total average daily energy intake (Akhriani et al.,

2016).

In addition to the selection of food types that can

affect food intake, the obesogenic environment can

also be an enabling factor that causes a person to

consume excess food. An obesogenic environment is

an environment that can support a person to

experience obesity or being overweight. Being in

that environment can be an easy way to get food and

fulfill one's food intake needs. A study in the UK

States that someone who is in an environment with

access to a lot of food has almost twice the risk of

being obese (Townshend & Lake, 2016). There is

also a study in China that states that the existence of

a wet market in urban areas contributes to a large

enough nutritional intake for children (Wang & Shi,

2012). Currently, there is also a food delivery

service facility, which of course also makes it easier

for everyone to get the food they want without the

need to leave the house. Food delivery services can

be accepted by many people around the world, even

in 2020, the use of food delivery services has

become a trend in China (Li et al., 2020). The covid-

19 pandemic that has occurred throughout the world

has also revived food delivery services. This is

evidenced by a survey conducted by the Katadata

Insight Center that there are 44% of Gen Z have just

started using food delivery services during the

pandemic (Nurcahyani, 2021).

Based on nutritional problem data that occur in

adolescents, the authors are interested to know

whether there is a relationship between the

environmental factors and other factors on the total

energy of students at SMA Muhammadiyah 11

Jakarta.

2 METHOD

2.1 Design

This study used a cross-sectional study design,

which is primary data taken at one time. The

research is located on the SMA Muhammadiyah 11

Jakarta from February to March 2022.

2.2 Subject

The target population in this study were students of

classes X and XI of SMA Muhammadiyah 11

Jakarta for the academic year 2021/2022, totaling

323 students. By calculating the sample requirement

using the Lemeshow formula, the minimum sample

size is 152 students. Sampling was carried out

through stratified random sampling and purposive

sampling. The inclusion criteria in this study were

students of classes X and XI who were active as

students of SMA Muhammadiyah 11 Jakarta in the

academic year 2021/2022, were willing to become

respondents, and users of food delivery services,

while the exclusion criteria in this study were

respondents who did not follow the research data

process until completion.

2.3 Dietary Intake

Dietary intake data was obtained from the result of

food recall 2 x 24 hours. The result was categorized

based on WNPG 2004 into deficit (intake < 80%

RDA), normal (intake 80 – 110% RDA), and more

(intake >110% RDA).

2.4 Environmental Factors

Environmental factors in this study are home

distance with western fast-food restaurants, home

distance with minimarket/supermarket/drink stalls,

and frequency of food delivery service used.

Environmental data were obtained from the

questionnaire. Google maps applications were used

for validating the distance data. The result of

distance data was categorized into near (≤ median)

and far (> median), while the result of frequency of

food delivery service used was categorized into

often (≥ 3 times a week) and rarely (< 3 times a

week) (Harahap, 2019).

2.5 Consumption of Western Fast Food

and Sugar-Sweetened Beverages

(SSBs)

Consumption of western fast food and sugar-

sweetened beverages (SSBs) data was obtained from

the results of the semiquantitative – food frequency

questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). The measurement results

are the average energy contribution from the

consumption of western fast food and sugar-

sweetened beverages (SSBs) to the daily energy

needs based on the Rate of dietary adequacy (RDA).

The Relationship between Environmental Factors and Other Factors with Energy Intake in Students of SMA Muhammadiyah 11 Jakarta in

2022

2.6 Data Analysis

Data were analyzed using chi-square (x²) for

independent variables that have measurement results

categorized and use an independent t-test on

independent variables that have numerical

measurement results. Independent t-test analyses

were used because the data were distributed

normally.

3 RESULTS

3.1 Description of Characteristics,

Dietary Intake, Environmental, and

Consumption of Western Fast Food

and Sugar-Sweetened Beverages

(SSBs)

Respondents were 159 students of class X and XI

SMA Muhammadiyah 11 Jakarta in the academic

year 2021/2022. Table 1 shows a description of the

respondents’ characteristics.

Table 1: Respondent Characteristics.

Characteristics n %

Sex

Male 86 54.10

Female 73 45.90

Total 159 100.00

Age (years)

15 44 27.70

16 78 49.10

17 36 22.60

18 1 0.60

Total 159 100.00

Pocket Money (Rp)

10,000 16 10.10

15,000 14 8.80

20,000 24 15.10

25,000 17 10.70

30,000 36 22.60

35,000 10 6.30

40,000 15 9.40

50,000 27 17.00

Total 159 100.00

Dietary intake is divided into three categories,

namely deficit, normal, and excessive to the WNPG

2004. Table 2 shows a description of the

respondent’s dietary intake.

Environmental Factors are divided into two

categories for each variable. For distance, the

variable is divided into near and far, while for

frequency of food delivery service used variable is

often and rarely. Table 3 shows a description of the

respondent environmental factors.

Table 2: Dietary Intake Data of Respondent.

Intake n % Mean ± SD

Energ

Deficit 6 3.80 2291.53 ±

381.69

Normal 124 78.00

Excessive 29 18.20

Total 159 100.00

Protein

Deficit 6 3.80 68.17 ± 9.34

Normal 124 78.00

Excessive 29 18.20

Total 159 100.00

Fat

Deficit 5 3.10 73.93 ± 13.38

Normal 122 76.70

Excessive 32 20.10

Total 159 100

Carboh

drate

Deficit 6 3.80 338.38 ± 60.78

Normal 123 77.40

Excessive 30 18.90

Total 159 100.00

Table 3: Environmental Factors Data of Respondent.

Environmental Factors n %

Home distance from a western fast-foo

restaurant

75 47.20

Nea

84 52.80

Total 159 100.00

Home distance with minimarket

supermarket

drink stall:

60 37.70

Nea

99 62.30

Total 159 100.00

Fre

uenc

of food deliver

service use

Often 110 69.20

Rarel

49 30.80

Total 159 100.00

The average energy contribution from consumption

of western fast food is 1.22% of RDA and sugar-

sweetened beverages (SSBs) are 1.51% of RDA.

Table 4 shows a description of the respondents’

western fast food and sugar-sweetened beverages

(SSBs) consumption.

Table 4: Western Fast Food and Sugar-Sweetened

Beverages (SSBs) Consumption of Respondent.

Energy Contribution

Mean

(%RDA)

Min –

Max

95% CI

Western Fast Food

1.22 0

–

3.93 1.07

–

1.37

Sugar-Sweetened

Bevera

(

SSBs

)

1.51 0 – 5.81 1.34 – 1.69

ICSDH 2022 - The International Conference on Social Determinants of Health

Table 5: Relationship between Environment Factors and Energy Intake.

Environment

Factors

Energy Intake

p-value PR

Excessive Normal - Deficit Total

n % n % n %

Home distance from a western fast-foo

restaurant

Nea

15 17.90 69 82.10 84 100.00 1.000 0.990

14 18.70 61 81.30 75 100.00

Home distance with minimarket/ supermarket/ drink stall

Nea

19 19.20 80 80.80 99 100.00 0.851 1.031

10 16.70 50 83.30 60 100.00

Fre

uenc

of food deliver

service use

Often 6 12.20 43 87.80 49 100.00 0.278 0.901

Rarel

23 20.90 87 79.10 110 100.00

3.2 Relationship Between Environment

Factors and Energy Intake

The difference in proportion test was carried out by

compositing the categories of energy intake into two

categories, namely normal - deficit and excessive.

Table 5 shows the result of the bivariate analysis of

the environmental factors with total energy intake.

Based on the analysis result using the chi-square

test, the three environmental factors variables were

not significantly related to energy intake (p-value >

0.005).

3.3 Relationship Between Consumption

of Western Fast Food and Energy

Intake

Table 6 shows the result of the bivariate analysis of

the consumption of western fast food with total

energy intake. Based on the analysis result using the

independent t-test, there is a significant relationship

between consumption of western fast food and

energy intake (p-value < 0.005).

Table 6: Relationship between Consumption of Western

Fast Food and Energy Intake.

Energy Intake

Energy Contribution of Western

Fast Food

(

% RDA

)

Mean

(

% RDA

)

-value

Excessive 1.98 0.042

Normal - Deficit 1.41

3.4 Relationship Between Consumption

of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages

(SSBs) and Energy Intake

Table 7 shows the result of the bivariate analysis of

the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages

(SSBs) with total energy intake. Based on the

analysis result using the independent t-test, there is a

significant relationship between consumption of

sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and energy

intake (p-value < 0.005).

Table 7: Relationship between Consumption of Sugar-

Sweetened Beverages (SSBs) and Energy Intake.

Energy Intake Energy Contribution of Sugar-

Sweetene

Beverages (% RDA)

Mean

(

% RDA

)

-value

Excessive 1.54 0.009

Normal - Deficit 1.13

4 DISCUSSIONS

Being in environmental factors like that can increase

the intake of energy contributed from snack foods

generally causing excess fat intake and sugar intake

in adolescents (Arundhana & Masnar, 2021). As

many as 52.80% of students are in the near category

on the variable distance from home and western fast-

food restaurants. In addition, from the total fat intake

of students in a day, there are 20.10% of students

have more fat intake. The fat intake can come from

western fast food, so it contributes to students’

energy intake being excessive. However, the results

of this study indicate that there is no significant

relationship between distance from home and

western fast-food restaurants with total energy

intake (p-value > 0.05). This can be caused because

students do not always buy food from the nearest

fast food western restaurant. In Pranata and

Gunawan's research (2018), it is stated that the most

dominant factor in choosing a place to eat is the

price of the food and distance is the last factor in

determining the choice of where to eat (Pranata &

Gunawan, 2018). Some students stated that the

reason for buying food from the nearest western

fast-food restaurant was because there was no other

The Relationship between Environmental Factors and Other Factors with Energy Intake in Students of SMA Muhammadiyah 11 Jakarta in

2022

choice. This means that students have a high

probability of not choosing the nearest western fast-

food restaurant to get food. In addition, the results of

the recall of the total energy intake of most students

did not eat the food sold by the western fast-food

restaurant.

In the variable distance, home distance with

minimarket/supermarket/drink stall, 62.30% of

students have a near distance between their house

and minimarket/supermarket/drink stall. This

number is a larger number than the number of

students near distance of their homes and western

fast-food restaurants. In addition, 18.90% of students

have excessive carbohydrate intake which can cause

students to have excessive energy intake.

Carbohydrate intake probably comes from the

contribution of sugar in the composition of sweet

drinks consumed by students. However, the results

of this study also show that there is no significant

relationship between the distance from home and the

minimarket/supermarket/drink stall with total energy

intake (p-value > 0.05). This could be because some

respondents stated that they did not often purchase

food or drinks from the nearest

minimarket/supermarket/drink stall. In addition,

some students have a stock of food or drinks at

home, so students no longer need to buy food or

drinks from the nearest

minimarket/supermarket/drink stall. From the

variable distance, the average distance from home

and minimarket/supermarket/food stall is 1.13 km

compared to the distance between home and western

fast-food restaurant, which is 3.16 km. This distance

is a longer distance when compared to Erdianti's

(2021) study, which is that there are fast food

restaurants within a distance of < 200 m around the

research site which can lead to high consumption of

fast food in research subjects (Erdianti, 2021).

Activity that uses food delivery services as

intermediaries to get food is called the frequency of

food delivery service used. As many as 69.20% of

students have a frequency of using food delivery

services in the rare category. The results of this

study indicate that there is no significant relationship

between the frequency of using food delivery

services and total energy intake (p-value > 0.05).

The results of the study by Maretha, et al (2020) also

have the result that there is no relationship between

the use of online food delivery applications with

eating frequency and diet quality (Maretha et al.,

2020). Based on the reasons students when using

food delivery services, because by using food

delivery services students do not need to leave the

house to get food and the attractive promos offered

on food delivery service applications are also the

reasons students use food delivery services. In

Purba, et al research (2022) as many as 45.2% of

students also stated the reason for purchasing

food/beverages through online applications was

because there was a promo (Purba et al., 2022).

The contribution of western fast-food intake is

the percentage contribution of energy intake from

western fast-food to the needs of students based on

the rate of dietary adequacy (RDA). The average

contribution of energy intake from western fast-food

respondents is 1.22% of the student’s energy needs

based on the rate of dietary adequacy (RDA). This

study shows that there is a significant relationship

between the contribution of western fast-food intake

and total energy intake (p-value < 0.05). The study

by Lucio, et al (2020), stated that the main dish

contained in the package menu provided by western

fast-food restaurants such as McDonald's, Burger

King, and Carls Jr. had a 49% energy contribution.

The large energy contribution of western fast-food is

caused by the high-fat content in these foods (Lucio

et al., 2020). In the study by Bonita and Fitranti

(2017), it was stated that there was a significant

relationship between total energy from western fast-

food and the incidence of overweight in stunting

adolescents (Bonita & Fitranti, 2017).

Contribution of sugar-sweetened beverages

(SSBs) intake, which is the percentage of it to the

needs of respondents based on the rate of dietary

adequacy (RDA). The average contribution of

energy intake from sugar-sweetened beverages

(SSBs) of respondents is 1.51% of respondents’

energy needs based on the rate of dietary adequacy

(RDA). This study shows that there is a significant

relationship between the contribution of sugar-

sweetened beverages (SSBs) intake and total energy

intake (p-value < 0.05). This is related to the

research of Dewi, et al (2012) which also has

research results that there is a relationship between

calorie intake of energy and total energy

consumption (Dewi et al., 2012). Energy from the

intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) cannot

maintain a feeling of fullness for a long time so that

it will make repeated consumption of sugar-

sweetened beverages (SSBs) results in excess energy

intake (Annisa et al., 2020). Some respondents

consume sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs)

purchased from contemporary drink stalls which are

widely spread among students. In addition, students

also consume packaged tea drinks that are easy to

find, some students even state that they have a stock

of packaged tea drinks at home.

ICSDH 2022 - The International Conference on Social Determinants of Health

5 CONCLUSIONS

In this study, there is no significant relationship

between distance from home to fast food restaurant,

distance from home to minimarket/supermarket/

drink stall, and frequency of use food delivery

service with total energy in students of SMA

Muhammadiyah 11 Jakarta and there is a significant

relationship between the contribution of western

fast-food intake to RDA and sugar-sweetened

beverages (SSBs) intake to RDA with total energy in

students of SMA Muhammadiyah 11 Jakarta. Future

researchers are expected to conduct further research

related to nutritional status as an impact that can

arise if there are problems with total energy intake.

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ICSDH 2022 - The International Conference on Social Determinants of Health