The Development and Performance Evaluation of Cloud Web-Based

Parking Billing System

Amin Suharjono

, Kurnianingsih

, Bambang Supriyo

and Roni Apriantoro

Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Semarang, Prof. Sudarto Street, Semarang, Indonesia

Keywords: Cloud, Parking Payment System, Cashless, Billing, Website.

Abstract: Along with the evolution of technology, parking billing systems are evolving and changing untransparent

traditional system in reporting revenues to the government. Therefore, it's necessary to have a parking

payment system that transparent and supports cashless which integrated to cloud service of parking income

data from several parking locations. In this research, authors created a web-based parking billing user interface

system integrated with Midtrans payment gateway to support cash-less system and integrated cloud service

monitoring system for parking revenue in several locations. Delay testing in sending data from parking entry

access terminal to database resulted in an average of 58.55 s. Test for web page load time at a bandwidth of

30.34 Mbps is the longest, 3.19 s on dashboard page of incoming parking data, while the fastest is 0.755 s on

Ticket ID panel info object on search page. The longest website page load time test with a bandwidth of 27.91

Mbps is 4.80 s on dashboard page of incoming parking data, while the fastest is 0.814 s on successful payment

page. At a bandwidth of 0.71 Mbps, test for the longest load time for web pages is 13.85 s on dashboard page

for incoming parking data, while the fastest is 2.41 s for ticket ID panel info object on search page.

1 INTRODUCTION

Initially, money used as a medium of exchange, was

distinguished into certain entities, such as coins and

banknotes. However, along with the development of

financial technology (fintech), this has given rise to

new innovations in the implementation of electronic

payment transactions, in order to maximize the use of

cashless payment instruments, so that later a cashless

society will be created. Developments and

innovations in the banking system have led to the use

of money as a commodity that is not concretely

shaped (intangible money). This is related to the

development of information and communication

technology that can improve the efficiency of the

payment system and reduce the time and costs

required to make transactions using checks / cheque

(Usman, 2017).

Electronic money payment system (e-payment) is

a cashless payment instrument method stored in a

server-based (e-wallet) or chip-based (e-money), with

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0351-5686

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7339-7449

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5699-7829

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0471-9656

the aim of making it easier for users, when making

payment transactions or transfers. E-money is a

digital payment instrument that uses electronic media

with chip entities. Generally, the e-Money entity is a

card (debit/credit). Currently, there are several e-

Money chips in the Indonesian market, namely Flazz

BCA, E-Money Mandiri, Brizzi BRI and others.

Meanwhile, an e-Wallet or electronic wallet is a

digital payment instrument that uses server-based

electronic media. In general, an e-Wallet entity is an

application based on a server and in the process of

using it requires a connection first with the provider.

Currently, there are several e-Wallets in the

Indonesian market, namely Telkomsel T-Cash, XL

Tunai, CIMB Niaga Mobile Account, BBM Money

Permata Bank, DOKU, and so on (Mulyana &

Wijaya, 2018).

Parking is the immobile state of a vehicle that is

temporary. Inside the vehicle parking, each user will

be exposed to a fee/tax. The parking tax itself is in 8th

place in providing income to regional taxes in

324

Suharjono, A., Kurnianingsih, ., Supriyo, B. and Apriantoro, R.

The Development and Performance Evaluation of Cloud Web-Based Parking Billing System.

DOI: 10.5220/0011766800003575

In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science (iCAST-ES 2022), pages 324-330

ISBN: 978-989-758-619-4; ISSN: 2975-8246

Indonesia. This is a special concern for local

governments in Central Java to increase local revenue

(Priyanti et al., 2019). Based on Semarang City

Regional Regulation Number 11 of 2011 concerning

Parking Tax, the tax rate is set at 25% of the basis for

taxation, as referred to in article 5. The accuracy and

suitability of the parking revenue report in each area

will be very necessary. Non-transparent management

of parking revenue can lead to leakage of parking tax

revenue so that the target of parking tax revenue is not

achieved and local income does not increase. The

leakage of parking taxes is caused by taxation

policies, low awareness of taxpayers, weak of

supervision and low of honesty. (Hani & Djasuli,

2015). Thus, the accuracy and suitability of parking

revenue reports in each area will be very necessary.

Many potential parking areas have not been managed

effectively and have not been maximized in providing

revenue to the city government due to non-transparent

management.

To minimize these leaks, a website-based parking

billing system was created utilizing Cloud

infrastructure integrated with APIs, where the system

monitors the suitability of parking revenue reports in

each parking area. The website in this system is used

as a service for non-cash-based parking billing

payments with e-wallets, in order to make it easier for

users. In non-cash payments, there is a QR-Code that

contains information on the destination data and the

type of payment medium. In Indonesia, the QR-Code

is made in a standard known as QRIS. To be able to

connect with various types of cashless payment

methods, a third-party application is needed. In this

case, the author uses Midtrans as a payment gateway.

The purpose and contribution of this paper is to

develop a cloud-based parking system for

transparency in reporting revenue, and to increase

user convenience in transactions.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

In related research, a parking lot reservation system

has been created, where users will get information

about the nearest parking area around them and all

other possible parking area information in the city. If

the slots in a particular parking area are full, the user

can move to another parking area close to the user's

location based on the direction of the system. The

system also has an automatic billing feature, which

helps users to pay in cashless mode. When the user

arrives at the parking location, RFID authentication

as an ID will be performed, and then the gate will

open. This information will be updated by the on-

premises unit located in each parking lot then sent to

the cloud-based server in real time. The status of the

parking lot will be detected by IR sensors and sent to

the on-premises unit in real time. Once the car is

parked, billing will start based on the parking time.

The parking fee will be notified to the user. The status

of all parking spaces will be updated in the cloud in

real-time (Hainalkar & Vanjale, 2017).

On the other hand, a subscription parking system

has been developed, where each parking lot has an

RFID reader at the entrance and exit. The system uses

Raspberry pi as a server for databases and access

points where all components are connected. In

addition, Arduino and ESP8266 are also used

combined to read RFID-based card IDs. The data is

then sent to the company's desktop application using

the ESP8266 which is connected to Raspberry via an

Access Point. On this system, the website and android

application are used by customers to register, choose

services for top up, check transaction history, and the

amount of money balance they have. In this system,

the calculation of parking fees is carried out by

reducing the time when the RFID reader reads the

driver's id when exiting and entering the parking

access gate, then multiplied by the parking fee /

minute where the total cost will be deducted from the

customer's account (Bazzi et al., 2018).

In another study, an android-based parking lot

search system was developed using the RESTFul

API. The Scrum methodology was used in the

development of such systems. Implementation of

RESTFul API on android applications in order to

facilitate parking search in Jakarta. The RESTFul API

implementation has several functions as follows. (1)

Displays all parking information in Jakarta, (2)

Displays parking information based on parking space

categories, (3) Displays the quota for motorbikes,

cars, and buses or trucks in the parking lot, (4)

Addition of favourite parking spots, (5) search for a

parking space, (6) directions to the parking lot

(Dzulqarnain et al., 2019).

Furthermore, another type of parking system is the

use of Web Service as a data controller, Database for

data storage and three types of applications. The Web

Service is used for the user interface for manipulation

to the database. Web Service plays a role in validating

the requested data and sending the right response to the

client according to the validation results. The client is

divided into Web Client (Web Application), Mobile

Client (Android Application) and Admin Client

(Desktop Application). Web and Mobile clients are

used by users to order and pay bills. The Admin Client

is used by the administrator to add a new parking

location in the system (Anghelescu & Stefan, 2017).

The Development and Performance Evaluation of Cloud Web-Based Parking Billing System

325

Figure 1: Block diagram of overall system.

Barrier

Gate IN

Barrier

Gate OUT

Parking A

Database

Figure 2: Design of terminal access system in each parking

area.

Figure 3: User interface design and its business process.

Figure 4: Use case diagram for parking billing system.

There is also a Smart Parking System that uses

various technologies, such as RFID, WSN, NFC,

Cloud, and cellular. The system is able to collect in

real time both environmental parameters and

information about the status of the parking lot as well

as provide directions to the driver to the nearest empty

parking lot by using a software application. The

system utilizes NFC-based e-wallets to allow users to

pay parking fees. Software applications installed on

the cloud platform, are able to manage alert events,

such as incorrect use of reserved parking spaces or

reserved parking times have run out (Mainetti et al.,

2015).

In order to develop an automated parking system

related to previous research, the authors made a

simplification of the hardware control system

installed in the parking gate using the ESP32 as a

controller for energy saving schemes, but still

maintaining the reliability of the system. In addition,

on the server-side development is carried out on the

use of APIs to bridge the client. The server provides

billing calculation data, check-in and check-out

processes, generating QR Codes for cashless

payments. While the client only sends input data, it

receives and executes the output data generated by the

server. In this paper, server is installed on cloud

infrastructure to improve server availability and

reliability.

3 RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 System Design

Figure 1 shows a prototype system that consists of

three parking areas. In each parking area, there is

parking vehicle data stored in the database belonging

to the parking management company. The Cloud

Service system requests data at each parking location

but depends on the menu, provided by the API system

in each parking area (REST API). The Cloud Service

system contains revenue data for each parking area

that can be accessed by the Government and Parking

Management Entrepreneurs through the website.

The access terminal system in each parking area

consists of an entrance gate, exit gate, and database.

It can be seen in Figure 2. When pressing the entry

button at the entrance gate, it will print a parking

ticket, then the Parking Ticket ID data and Entry Date

/ Time are stored in the database and the gate then will

be open. The data will be called later, when a Parking

ID lookup has been performed. Furthermore, the user

will be able to make payments.

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326

Figure 5: Use case diagram for payment gateway system.

Figure 6: ERD parking billing system.

Figure 3 shows an overview design of the Web-

Based Parking Billing User Interface System. When

the user will pay the parking fee via the web, and his

Parking Ticket ID has been found, the time data when

the vehicle enters the parking lot stored in the

database will be called. The data contains the Parking

Ticket ID and the time of the vehicle when entering

the parking lot. Then the data will be displayed along

with the data on exit time, Parking Duration and

Rates. The deeplink method is used for parking

payments using e-wallets, where when selecting the

pay menu, it will immediately switch to the e-wallet

application. After payment is made, the entire data

will be stored in the database, to be accessed by the

Cloud Service. An API is implemented, so that the

REST Server can connect to the Cloud Server, with

the Web API / Web Service used is REST.

3.2 System Modelling

At the modelling stage, the design of the architecture

and data structure of the web-based parking user

interface system is carried out. The goal of the

modelling phase is to understand the big picture of the

system.

3.2.1 Case Diagram

The case diagram is designed for the Parking Billing

User Interface System to determine the role and

actions of the user. The diagram of the Web-Based

Parking Billing User Interface System is shown in

Figure 4. Meanwhile, in Figure 5 shows the use case

diagram for payment gateway system from the

Midtrans. The middle part shows the activity carried

out by customers and parking managers.

3.2.2 Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)

ERD functions to prevent errors in designing the

database to be used. Relationships between data

tables are used to connect one table to another so that

it can speed up database access. There are several

tables, namely vehicles, entry1, dbmidtrans, and

exit2. ERD Web-Based Parking Billing User

Interface System is shown in Figure 6.

3.2.3 System Testing

At the testing stage, data collection is carried out by

running the system. System testing is carried out to

ensure whether the system runs and functions

properly according to design. Tests are also carried

out to obtain data that can be analyzed. In the work

test of the Web-Based Parking Billing User Interface

System, four tests were carried out, namely BlackBox

testing, web load time testing, delay testing, and

notification testing.

3.2.4 Blackbox Testing

Blackbox Testing is a software test that focuses on the

functional requirements of the software. Testers can

set input conditions that will fully fulfill all functional

requirements for a program.

3.2.5 Load Time Testing

Web page load time testing is done by checking the

speed of the internet network used. The Speedtest

application checks the network speed, where the

network speed results for downloading the

application are used as a reference for testing the load

time of the web page. Web page load time testing is

done with three different internet provider. Testing

the system is done with the inspect network on the

web page to find out the time it takes to access or load

the web interface. The result of the load time test is a

comparison of the time taken by three internet

provider to access or load a web interface.

The Development and Performance Evaluation of Cloud Web-Based Parking Billing System

327

3.2.6 System Delay Testing

Delay testing is done to evaluate the delay time of a

packet from one point to another which becomes its

destination due to the transmission process. In the

parking billing system, the delay calculation is

obtained from the delta time (database time and RTC

time). When the entry button at the parking access

terminal is pressed, the Real Time Clock (RTC) sends

the entry time, then the data will be stored and

captured into the database. Delay testing is done to

evaluate the time of sending data and the time of

receiving data that is delayed. The delay-test that is

obtained every time will be taken as a whole average.

3.2.7 Notification Delay Testing

Notification testing is done to get transaction data

when a ticket ID payment has been made.

Notification testing is done by filling in the

Notification URL on the Midtrans portal in the

configuration section. The notification URL must

lead to the handling notification coding in the parking

billing system. The time interval for sending

notifications can be seen from the difference between

the transaction time and success notification was sent.

The delivery time interval is the result of the

notification delay test.

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Web Interface Design

The web interface design consists of implementing

the search page, implementing the checkout page,

implementing the snap function, and implementing

the dashboard interface page. Figure 7 shows the

Search Page serves as the main page for performing

ticket id searches by users. The Checkout page in

Figure 8 serves as a page where users can see whether

the data displayed is appropriate. The snap page in

Figure 9 contains a snap template of the Midtrans

payment gateway which contains data for the ticket id

or order ID and total payment which is transferred to

the Gojek application using the deeplink method

when making payments. Figure 10 shows the

Dashboard page where the admin or parking manager

can view parking data. The dashboard page display

results in the form of a page that contains parking data

in, parking out, and parking payments.

4.2 Test Result

In this section, the authors have conducted four

parameter testing, (i) BlackBox Testing, (ii) Web

Page Load Testing, (iii) System Delay Testing, and

(iv) Notification Delay Testing.

Based on BlackBox testing, the data form the

experiment explains that the results of the web-based

parking billing user interface system testing as a

whole get results following what is expected. It can

be seen in Table I. Meanwhile, the web page load time

testing was conducted to find out the time it takes for

a web page to download and display all content in a

browser window after the user makes a request or

clicks a link in seconds. The data of measurements

can be seen in Table II.

Figure 7: Search page view.

Figure 8: Checkout page view.

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Table 1: BlackBox testing result.

No Descri

tion Acto

ectation Results

1 Testing the Search function when

entering the correct parking ticket i

User The system can display the search ticket id and

checkout function

expectation

2 Testing the Search function when

enterin

aid

arkin

ticket i

User The system can display a description that the id

has been

aid fo

ectation

3 Testing the Checkout function on the

searched ticket i

User The system displays the ticket id data, time of

entr

, time out,

arkin

time and total

ment

ectation

4 Testing the Pay function using the

Midtrans deeplink metho

User The system can redirect to snap Midtrans and

can make transactions to Go-je

expectation

5 Testing the dashboard display of

arkin

entr

data

Admin The system can display data on vehicles that

enter

arkin

ectation

Table 2: Page load time resting result.

No Bandwidth (Mbps) Role Object Time (s)

30.34

User

e2.8

2 Info Panel Parkin

ID 0.75

3 Checkout

e1.69

4 Snap page 1.66

5 Payment successful page 1.17

Admin

Parking entry data dashboar

3.19

7 Pa

ment data dashboar

2.35

8 Parkin

out data dashboar

1.43

Figure 9: Snap page view.

Figure 10: Dashboard page view.

Figure 11: Parking gate delay response.

Figure 12: Payment notification delay response.

After that, the experiments continued to measure

the system delay and notification delay. The system

delay test is done by pressing the entry button with 20

iterations on the parking access terminal. The

measurement of delay is done by calculate the

difference time of data in the database with the time

The Development and Performance Evaluation of Cloud Web-Based Parking Billing System

329

of data in the parking gate. This test shows that the

parking billing system delay when sending data to the

database has an average delay of 58.55 s. The parking

system delay graph is shown in Figure 11. Whereas,

in the notification delay testing, the parking billing

system delay when sending data to the database has

an average delay of 115.8 s. The sending process

takes a long time because it depends on several

factors such as the speed of the Internet network. The

parking system delay graph can be seen in Figure 12.

5 CONCLUSIONS

The authors have attempted to develop and conducted

evaluation on cloud web-based parking billing

system. The developed system can run well and in

accordance with planning. However, the response

delay for parking gate is still relatively slow. This is

allegedly due to the performance of the HTTP

protocol used for server and client node

communication. For further development, the authors

will implement the MQTT protocol for server and

client node communication. This aims to reduce the

delay response at the parking gate. In addition, the

monolith server architecture will be upgraded to a

microservice. To improve user convenience, barcode-

based user IDs will be replaced with QR-codes in

future research.

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