Investigation on the Application of IoT Based ESP-12E in Monitoring
Motorcycle for Safety, Security and Comfortable Use
Muhammad Yusuf and Riyani Prima Dewi
Study Program of Electronics Engineering, State Polytechnic of Cilacap, Cilacap, Indonesia
Keywords: ESP-12E, Firebase, Internet of Things, Monitoring.
Abstract: The increasing number of motorbikes has also triggered the crime of motorcycle theft, as well as an increase
in motorcycle accidents. So far, users often forget to check the air pressure on the motorbike tires, and change
the engine oil so that it is not easily damaged. Therefore, a location monitoring system, oil change schedule
remainder, engine temperature and wind pressure were made on motorbikes to make it easier for motorcycle
users. The system functions to track the location of motorcycle, minimize accidents and maintain the quality
of vehicle engines via smartphones. The processor uses Atmega8 and ESP-12E as the receiver of sensor data,
then it is sent to Firebase using the internet network via Wi-Fi and then displayed on the smartphone
application. The experimental results show all sensors can work well and the difference between the sensor
and the measuring instrument is not much different. Sensor GPS can detect the location of the vehicle with
result show that the error measurement less than 5%, the DS18b20 temperature sensor can detect the vehicle
engine temperature, the proximity sensor can detect the vehicle wheel rotation to detect vehicle mileage, and
the pressure sensor can detect air pressure of the tires. Moreover, all that measurement can be monitored in
smartphone.
1 INTRODUCTION
Motorcycles are one of the most widely used
transportation for Indonesian people. In addition,
Indonesia is one of the countries that produces the
most motorcycles so that almost the entire people in
Indonesia have this type of transportation (Fatimah,
Oneng. 2016). The increasing population of
motorbikes in Indonesia indicates that motorbikes are
starting to become a primary need for the community
which makes traffic more crowded and results in
traffic accidents. Moreover, the increasing number of
motorcycles will certainly trigger the crime of
motorcycle theft.
To overcome the theft of a motorbike, the owner
uses double security keys such as padlocks.
Unfortunately, the thief still manages to take the
motorbike away even though it is equipped with
additional security. One of the solutions for this
problem is by install a device that can track the
motorcycle every time. There are many technologies
has been used to track the whereabouts of missing
motorcycles, yet they are relatively expensive. In
conclusion, it is important to add a device or systems
in our motorcycle that can monitor its location but it
can install easily and cheaper than existing tools.
One of the most crucial factors that can causes
accidents is the tire pressure on the motorcycle. Tires
on each vehicle already have a standard air pressure
that has been set by the factory. Maintaining the
standard tire pressure is one way to get tire
performance at the optimum level. Maintaining tire
pressure is not only for safety, but also for ability and
comfort in driving. Tires that are under pressure or
exceed the standard will result in a fatal accident.
(Aris et al , 2018).
Motorcycle users often forget or miss to change
engine oil, hence that will damage the vehicle when
we are too late to change the oil because some
indicate will happened in our motorcycle such as the
engine heats up quickly, the engine power feels heavy
and may causes excess exhaust fumes. These indicate
can be avoided by changing the oil regularly after
reaching a mileage of about 2000 km or adjusting the
resistance of the type of oil used. (Aditiya, 2019).
(Nova et al, 2011).
The overheating machines can affect the
performance of the machine so that the machine can
turn off suddenly. Overheat can be caused by engine
oil that has not been changed, weak radiator fan
Yusuf, M. and Dewi, R.
Investigation on the Application of IoT Based ESP-12E in Monitoring Motorcycle for Safety, Security and Comfortable Use.
DOI: 10.5220/0011843700003575
In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science (iCAST-ES 2022), pages 589-596
ISBN: 978-989-758-619-4; ISSN: 2975-8246
Copyright © 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
589

rotation, motor carrying too much weight, driving on
uphill roads and driving in hot weather during the day
plus severe traffic jams. This happened due to the
vehicle owner does not know whether the engine
temperature is normal or not. Whereas keeping the
vehicle temperature normal is important. (Bagus
Rachmanto. 2018).
This research was conducted to answer the above
problems. The aim of this research is to design a
device that can monitor the location of the motorcycle
while monitoring the engine temperature and the
mileage that will be used as a reference for reminders
of the engine oil change schedule. This device is
intended for the security and comfort aspects of its
users.
2 METHOD
2.1 Component Used
2.1.1 GPS
Use GPS (Global Positioning System) is a navigation
satellite system as well as determining the position or
presence continuously. This system is designed to
provide three-dimensional position and speed and
information about time continuously around the
world regardless of time and weather, for many
people simultaneously. (Tjhin, Santo et al. 2014). PS
can provide position information with varying
accuracy, ranging from millimeters (order zero) to
tens of meters. GPS works by transmitting signals
from satellites to GPS (smartphones equipped with
GPS for example). (Dwi, Edwin; et al. 2016).
Figure 1: Works Steps for GPS.
Figure 1 show GPS works (Aji Noor, 2013):
1. Using the "triangulation" from the satellite.
2. Used for triangulation calculations, GPS
measures distances using the travel time of
radio signals.
3. Used to measure travel time, GPS requires
high time accuracy.
4. Used for distance calculations, the position of
the satellite and the altitude in its orbit are
required.
5. Finally, we must correct delay of the signal
traveling time in the atmosphere until it is
received by the receiver.
2.1.2 GPS uBlox Neo 6M
Module GPS is a family of stand-alone GPS receivers
that feature high-performance positioning tools. This
module has a size of 16 x 12.2 x 2.4 mm. With
optimal architecture, power, and memory, this module
is very suitable for devices that use batteries as a power
source. GPS uBlox used can be seen in Figure 2:
Figure 2: GPS uBlox Neo 6M.
2.1.3 GPS uBlox Neo 6M
ESP-12E is a microcontroller that has been integrated
with the Wi-Fi module and belongs to the ESP8266
type, the type used is ESP-12E based on firmware
eLua. The ESP-12E has a 10-bit ADC with only 1
input because it requires a multiplexer to read more
than one analog input. input on the ESP-12E has a
maximum voltage of 3.3Volt. (Arafat. 2016). The
ESP-12E used can be seen in Figure 3:
Figure 3: ESP-12E NodeMCU.
2.1.4 Microcontroller Atmega8
ATMega8 is a low power 8-bit CMOS
microcontroller based on RISC architecture.
Instructions are executed in one clock cycle, ATMega
8 has a throughput of close to 1 MIPS per MHz, this
makes ATMega 8 able to work at high speeds even
with low power usage. The Atmega 8 microcontroller
has several features or specifications that make it an
effective controller solution for various purposes
(Setiawan, Santoso. 2017). The Atmega8
microcontroller used can be seen in Figure 4:
Figure 4: Atmeg8 Microcontroller.
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2.1.5 Wireless Module NRF24L01
NRF24L01 is a long-distance communication
module consisting of 8 pins using a radio frequency
band of 2.4-2.5 GHz ISM (Industrial Scientific and
Medical). This module uses the SPI interface to
communicate and work with a voltage of 5 volts DC.
The NRF24L01 has a baseband logic Enhanced
ShockBurst hardware protocol accelerator that
supports high-speed SPI interfaces for application
controllers. This module also has a true ULP (Ultra
Low Power) solution that allows months to years of
battery life. (Shobrina, Upik; et al. 2018). wireless
module used can be seen in Figure 5:
Figure 5: NRF24L01.
2.1.6 MPX 5700ap
Sensor The MPX 5700AP sensor is a pressure sensor
designed for various applications, especially
applications based on a microcontroller or
microprocessor with analog or digital input. This
sensor combines micro machining, thin film
metallization and bipolar processing in it to provide
an accurate signal and analog output level that is
proportional to the applied pressure. The measured
pressure ranges from 15-700 kPa (2.18 - 101.5 psi),
and the output voltage is in the range of 0.2-4.7 volts
(Datasheet MPX 5700 Series. 2012). The MPX
sensor used can be seen in Figure 6:
Figure 6: MPX 5700AP.
2.1.7 Proximity Sensor
The proximity sensor is a sensor or switch that detects
the presence of a target (metal type) without any
physical contact, this type of sensor usually consists
of a solid-state tightly wrapped to protect it from
excessive vibration, liquid, chemical and corrosive
effects. The proximity sensor has 3 pins, namely Gnd,
Signal, Vcc (Susilawati, Elfi; et al 2017). The
proximity sensor can be seen in Figure 7:
Figure 7: Proximity Sensor.
2.1.8 DS18B20 Temperature Sensor
DS18B20 temperature sensor is suitable for
measuring temperature in wet places because it has
waterproof capability. Due to its output is digital data,
there is no need to worry about data degradation when
using it for long distances. The DS18B20 provides 9
bit - 12-bit configurable data. Because each DS18B20
sensor has silicon serial number, several DS18B20
sensors can be installed in one bus. (Zaky, EL; et al.
2017). The temperature sensor used can be seen in
Figure 8:
Figure 8: Temperature Sensor DS18B20.
2.1.9 Firebase
Firebase is a platform application real-time. Firebase
has library (library) for most platforms and mobile
can be combined with various frameworks such as
node, java, java script, and others. Application
Programming Interface (API) for storing and
synchronizing data will be stored as bits in the form
of JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) on the cloud
and will be synchronized in real time. (Firebase,
“Firebase Product”. 2020). (Rawal, Dinesh. 2017).
2.1.10 Kodular
Kodular is an open-source platform that can create
web-based android applications. platform serves to
create various types of android applications easily and
quickly without programming in writing. platform
does not need to write conventional program codes,
namely text-based code to create android
applications.
2.2 System Design
2.2.1 Block Diagram
This block diagram will later be used as an outline for
Investigation on the Application of IoT Based ESP-12E in Monitoring Motorcycle for Safety, Security and Comfortable Use
591

making the final project. The block diagram used can
be seen in Figure 9.
Figure 9: System Block Diagram.
Figure 9 is the working process of this tool system
consisting of several main parts, among others:
1. Process Tool
Includes ESP-12E as data reception for several
sensors and sent to firebase. Atmega8 as a data
receiver from the pressure sensor.
2. Power Supply Source
Two power supply sources are used, namely 9v
battery and 2x 3.7v battery.
3. devices Input
Include temperature sensors, proximity modules
GPS, push buttons and pressure sensors.
4. Devices Output
Includes led indicators and smartphones as
system information media.
5. Communication Devices
Include NRF24L01 as communication medium
for Atmega8 with ESP-12E
2.2.2 Flowchart System
flowchart will later describe in more detail about the
manufacture of this tool. The flowchart below will
describe the process from beginning to end of this
system working. The following shows flowchart a
general system design flowchart can be seen in Figure
10.
Figure 10: Flowchart System.
System will work when the ESP-12E is connected to
the internet. ESP-12E will read all sensor data which
will then be sent to the firebase database every 5
seconds. Then it will be displayed on the android
smartphone application. There is a normal limit
indicator for each sensor and the indicator will light
up when the sensor value exceeds the predetermined
normal limit. The push button on the device is used to
reset the Wi-Fi connection on the device and is used
to reset the mileage.
2.2.3 Overall Design System
The overall design is a complete picture of the tool to
be made. The design of the whole tool is made using
2 microcontrollers, namely ESP-12E and Atmega8.
Figure 11 shows the system design using the ESP-
12E microcontroller and using the Atmega8
microcontroller as follows.
(a)
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(b)
Figure 11: System design (a). Design with ESP-12E (b).
System design with Atmega.
Figure 12: Hardware design.
2.2.4 Application Display
There are 4 pages in application display, they are
login page, list, home, and info page. On the login
page, there is a column to enter the username and
password for the account that has been registered to
enter the home.page view login can be seen in Figure
13 (a).
If you do not have an account, press the sign up
on the page and it will go to the register page. The
page contains fields to fill in the username and
password. The list page view can be seen in Figure 13
(b).
After logging in to the account, you will go to the
home page. On the home there is information on
temperature, pressure, mileage. In addition, on the
home there are also maps to find out the location of
the vehicle, and there is a user profile in the upper
right corner which is used to view user info and
application makers. The appearance of the home can
be seen in Figure 13 (c).
On the info page, there is some information that
will be displayed on this page, namely application
user profiles and application developer profiles.
Button log out which is used by the user to exit the
account from the application. The display of the info
page can be seen in Figure 13 (d).
(a) (b)
(
c
)
(
d
)
Figure 13: Smartphone (a). Page Display Login (b). List
Page View (c). Home (). Display Info Page.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1 Testing of GPS Sensor
This test aim to compare whether the results
displayed on the smartphone match the position of the
motorcycle or not. Testing on the application displays
data results in the form of latitude, longitude and
displays markers at the location of the motorcycle.
GPS sensor smartphone by displaying the latitude
longitude application smartphone can be seen in
Table 1.
Table 1: GPS Sensor test result.
No Place
Location on
Google maps
Location detects
by tools
firebase
Latitude
Longitude
1. Alun-Alun
Cilacap
109.00949
109.00942 109.00942
-7.72729
-7.7275328 -7.7275328
2.
SPBU Damalang
109.01361
109.01370 109.01370
-7.71966
-7.7197146 -7.7197146
3.
Terminal
109.0251
109.02491 109.02491
-7.69637
-7.7018532 -7.7018532
4.
Blumoon
109.02969
109.02929 109.02929
-7.69637
-7.6966300 -7.6966300
5. SPBU Gumilir
109.03523
109.03512 109.03512
-7.6914
-7.6914834 -7.6914834
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Base on experiments have been carried out in 5
different places that is shown in Table 1, it is known
that there is error measurement between latitude and
longitude of the location on google maps and data
which is given from the GPS sensor. The average
error from those two measurements is 0.00015% for
latitude and 0.00209 % for longitude.
3.2 Testing of Pressure Sensor
This pressure sensor test is carried out by displaying
the value detected by the sensor and comparing it with
an air pressure gauge for motorcycle tires. This test is
to determine the performance of the tool in
monitoring tire pressure on the motor. After the tool
is installed, the atmega8 will send data with
NRF24l01 obtained from the pressure sensor to esp-
12e which is then sent to the firebase database and on
smartphone displays the results in the form of
pressure values in psi units.
Testing air pressure on motorcycle tires by
displaying results on sensors and measuring
instruments can be seen in Table 2.
Table 2: Pressure Sensor test result.
Pressure value from sensor Pressure
value from
measurement
tools
%
error
No. Before
test
(psi)
difference
(psi)
Air loss
(psi)
After
test
(Psi)
1. 15.49 0.11 15.38 15.40 0.26
2. 19.43 19.38 0.11 19.32 19.40 0.10
3. 23.28 23.23 0.11 23.17 23.20 0.13
4. 26.12 26.01 0.22 25.90 25.10 0.35
5. 30.28 30.23 0.11 30.17 30.20 0.10
6. 31.33 31.33 0.11 31.22 31.40 0.22
7. 32.36 31.20 0.11 32.15 32.30 0.32
8. 35.64 35.59 0.11 35.53 35.60 0.03
% Average of 0.124 0.189
When taking measurements with measuring
instruments, the wind will be wasted several psi, so
look for the value of the difference which is the value
between sensor values after and before testing using
measuring instruments. After doing 8 experiments, it
is known that the average % error is 0.189%.
The calculation of the difference value is
obtained by the following formula:
- Wind wasted = sensor value before - sensor value
after
- Tool difference value = sensor value after +
(difference / 2)
3.3 Testing of the Oil Change Schedule
Remainder Systems
Testing the engine oil change reminder system is
done by comparing the distance travelled on the tool
with the mileage on speedometer. The Proximity
Sensor is installed as a tire rotation detector which is
used to determine the distance travelled by
calculating the wheel circumference plus the
calculated mileage.
Testing the engine oil change reminder system
can be seen in Table 3.
Table 3: Proximity Sensor test result.
No. Travelled
Distance ∆S
(km)
%
Error
SB (km) SS (km)
Sensor
Opdometer
1. Jl. Kluwih – Alun-
alun Cilacap
2.485 3.502 1.017
1.67
85940.9 85941.9 1
2. Alun-alun Cilacap
– SPBU Damalang
3.502 4.891 1.389
0.79
85941.9 85943.3 1.4
3. SPBU Damalang –
Terminal
4.891 7.390 2.499
3.96
85943.3 85945.7 2.4
4. Terminal –
Pertigaan Blumoon
7.390 8.220 0.83
3.61
85945.7 85946.5 0.8
5. Pertigaan Blumoon
– SPBU Gumilir
8.220 9.094 0.874
8.47
85946.5 85947.3 0.8
Average of Error
3.7
Proximity sensor detects one rotation of a
motorcycle wheel, the distance travelled will increase
according to the circumference of the wheel used.
From these tests, it is known that the average % error
of the tool and speedometer is 3.7%. The following
mileage formula is used:
Mileage = Previous mileage + (3.14 x wheel diameter)
3.4 Testing of Temperature Sensor
This test is carried out by displaying the value
detected by the temperature sensor. This test is carried
out to check and ensure the sensor functions with a
difference that is not too high, then it will be
displayed on smartphone android
The comparison test for temperature display
readings with sensors and temperature display with
measuring instruments can be seen in Table 4.
Table 4: Temperature Sensor test result.
No. Data from Sensor Data from
measurement
%error
1. 34.87 35.1 0.66
2. 40.56 40.8 0.59
3. 60.27 60.8 0.87
4. 70.55 70.9 0.49
5. 80.10 80.2 0.12
6. 90.61 90.4 0.23
7. 95.20 94.6 0.63
8. 100.18 99.5 0.68
Avera
g
e of Erro
r
0.53
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From the results of the tests that have been carried out
according to Table 4, it can be stated that the sensor
readings are accurate and have an average the average
value of % error sensor readings with the temperature
on the measuring instrument is about 0.53 %.
3.5 Testing of Application Smartphone
3.5.1 Testing of Login Page
The login page display can be seen in Figure 13.
Figure 14: Testing Login Page.
Page The login is tested on the “Login” button,
“Sign Up” button and the “Google” button. This test
is done to find out the function of the button works
well or not. The first test carried out is the function
of the "Sign Up" button. On the test page, when the
"Sign Up" pressed it will go to the list page. The
registration page is a page for registering an
application account. If you do not want to register,
users can choose the google as another option to
login.
The display of the login page with account
googles and the registration page can be seen in
Figure 14.
(a) (b)
Figure 15: Application Display (a) Page Login (b) Account
Google.
List page is expected to be able to enter the
username and password on the registration page first,
the password must be filled with more than 5 digits.
Tests carried out on the list page are the function of
the "Sign Up" button to save username and password
to firebase. Tests carried out on the login are the
functions of the textbox and the "Login. The test on
the page works well, if the user enters username and
password correctly, the login successful and will go
to the home page. If you do not have an account and
will log using a google.
3.5.2 Testing of Home Page
The tests carried out on the home page, namely the
function of reading data and the "Profile". If the
"Profile" is pressed, it will go to the info page which
will display user profile information and creator
profile information. The info page can be seen in
Figure 17.
Figure 16: Home Page display.
3.6 Testing of Realtime Database on
Firebase
This is done by sending string data from ESP-12E to
firebase with the "test" field, if the data has been sent,
the field of the data sent will be orange which
indicates there is a change in the data in the database.
Data sent to the database can be seen in Figure 16.
Figure 17: Data Sent to the Database.
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595

4 CONCLUSIONS
From the experiments that have been carried out, it
can be concluded that:
1. sensor GPS can detect the location of the
motorcycle with an average value of % error data
latitude 0.00015 % and an average % error data
longitude 0.00209 % after 5 different places have
been carried out.
2. The pressure sensor can function to monitor tire
pressure with an average value of % error
0.124%, after 8 experiments.
3. The proximity sensor can detect vehicle wheel
rotation to detect vehicle mileage which is used
as a reference for oil change warnings, with an
average % error tool and odometer is 3.7%.
4. The DS18b20 temperature sensor can detect the
vehicle engine temperature with an average value
of % error sensor readings with the temperature
on the measuring instrument around 0.53 %.
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