Integrated Clean Water Service Management in Klungkung Regency

(Mainland) with Downstream River Utilization

I Gusti Lanang Made Parwita

, IGB Sila Dharma

, Mawiti Infantri Yekti

, I P Gustave Suryantara

and IGAG Suryanegara

Civil Department Polytechnic State of Bali, Jimbaran, Bali, Indonesia

Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Udyanan University, Bali, Indonesia

Civil Department Faculty of Enginering Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia

Keywords: Clean Water, Klungkung District, Integrated.

Abstract: Klungkung Regency on the mainland actually has sufficient water sources. The problem with the development

of clean water services in the district is that it is constrained by limited infrastructure so that a lot of water is

wasted in the downstream of the river. On the other hand, the need for water continues to increase due to

population growth and the development of various sectors. The research method uses quantitative analysis by

juxtaposing the availability and demand for water in the future. The results showed that the service coverage

of the regional clean water company (PDAM) in Klungkung Regency was 77.43%. The clean water supply

system of PDAM Klungkung Regency has a production capacity of 382.8 Lt/second with sources of water

production coming from 7 units of springs and 18 units of wells. Until 2040, Klungkung Regency needs clean

water with a capacity of 444.08 liters/second. Based on the existing water shortage, several strategies for

fulfillment have been carried out, including the construction of the Sarbagikung Dam with a capacity of

around 75 liters/second and through the use of water at the mouth of the Unda River with a capacity of around

150 liters/second.

1 INTRODUCTION

Klungkung Regency is one of the regencies that has

sufficient water potential because topographically it

is fed by rivers that flow throughout the year, namely

the Jinah and Unda rivers. The utilization of existing

water has been dominantly used for irrigation

purposes and the rest is used for the fulfillment of

clean water through the regional drinking water

company (PDAM) of Klungkung Regency. The water

sources of PDAM Klungkung are mostly dominated

by groundwater sources through PDAM wells

scattered throughout the region. At this time the

service coverage of PDAM Klungkung Regency is

77.43% with a total of 35,750 customers or 152,893

residents with a percentage of water loss due to

leakage of 35.56% (BARI Bali 2020)

The development of the population and the need for

water for other allocations, such as for tourism needs,

requires a larger water source that must be managed

by the local government. In other parts of the mouth

of the Unda river and the Jinah river, the existing

water can still be utilized. The water of the Unda and

Jinah rivers in the estuary is currently allowed to flow

into the sea in the southern part (BARI Daerah Bali

2020) (Penida 2020). Therefore, it is very necessary

to conduct comprehensive research that can provide

an overview of the current potential, the pattern of

demand and total demand for clean water and

strategies for meeting water in the future. The

problems faced are how much water potential exists

in the mainland part of Klungkung Regency, what is

the current clean water supply system, and what is the

clean water supply system in the future. The research

method is carried out quantitatively related to the

potential, needs, and services as well as the

fulfillment of water in the future. The purpose of this

study is to determine the potential, needs, and

strategies for meeting water in the future by utilizing

water in downstream that is not utilized for irrigation.

Parwita, I., Dharma, I., Yekti, M., Suryantara, I. and Suryanegara, I.

Integrated Clean Water Service Management in Klungkung Regency (Mainland) with Downstream River Utilization.

DOI: 10.5220/0011845300003575

In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science (iCAST-ES 2022), pages 601-607

ISBN: 978-989-758-619-4; ISSN: 2975-8246

601

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Integrated Water Resources

Management

2.1.1 Water Scarcity

The development of the number of humans has led to

an increase in the amount of water both in quantity

and quality. On the other hand, water sources that are

not evenly distributed have led to greater water

scarcity. Water is transformed into an item of

economic value that influences the development of a

country. By 2020, most of the world's population will

enjoy adequate water services, except in Africa and a

few parts of Asia, which experience water shortages.

However, in 2050 it is estimated that most African

countries and several countries in Asia will

experience problems related to clean water. In 2050,

water use in Africa and Asia will experience a decrease

in water consumption between 1000 and 2000 m3 per

person per year, even in some areas with water

consumption below 100 m3 per person per year. water

scarcity maps show most countries in Africa and Asia

experiencing water shortage problems. Water scarcity

maps show most countries in Africa and Asia

experiencing water shortage problems. More details

can be seen in Figure 1, (Xie 2006):

Figure 1: Distribution of Scarcity of Water Resources (Xie,

2006).

Water scarcity in various parts of the world increases

fulfilment efforts that lead to integrated cross-sectoral

fulfilment. Integration was originally intended purely

for water supply but in its development later it involved

other sectors which were supported by adequate water

availability (Baldwin and Hamstead 2014).

2.1.2 Integrated Water Management

Concept

The availability of water on earth is not always evenly

always distributed in every place and as expected,

thus causing humans with various interests in water

to try to fulfil in various ways from various

competencies they have as well as in various ways of

legitimacy and participation in an integrated manner

(Fulazzaky 2014). The water resources management

approach in the past has not been sufficient to meet

the challenges of global water management. A largely

sectoral management approach, where each sector

(household use, agriculture, industry, environmental

protection, etc.) has been managed separately, with

limited coordination between sectors. This approach

leads to fragmented and uncoordinated development

of water resources. Many uses of water have spillier

effects on other uses and sometimes have unintended

social and environmental consequences. This is

especially true for watersheds where water and land

practices upstream have a direct impact on the

quantity and quality of water downstream. As water

becomes scarcer, it becomes increasingly inefficient

to manage water without acknowledging the

interdependencies between institutions, sectors, and

between geographic areas. (Xie 2006)

The concept of integrated water resource

management has been a necessity for a long time and

is growing according to current and future

developments (MERLA et al. 2005). The United

Nations has tried to encourage the development of

water resource management that can be carried out in

an integrated manner between watersheds and

between regions since 1977 through the integrated

water resources management (IWRM) program.

Since 1992 the IWRM concept has begun to be

massively adapted to almost all countries in the world

with the common goal of achieving equitable access

to water use, which was marked by the existence of a

global water partnership (GWP) program in 1996.

The main mission of GWP is processes that promote

the coordinated development of water, land, and

related resources to maximize equitable and

sustainable economic and social outcomes (Norken

2003).

The availability of water in the hemisphere is not

always evenly distributed in every place and at all

times as expected, thus causing humans with various

interests in water to try to fulfil in various ways from

various competencies they have and in various ways

of legitimacy and participation in an integrated

manner (Cole, Stroma, 2012). The water resources

management approach in the past has not been

iCAST-ES 2022 - International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science

602

sufficient to meet the challenges of global water

management. A largely sectoral management

approach, where each sector (household use,

agriculture, industry, environmental protection, etc.)

has been managed separately, with limited

coordination between sectors. This approach leads to

fragmented and uncoordinated development of water

resources. Many uses of water have spill over effects

on other uses and sometimes have unintended social

and environmental consequences. This is especially

true for watersheds where water and land practices

upstream have a direct impact on the quantity and

quality of water downstream. As water becomes

scarcer, it becomes increasingly inefficient to manage

water without acknowledging the interdependence

between institutions, sectors, and between geographic

areas (Xie 2006).

The concept of integrated water resource

management has been a necessity for a long time and

is growing according to current and future

developments (MERLA et al. 2005). The United

Nations has tried to encourage the development of

water resource management that can be carried out in

an integrated manner between watersheds and

between regions since 1977 through the integrated

water resources management (IWRM) program.

Since 1992 the IWRM concept has begun to be

massively adapted to almost all countries in the world

with the common goal of achieving equitable access

to water use, which was marked by the existence of a

global water partnership (GWP) program in 1996.

The main mission of GWP is a process that promotes

the coordinated development of water, land and

related resources to maximize economic outcomes

and social welfare in a fair and sustainable manner.

and maintenance and evaluation and monitoring

(Durán-Sánchez, lvarez-García, and del Río-Rama

2018).

In relation to the concept of integration of water

resources management, it is necessary to carry out

cross-sectoral and cross-stakeholder coordination

which includes integration between watersheds,

regions/countries, and between sub-watersheds.

Experience has repeatedly shown that successful

IWRM demands vertical integration across levels,

from local to cross-border, as well as horizontal

integration across sectors at all levels. With cross-

sectoral dialogue, it is hoped that the concept of

integration with the principle of one river one

management will emerge, as shown in Figure 2

below: (Clausen and Smith 2015).

Figure 2: Concept of Integration in Watershed-Based

Natural Resources Management (Clausen and Smith,

2015).

2.2 Water Potential

Water potential is the amount of water that exists in

nature that has not been utilized. The water potential

is on the ground surface and below the ground surface

(Cole 2012). Water potential is analysed by

converting rain into water potential and then

juxtaposed with empirical measurements.

2.3 Water Availability

Availability of water is water that can be used directly

through infrastructure buildings that have been

developed such as reservoirs, weirs and pipelines (Lu

2007).

2.4 Water Needs

2.4.1 Clean Water Usage Pattern

The use of clean water in an area will never be the

same as in other areas due to the characteristics

possessed by the area concerned. The pattern of clean

water usage is largely determined by climate,

population characteristics, environmental issues,

industry and trade, fees for water, city size and water

conservation needs. (Asian Development Bank

2016).

2.4.2 Climate

The pattern of water use for household activities such

as bathing, washing, watering the garden, air

conditioning, and other activities will be greater for

areas with warm and dry climates than in areas with

humid climates. In areas with very cold climates,

water may be wasted in the taps to prevent the

freezing of clean water pipes (Vairavamoorthy 2007).

Integrated Clean Water Service Management in Klungkung Regency (Mainland) with Downstream River Utilization

603

2.4.3 Population Characteristics

Water use will be affected by the economic status of

the water users as well as the size of the city. The

water demand for small cities with low standard

housing ranges from 90 to 150 litres/person/day,

while for large and modern cities the use of clean

water can reach 600 litres/person/day. The higher the

welfare, the more complete the household appliances

which result in the greater the need for water

(Widhiyastuti, Daerobi, and Samudro 2017).

2.5 Instantaneous Discharge

Instantaneous discharge measurements are carried

out to determine the amount of water flowing in a

certain time unit. Measurement of instantaneous

discharge is carried out using a tool in the form of a

Current Meter to get the value of water velocity. This

water velocity value is calculated on several flow

paths at several water depths (Twort 2003).

2.6 Population Projection

The fulfilment of domestic water needs is calculated

based on the use of water by the population so it is

necessary to make a projection of the existing

population. Projection of the population can be done

by several methods which are determined based on

the characteristics of the population. The method of

determining the population can be done using

arithmetic, geometric and exponential methods (Fang

et al. 2014).

2.7 Clean Water Supply Strategy

The clean water supply strategy is a way of providing

clean water which has explained the potential, water

availability, water needs, water balance, and water

supply schemes in the future (Baldwin and Hamstead

2014).

3 RESEARCH METHOD

The research method uses quantitative analysis by

calculating the availability of existing water

compared to water needs and solutions for meeting

water in the future with fulfilment from various

sources. Primary data is obtained by direct

measurement and secondary data is obtained from the

relevant agencies.

3.1 Research Design

The research was conducted by collecting both

primary and secondary data from related agencies

such as PDAM Klungkung Regency, Bali Penida

River Council, Balinese traditional water user

organizations (Subak), water user communities, and

other parties.

3.2 Advanced Data Collection

This follow-up data collection includes field surveys,

data collection, especially from factual field

conditions. Further data collection includes PDAM

Klungkung data collection, data collection for clean

water management infrastructure, and measurement

of deviant discharge in several rivers.

3.3 Analysis

The analysis carried out is a quantitative analysis

consisting of population projection analysis, water

demand analysis, analysis of water services by

PDAM and analysis of the fulfilment of clean water

needs. The stages of the research in more detail can

be seen in Figure 3:

Figure 3: Research flowchart.

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Projected Population

Based on the analysis carried out, the population in

the mainland of Klungkung Regency in a row for

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2025, 2030, 2035, and 2040 as shown in Table 1 and

Figure 4 below:

Table 1: Population Projection of Klungkung Regency

(mainland).

Sub District

Year

2025 2030 2035 2040

Banjarangkan 41,641 43,102 44,563 46,024

Klungkung 61,841 64,002 66,163 68,324

Dawan 36,181 37,142 38,103 39,064

Klungkung

Regency

139,663 144,246 148,829 153,412

Figure 4: Projected population growth.

4.2 Water Requirement

The water demand in Klungkung Mainland, which

covers Banjarangkan, Dawan and Klungkung sub-

districts, is 332.40 liters/second. The sub-district that

needs the most water is Klungkung District, while the

one that needs the least water is Dawan District. At

peak hours, Klungkung Mainland requires 668.95

litres of water/second. The maximum day water needs

to reach 128.43 liters/second. Water needs in all sub-

districts in Klungkung Regency are around 130

litres/person/day. The water demand in Klungkung

Regency is shown in table 2 and the figure 5:

Table 2: Recap of Total Clean Water Needs of Klungkung

Regency (Mainland).

Klungkung (land)

Year 2025 2030 2035 2040

Population

Projection

(people)

139,66 144,25 148,83 153,41

Water demand

projection

(Lt/second)

294,76 312,53 322,47 322,40

Figure 5: Water demand projection.

4.3 Water Potential of Klungkung

Regency

Klungkung Regency has 3 rivers that have the

potential to be utilized. The river that has the lowest

capacity is the Cau River with a capacity of 30.70

liters/second. The river that has the largest capacity is

the Jinah River with a capacity of 674.45

liters/second. In addition to the three rivers,

Klungkung Regency is also traversed by the Unda

River which has a capacity of more than 1000

liters/second and originates in Karangasem Regency.

The utilization of Unda River water can be carried out

downstream by utilizing the remaining capacity after

utilization for irrigation.

4.4 Water Availability

PDAM production in Klungkung Mainland currently

has a capacity of 115.3 liters/second, which is smaller

than the demand in 2025 of 294.76 liters/second. This

gap will become even greater in 2030, 2035, and 2040

as shown in Table 3 and Figure 6:

Table 3: Comparison between Water Demand and

Availability.

2025 2030 2035 2040

Demand

(Liter/

second)

294,76 312,53 322,47 332,40

Supply

(Liter/

second)

115,30 115,30 115,30 155,30

Integrated Clean Water Service Management in Klungkung Regency (Mainland) with Downstream River Utilization

605

Figure 6: Comparison between water demand and supply in

Klungkung Regency (mainland).

4.5 Integrated Water Resource

Management

To meet the water needs of Klungkung Regency

(mainland) in the future, this is done by utilizing

existing sources in Klungkung Regency or by

utilizing other sources in the surrounding Regency,

namely in Gianyar Regency in the west (through the

Melangit long storage scheme) or Karangasem

Regency in the North (Telaga Waja springs and

Nyuling Long Storage). Sources in Klungkung

Regency are carried out by utilizing the capacity of

the Sarbagikung Dam development on the Unda river

located in Akah village which is allocated 75

liters/second and through the Unda River Estuary

Reservoir construction scheme of 150 liters/second.

If this scheme can be implemented, by 2040 there is

no need to ask for water from Karangasem and

Gianyar Regencies, this scheme is as shown in Figure

Figure 7: Integrated clean water service development

strategy.

Apart from the Sarbagikung dam and the Muara Unda

reservoir, there are also several rivers with potential

for water development including: Cau River with a

capacity of 30.70 liters/second, the Jinah River with a

capacity of 674.45 liters/second and the Unda River

which has a capacity of more than 1000 liters/second.

5 CONCLUSION

Based on the results of the analysis, the water supply

is carried out by Klungkung water company with a

discharge of 115.30 liters/second which is smaller

than the demand in 2025 of 294.76 liters/second. This

gap will become even greater in 2030 (312.53

liters/second), 2035 (322.47 liters/second), and 2040

(332.40 liters/second). To meet the water needs of

Klungkung Regency (mainland) in the future, this is

done by utilizing existing sources in Klungkung

Regency or by utilizing other sources in the

surrounding Regency.

Sources in Klungkung Regency are carried out by

utilizing the capacity of the Sarbagikung Dam

development on the Unda river located in Akah

village which is allocated 75 liters/second and

through the Unda River Estuary Reservoir

construction scheme of 150 liters/second.

The water potential that can be developed comes

from river water downstream which is the rest of

irrigation water. There are three rivers that have

potential for water use, namely the Cau River with a

capacity of 30.70 liters/second, the Jinah River with a

capacity of 674.45 liters/second and the Unda River

which has a capacity of more than 1000 liters/second.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

On this occasion, the authors would like to thank

PDAM Klungkug Regency, Bali Penida River

Council, and all parties who have assisted in

completing the research.

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