Enrichment of Soil and Local Materials to Purify Pollutant Indicators

in Wastewater on Smallholder Cattle Farms in Indonesia

Aflizar

, Amrizal

, Saifullah P. Melafu

, M. Septian

, Farez Z. Melafu

and Jamaluddin

Applied Master of Food Security Study Program, Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Payakumbuh, Indonesia

Agricultural Mechanization Technology Study Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Payakumbuh, Indonesia

SMA Negeri No.2 Kodya Payakumbuh, Bukit Sitabur Payakumbuh Timur, Indonesia

Agricultural Water Management Study Program Teknologi Pertanian, Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Payakumbuh, Indonesia

SMA Negeri No. 3 Kodya Payakumbuh, Nan Kodok Payakumbuh Utara, Indonesia

Agricultural Water Management Study Program Teknologi Pertanian, Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Payakumbuh,

Indonesia

Keywords: Wastewater, Cattle Farm, STBM, Ecotechnology, Soil of Mt. Sago, Local Material.

Abstract: To purify the pollutants Cattle Farm Wastewater, a STBM system was built. Cattle Farm Wastewater that

smells bad with pollutant indicators exceeds the quality standards allowed by the Indonesian government.

There are two main components that make up the STBM system, namely The Permeable Layer (LP) is

made of palm fiber and a layer of crushed stone arranged around a Mixed Soil Layer (LTC) composed of a

Permeable Layer (LP) made of fibers and a layer of crushed stone arranged around a Mixed Soil Layer

(LTC) arranged in a stone pattern brick. LTC raw material is a mixture of clayey clay, sawdust from

coconut trees and iron waste from a lathe with a dry weight ratio of 3: 1: 0.04 where this local material is

native to Indonesia. In this experiment, a field scale STBM system was built with dimensions (50 cm long x

50 cm wide x 200 cm high). Sources of wastewater cattle farm pollutants come from urine, feces and water

for washing cow pens. Generally, wastewater is discharged directly into the surrounding environment so

that it has polluted the waters. By using the force of gravity, cattle waste water is discharged into the STBM

system with a hydraulic loading rate (HLR) of 34,6 M

/day. Average removal efficiency of Total

Suspended Solids (TSS) , Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD

), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),

Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO

-N), Phosphorus (PO

-P) , Oils and Greases, salinity (EC), Total Dissolved Solid

(TDS) and salt (NaCl) were 82, 96, 63, 74, 96, 68, 99, 96 and 81 % respectively. The STBM system is also

able to remove colors and odors in cattle farm wastewater. This study recommends that the STBM system is

good for removing contaminants from cattle farm wastewater in rural and urban areas in Indonesia because

it is efficient and able to remove BOD, phosphorus, nitrogen, EC, TDS, NaCl, colors and odors with simple

operations.

1 INTRODUCTION

Public and privately owned cattle farms are

widespread in rural areas in Indonesia. In general, the

liquid waste that is produced poses a big problem

because it is discharged directly into the environment

without being processed, causing an unaesthetic odor

and polluting the waters. In fact, in the countryside

there are many cattle farms that support the economy

of the small people. Unfortunately, the impact of

environmental pollution has been forgotten. Few

cattle ranchers are aware that cattle ranching

wastewater has caused damage to ecosystems and

subsequently the extinction of certain organisms and a

decrease in water quality in rural areas in

Indonesia.Wastewater which is generally discharged

into waters contains high concentrations of nutrients,

organic matter and pathogens, causing serious

problems. One solution is to treat the liquid waste

itself to purify the pollutants contained in it (Lahbib

LATRACH1, 2014). There is no cheap and easy-to-

operate technology that is made from native

Indonesian materials, so the STBM system is

introduced in Japan, known as the MSL system.The

technology to treat wastewater such as wetland

lagoon and sand filter works well (Masunaga T,

2007). However, it requires a large area of land and

526

Aﬂizar, ., Amrizal, ., Melafu, S., Septian, M., Melafu, F. and Jamaluddin, .

Enrichment of Soil and Local Materials to Purify Pollutant Indicators in Wastewater on Smallholder Cattle Farms in Indonesia.

DOI: 10.5220/0011818400003575

In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science (iCAST-ES 2022), pages 526-531

ISBN: 978-989-758-619-4; ISSN: 2975-8246

the price is still too expensive for developing

countries (Lahbib LATRACH1, 2014). Activated

carbon oxidation adsorption technology, chemical

oxidation and digestion methods have good

performance but are still expensive and difficult to

operate. One of the simple, inexpensive and simple

technologies in operation for wastewater treatment,

the MSL system or in Indonesia is popularly known

as STBM (Sistim Tanah Berlapis Melafu). The

STBM system has succeeded in purifying liquid

waste in Japan and Indonesia. Furthermore, this

STBM system has also been tested in China, in

Thailand, in the United States, in Morocco to purify

domestic wastewater and wastewater from tofu

factories in Indonesia (Rahmiana Zein, 2017). It

called MSL system.

The STBM system is made from natural soil and

local materials, the structure is innovative so that it

is not easily clogged and is able to treat wastewater

with a high flow rate and is able to reduce nutrients

and organic matter in the wastewater. The STBM

system has the advantages of flow rate (HLR), high

simple maintenance and an effective service life of

20 years. STBM systems can be made from locally

available materials in rural and urban areas such as

soil, iron pellets, sawdust. According to (Masunaga

T, 2003) the MSL or STBM system has an aerobic

layer and an anaerobic layer where the aerobic

permeable layer is based on zeolite or split rock.

Meanwhile, mixed soil layers that are anaerobic can

be arranged based on a brick pattern or imitate a soil

horizon pattern. The wastewater that enters the MSL

or STBM system is then purified by filtration,

reabsorption and biodegradation.

In this study, an STBM system with a height of 2

(two) meters was made with raw materials derived

from local natural resources, namely inceptisol soil,

sawdust, palm fiber and crushed stone to purify

pollutants and contaminants in cattle farm

wastewater. This study aims to assess the

performance of the STBM system in purifying

physicochemical pollutants contained in cattle farm

wastewater in Indonesia.

2 MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.1 Description of Experimental Soil

and Local Material Enrichment as

STBM System

The STBM system consists of 2 (two) main

components, namely a mixed soil layer (SML) and a

permeable layer (PL) made of split stone (3-4 cm

diameter) and palm fiber (geotextile). The structure

of the STBM system in the field used in this study is

presented in Figure 1. In the installation of the

STBM system for the experiment, holes were made

on a sloping land (200 cm high, 50 cm wide, 50 cm

long). The mixed soil layer is arranged in a brick

pattern surrounded by a layer of gravel and palm

fiber. The mixed soil layer was made from local

sandy loam soil (Inceptisol) mixed with sawdust

from coconut trees (Cocos nucifera), iron pellet

waste from a lathe with a ratio (3 : 1 : 0.04) each

based on dry weight. (Figure 2 a, b, c, d). Iron

pellets from a lathe were cut to a size of 2 cm and

sawdust from coconut trees (1–2 mm), (Fig. 2 d, e).

The basic chemical and physical properties of the

soil used were Total Kjedahl Nitrogen 4.8 g/kg, C-

organic 6.37%, pH 5 with texture sandy clay loam

(order Inceptisol) and blackish brown soil color.

Wastewater from cattle farms from the rest of cow

dung, urine and bathing cows which smells foul is

collected from the beef cattle fattening pen at the

Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Payakumbuh (Figure 2

f, g). The wastewater tank is installed above the

STBM system and by gravity, the cattle farm

wastewater is channeled or discharged into the

STBM system. Wastewater is taken twice a week

and discharged into the STBM system at a Hydraulic

Loading rate (HLR) of 34,6 M

/day. Aeration or

natural air flow from pipes placed above the STBM

system which aims to create aerobic and anaerobic

conditions in the STBM system (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Structural Design of Brick Type STBM system

to purify pollutants in cattle farm wastewater.

At almost the same time raw and foul-smelling cattle

farm wastewater and cattle farm wastewater that has

been treated by this system are collected about once

a month for testing the chemical and physical

pollutant parameters collected by plastic bottles on

the influent and effluent of the STBM system.

Enrichment of Soil and Local Materials to Purify Pollutant Indicators in Wastewater on Smallholder Cattle Farms in Indonesia

527

Figure 2: Materials for STBM system, Wastewater Source

from Cattle Farm and brick type STBM system: (A) Local

soil, (B) sawdust, (C) iron pellets, (D) split stone, (E) palm

fiber, (F) Cattle farming (G) Wastewater from cattle

farms, (H) STBM system brick arrangement (i) the STBM

system is installed underground.

2.2 Analytical Methods in the

Laboratory

Samples of cattle farm wastewater before being

processed and after being processed STBM were

stored in a refrigerator at a temperature of 4oC as

much as 1000 ml at each sample point. In the

analysis of chemical parameters of wastewater such

as oil and fat (grease and oil) were analyzed

gravimetrically using hexane solvent and a

separating funnel. Nitrogen nitrate (NO

-N)

concentration was analyzed by concentrated sulfuric

acid method and measured by Genesys 10s UV-VIS

Spectrophotometer with a wavelength of 432 nm.

Phosphate concentration (PO4-P) was measured by

molybdate method and ascorbic acid was measured

by Genesys 10s UV-VIS spectrophotometry.

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) was analyzed by

dichromate reflux method. Biochemical Oxygen

Demand was measured in 5 test days (BOD5) using

the Warburg method. Salt (NaCl), Total Dissolved

Solid (TDS),

Electrical Conductivity (EC) and pH were

measured using a multiparameter probe with the Mi

170 Bench meter. For testing physical parameters

such as suspended solids analysis (TSS) with the

gravimetric filtration method. Color and Odor

parameters used organoleptic method using 40

respondents.

2.3 Data Processing for Mapping the

BOD Distribution in the STBM

System

Surfer 9 software from Golden Software was used to

map the vertical distribution of BOD and analyze the

pattern of wastewater movement in the STBM

system. Surfer® 9 operation can be done by self-

study, we use universal kriging. polygons are created

from the sample points and also estimate the BOD

value in the unsampled area. Surfer® 9, produced by

Golden Software, Inc. (Golden Colorado) is a three-

dimensional surface mapping software that is

relatively inexpensive and easy to use by scientists

and engineers.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 STBM System Performance Causes

Loss of Pollutant Parameters in

Cattle Farm Wastewater

Cow farm wastewater changes from very smelly to

odorless and there is also a change in color from

blackish brown to slightly clear. The average

organic matter removal efficiency (BOD5) is 96%

and COD is 63% respectively. The removal

efficiency of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) is 82%.

Occurrence of odor removal, color and organic

matter in wastewater by the STBM system because

it is absorbed by the mixed soil layer (SML) because

SML acts as a bioreactor due to the presence of

microorganisms in the SML soil to degrade organic

matter in mixed soil layers by converting organic

matter in wastewater into H

O and CO

and absorb

color and odor. The facts in Table 1 also show that

the STBM system is able to process nutrients, odors,

colors and organic matter during the experiment

without clogging the STBM system with a

wastewater discharge (HLR) of 1440 L/ m

/hour or

34,6 M

/day.

The mean removal efficiencies of PO

-P and

-N were 98% and 74%, respectively (Table 1).

The physicochemical content of water processed by

cattle farms by the STBM system for TSS, pH,

BOD

, NO

-N has met the recommended quality

standards for disposing of cattle farm liquid waste

under Indonesian law (Table 1). However, a little

more to be still above the quality standards for COD,

phosphate and oil and grease, it is recommended to

incubate cattle farm liquid waste for 3-7 days mixed

with local soil with a ratio of liquid waste to soil,

iCAST-ES 2022 - International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science

528

which is 100:1. Regarding the removal of P and N,

the results also show that the STBM system is very

effective in removing PO

-P and NO

-N in Cattle

Livestock Wastewater. The average nutrient transfer

by the STBM system for TSS, BOD

, COD, NO

N, PO

-P, TDS and EC were 82%, 96%, 63%,

74%, 98%, 96% and 96%.

Table 1: Average Concentration Level of Cow Farm

Wastewater and Wastewater Treatted with STBM System

(Average + Standard Deviation), Percentage of Allowance

and Allowed Limit for Cow Farm Wastewater.

Parameter

Polutant

Cattle

farm

Waste

water

STBM

system

Treated

water

(%)

Absolute

removal

rate

(g/m2/day)

dmissible

limit for

wastewater

release*

NaCl(%) 23,55 + 0.6 4.40 + 0.06 81.31 14420,0 -

TDS

(mg/L)

1965+17 75,5+3 96.16 2724,66 750

(uS/m)

3930 + 8 151.0+ 4 96,16 - 1500

Grease

and Oil

(mg/L)

44 + 0.5 14.0 + 0.05 68.18 43,26 1

PO4-P

(mg/L)

34.0 + 0.1 0.57 + 0.05 98.32 48,49 0.2

NO3-N

(mg/L)

1.64 + 0.4 0.42 + 0.05 74.23 1,76 10

COD

(mg/L)

34.2 + 13 12.8 + 4 62.57 46,72 40

BOD5

(mg/L)

156 + 5 5.75 + 0.3 96.31 217,4 100

pH 8.55 + 0.04 7.39 + 0.1 - - 6 - 9

TSS

(mg/L)

3825 + 6 707.0 + 0.5 81.51 458,56 100

Odor

Smells

really bad

No bad

smells

- - -

Color

Brawniest

Black

A Bit Clear - - -

* Admissible limit for wastewater cattle farm release by Indonesia

overnment 1995

RP: Removal Percentage

Notes: NaCl, salts; TDS, total dissolved solid; EC, electric

conductivity; PO

–

-P, orthophosphates; NO

–

-N, nitrate; COD,

chemical oxygen demand; BOD

, biological oxygen demand

measured in a 5-day test; TSS, Total suspended solids;

Despite the characteristics of cattle farm

wastewater, with HLR or flow rate, the composition

and dimensions of STBM systems differ from those

made in Morocco, the United States, China and

Japan. However the organic matter removal

efficiency was similar to that reported by other

studies. in Indonesia, the NO3-N removal efficiency

was high (73%) in this study and comparable to that

observed by (Masunaga T, 2005) at 75% and

(Lahbib LATRACH1, 2014) ie 71%. The efficiency

of removing NaCl, TDS, EC and odors in the STBM

system is also very efficient. The color loss was

somewhat similar to, ranging from 52 to 67%.

(Rahmiana Zein, 2017) found that the removal

efficiency of BOD5 was 96%.

This phenomenon can be explained based on

research (Masunaga T, 2007) that the efficiency of

NO3-N removal is due to the ability of the soil and

local materials in the STBM system. Where can

absorb NH4-N. In addition, the presence of an

aerator that delivers oxygen into the STBM creates

aerobic and anaerobic conditions in the STBM

system to accelerate the chemical process of

alternating nitrification and denitrification.

This is the benefit of enriching local soil and

materials in constructing STBM systems such as

inceptisol soil from Mount Sago, local sawdust,

local geotextiles, local crushed stone. The optimal

condition of the STBM system results in high

efficiency performance in NO

-N removal. The

percentage of PO

-P removal was very high (98%)

in the STBM system. Because according to and iron

rusts into Fe

in mixed soil layers in the STBM

system and results in the binding of PO4- ions.

Results are similar to those obtained. Domestic

wastewater treated by the MSL system in Japan is

capable of PO

-P removal between 44% and 88%,

with HLR flow rates of 7.9 – 76 L/m

/day,

respectively. Meanwhile, the STBM system is

capable of removing 98% of PO

-P because the

height of the structure is 200 cm, which is 2 times

higher than MSL in Japan. The absolute allowance

by the STBM system in this study is quite high in

the purification of cattle farm wastewater because

the HLR is quite high, namely 34,6 M

/day

(Table 1). The study reported that for domestic

wastewater treated with the MSL system in Japan

with an HLR of 190 - 1824 L/m

/day, the absolute

discharge rate ranged from 20 - 219 COD g/m

/day,

6.31 - 127 BOD5 g/m

/day and 12.96 - 150 TSS

g/m

/day. This absolute pollutant removal rate

increases with increasing HLR from 504 - 1992

L/m

/day but the relative pollutant removal

efficiency decreases to a low because the residence

time of wastewater effluent in the MSL system is

shorter. Research reported that with low HLR the

MSL or STBM system is more efficient than other

natural systems such as artificial wetlands because it

requires more land while STBM requires much less

land area for installation. Therefore, the MSL or

STBM system becomes feasible to purify cattle farm

wastewater to overcome the problem of wastewater

in urban and rural areas in Indonesia.

Enrichment of Soil and Local Materials to Purify Pollutant Indicators in Wastewater on Smallholder Cattle Farms in Indonesia

529

3.2 Vertical Distribution of BOD

Pollutant Purification Parameters

in STBM System

Figure 2 shows the process of BOD, color, odor,

nutrients and organic matter in cattle farm

wastewater that can be removed with a very efficient

STBM system. Why BOD, color, odor, nutrients and

organic matter can be removed from cattle farm

wastewater because Odor and Color are absorbed or

absorbed or removed by carbon present in mixed

soil layers. Carbon comes from local soil and

Sawdust. Meanwhile, organic matter in cattle farm

wastewater is consumed by microorganisms as an

important source of carbon (C) for microorganisms.

Based on reports and (Chen Xin, 2008) that in the

STBM system, local soil is used as the main raw

material, as well as a source of microorganisms that

act as bioreactors that function to purify pollutants

contained in cattle farm wastewater. In the book it is

stated that in 1 tablespoon or 10 grams of natural

soil contains 11 billion microorganisms. Pollutants

in wastewater can be physically and chemically

absorbed by soil particles (SML: mixed soil layer)

and split rock surface (PL: permeable layer).

Furthermore, it is broken down by microorganisms

found in mixed soil layers.

The vertical distribution of BOD in each layer of

the STBM system is as high as 200 cm and helps to

explain the process of movement of cattle farm

wastewater in the STBM system that researchers

could not previously understand (Figure 2). At a

depth of 90 cm from the height of the STBM system.

Removal of high BOD occurred gradually at 7 levels

of mixed soil layers and 7 levels of permeable layer

of split rock and local fibers. It turned out that the

concentration of BOD was in accordance with the

quality standards recommended by the Indonesian

government. In the 15 layers of the STBM system in

this study, the absorption and degradation process of

BOD occurred linearly and gradually the BOD

concentration continued to decrease until 96% was

lost.

A somewhat similar result was reported by that

in the MSL system in Japan, BOD removal occurred

in the first mixed soil layer and continued in the 7 th

layer until the BOD decreased to 96% with an HLR

flow rate of 1008 L/m

/day and MSL height is

73 cm.

Figure 3: Vertical Distribution of Biological Oxygen

Demand (BOD) in the STBM system during the

purification of Cattle farm wastewater.

4 CONCLUSION

The STBM system shows high performance and

adaptability in removing pollutants in cattle farm

wastewater and is efficient in handling wastewater

pollutant parameters, namely nutrients, organic matter,

color and odor. Recommendations are given for the use of

STBM to purify pollutants in cattle farm wastewater in

Indonesia. In order to be cheap and easy and remain

efficient and avoid operational constraints, it is better to

use local Indonesian soil and materials.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The Research Team sincerely thanks Kemendikbud

Dirjen Vokasi Indonesia for Financial support with

No. Contract: / SP2H / LT / DRPM / 2022 is very

much appreciated and many thanks.

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