VR Technology Enhances:

The Healing Effect of Immersive Natural Scenes

Hanfu He

†

, Yu Wang and Wei Cui

*,†

†

School of Design and Innovation, Tongji University, China

Keywords: VR, Natural Environment, Healing, Attention Recovery, Stress.

Abstract: Background: In the post-epidemic era, people have experienced a long history of separation from normal life

and production order. Long-term "isolation" of abnormal home life, leads to great mental pressure. Research

has shown that most of the human "healing" state is realized in the natural environment, and immersion in the

natural state helps people in physical and mental recovery and improves cognitive function. Due to many

objective conditions such as COVID-19, walking into nature becomes very difficult for people to be

quarantined at home. Aims: Therefore, with the help of virtual reality technology (VR), it is a very meaningful

research direction to help people to get natural "healing" without leaving home. Methods:This paper, through

the theoretical combing and generalization and experimental data research, evaluates the design of the natural

environment in VR, and innovatively applies the psychological attention recovery theory and related theories

to the exploration of VR images. Results: The experiment in the study invited 30 subjects to conduct an

immersive experience and evaluation, and the conclusions met the theoretical elaboration. Conclusion:This

paper has a very practical significance for the practical application of human-computer interaction in the post-

epidemic era.

1 INTRODUCTION

In early 2020, covid-19 broke out and spread around

the world, with many negative effects -- economic,

scientific, political, and life.The impact persists to the

present day. To successfully prevent the spread of the

epidemic, several nations and areas have taken

preventative measures., including China, have issued

travel bans, forcing people to live in isolation or semi-

isolation for a long time, and their living space has

become relatively closed. Whether working, studying,

or living, people emphasize a "Non-contact" way of

interaction, which includes "Home office", "Online

courses", "Online shopping" and other ways.

Our research aims to help people in a closed state

to effectively improve their mental and spiritual

health and reduce negative emotions as much as

possible. Through research, we found that for people

living in a closed environment for a long time, the

natural environment has a good spiritual and

psychological healing effect. This shows that the

natural environment can effectively help restore

people's attention and relieve stress.

†

Senior journalist of the South China MediaGroup

To achieve this objective, we evaluate an

immersive image of a natural setting created using

VR (VR) technology. VR is a method of material

removal human-computer interaction (HCI)

technology in which the user encounters the device

virtual scene with real-world sensations. Its

fundamental characteristics can be summarized as

"3I": Immersion, Interaction, and Imagination. Using

VR (VR) technology for an immersive experience of

the physical world and psychological healing, which

is still an epidemic in long-term home isolation, has a

significant practical application.

2 THE THEORETICAL BASIS OF

THE HEALING EXPERIENCE

2.1 Theory of Attention Recovery

The "Attention recovery theory" (ART), originally

proposed by psychologist Kaplan(Kaplan,S.;

Talbot,J.F,1983), refers to environments that may

236

He, H., Wang, Y. and Cui, W.

VR Technology Enhances: The Healing Effect of Immersive Natural Scenes.

DOI: 10.5220/0011919000003612

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Automation, Information and Computing (ISAIC 2022), pages 236-244

ISBN: 978-989-758-622-4; ISSN: 2975-9463

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

partly complement, restore, or renew exhausted or

wasted psychological resources; that is, a setting that

is restorative despite the constant consumption of

both physical and mental resources and talents that

are characteristic of urbanized surroundings. This

theory from the perspective of cognitive psychology,

the direct attention as the medium of environmental

cognition, excessive consumption of direct attention

will lead to mental fatigue, in the natural environment

can effectively repair the cognitive resources(Kaplan

S,1992), Harting according to the theory developed

subjective recovery evaluation scale, used to measure

people's restorative subjective feelings.

Figure 1: The theoretical framework of ART

Attention recovery theory believes that a

restorative environment can restore previously

depleted cognitive resources, especially directed

attention, to promote health, while a restorative

environment experience should include four features:

being away, fascination, extent, and compatibility.

Away is being psychologically and geographically

away from the usual environment that causes mental

stress and physical fatigue, reducing the use of

directed attention and thus gaining the chance to

relax. Attrition means that when the environment is

very attractive, it can deliberately cause indirect

attention, thus relieving fatigue and releasing stress.

Scalability refers to the environment having a certain

breadth and coherence, which means that there is

enough space and content in the environment for

people to explore and discover. Compatibility means

that the activities supported by the environment meet

the goals and preferences sought by the individual. If

the activity provided by the environment cannot fit

with the individual's preference and motivation, it is

difficult to have a recovery effect(Joye et

al.,2018;Kaplan et al.,1989,Stevenson et al.,2018).

2.2 The Theory of Stress Reduction

The theory of stress reduction (SRT) was originally

proposed by the psychologist Roger Ulrich based on

the perspective of psychological evolution. This

theory believes that people in daily life by a variety

of social and environmental factors, can produce

different degrees of the psychological and

physiological stress response, long time stimulation

makes people produce pressure, anxiety, tension, and

other negative emotions induce mental fatigue,

natural environment can promote physiological

recovery and psychological relaxation, and most of

the urban environment will hinder people from

pressure(Ulrich,R.S,etal,1991).

Theoretical investigation reveals that people's

attention is drawn away from negative thoughts and

toward more positive ones when they are in

environments of moderate complexity under

pressure, with visual attention, insight, mystery, no

potential threats, the ground appearance being

uniform, a deflection field of vision including plant

and water. When the mind and body are brought back

into harmony after experiencing a disruption, health

is restored. There are distinct philosophical and

mechanical foci in each theory.

Figure 2: The theoretical framework of SRT

Comparing the attention recovery theory with

the stress reduction theory, it can be found that the

attention recovery theory explains how one's limited

attentional resources might be restored by

considering the effects of weariness in natural

experience and the change of cognitive ability. Stress

reduction theory, on the other hand, focuses on how

one's feelings for nature affect one's life. Positive

mood shifts and a dampening of autonomic arousal

are two telltale signs of recovery(Staats,H.etal,2003),

increased efficiency in finishing tasks requiring

focused attention, and many other

aspects(Stevenson,etal.,2018). Healing emotions

result from interactions with natural

settings(AnnAtchley,etal,2012,). A healing

atmosphere enhances cognitive performance( White,

M.P,etal,2013), enhance mental condition and

decreasing stress(Bielinis, E.etal,2019).

3 THEORIES AND STANDARDS

The two important core theories of restoration

environment described above explain the mechanism

on the recuperative influence of nature and define the

evaluation criteria of the healing effect of the natural

VR Technology Enhances: The Healing Effect of Immersive Natural Scenes

237

environment on humans basically in two aspects:

subjective restorative evaluation and cognitive

ability, which shows the feasibility of realizing

healing through the integration of natural

environment with VR technology.

3.1 Definition of Relevant Standards

3.1.1 Subjective Recovery Evaluation

The theory of retaliatory environment itself

developed into the: Perceived Restorative Scale

(PRS), a major approach to the subjective perception

of restoration, focuses on Being Away, Fascination,

Extent/Coherence, and Compatibility of four

restorative environmental characteristics for the

subjective evaluation of the environmenta

3.1.2 Cognitive Ability

Cognitive ability is mainly investigated by classical

cognitive experiments of cognitive psychology,

including Digital Span Forward/ Backward

(DSF/DSB) ， Digital Span Forward/ Backward,

Sustained Attention to Response Task(SART),

Necker Cube Pattern Control Task (NCPCT), SDMT,

Symbol Digit Modalities Test, etal.; Cognitive

neuroscience measurements such as EEG and MRI

can also be used.

3.1.3 The Emotional Influence of the Real or

Virtual Natural Environment

There is much evidence to suggest that persons who

socialize in natural surroundings suffer less adverse

effects on their levels of attention and cognition as

well as their stress levels. Natural immersion through

VR technology can also effectively alleviate negative

emotions, and studies have found that before and after

virtual natural immersion, participants' self-reported

anxiety levels(Herman L M,etal,2019) and stress

levels decreased significantly (Valtchanov D,

etal,2010); Compared with the virtual urban

environment, the virtual natural environment can

significantly alleviate negative emotions such as

confusion, fatigue, anger, hostility, nervousness and

depression(Split-Pin and Hsiao-Yun L,2018); Virtual

nature is not inferior to the performance of negative

emotions compared to the real natural

environment(Mimnaugh KJ,etal,2020).

In virtual reality, we combine the natural and

urban environments for observation. The study found

that compared with the virtual urban environment,

virtual nature can effectively enhance positive

emotions such as vitality; Virtual nature is beneficial

for both healthy individuals and certain demographics

like the elderly.

3.2 The "Presence" of Positive

Emotions in the VR Natural

Environment

Rehabilitation studies for anxiety and depression are

very common in VR(Chirico, A,etal,2019). Exposure

treatment that uses virtual fear cues to alleviate

anxiety(Riva,G,etal,2021),The most common

applications of VR in the field of psychology involve

either distracting patients in order to alleviate their

suffering via the use of immersive games or providing

a natural setting in which they may relax(Lindner,

P,etal,2019). Multiple anxiolytic, analgesic, and

stress-relieving effects can be produced by being in

restorative surroundings(Yu, C,etal,2018). The

majority of healing VR based experiences take place

in natural settings, which may include scenes from

nature(Chung, K.,etal,2018) as well as virtual

sceneries(Mattila, O,etal,2020).

Figure 3: The analysis of "Presence"

It has been shown that exposure to VR can

provide a larger degree of improvement in one's

pleasant mood. This effect appears to be mediated by

a better sensation of embodiment and natural

interactions(Yeo,N.,etal,2020). Existence, sometimes

known as presence, is a mental state characterized by

a sensation of existing in an intermediate

situation(Ijsselsteijn, W.,etal,2000). Furthermore, it

refers to a certain mental operation(Triberti,

S.,etal,2016).That is to say, people are able to have

their own unique mental experience while existing in

a digital world generated by a monitor screen. There

are essentially three groups into which it may be

sorted: social, personal, and environmental. The

expansion of the perceptual feelings of the encounter

into the virtual world, which results in an immersive

environment and a sensation of mental engagement,

is what is meant by the term "personal existence." The

term "environmental presence" relates to the degree

to which an experienced reacts to their surroundings,

whereas the term "social presence" describes the

ISAIC 2022 - International Symposium on Automation, Information and Computing

238

degree to which an experienced coexists and

interactions with other creatures in a virtual

world(Heater, C.,etal,1992). The relationship

between social presence and cognition existence is

mediated by one's sense of self-efficacy(Lin,

C.J.,etal,2015). The researchers advise that it is vital

to investigate further the influence of VR

technological disparities in diverse situations on

individual self-efficacy(Shu, Y.,etal,2019).

Time(Yildirim, I.G.,2016), content(Slater,

M.and Udoh, M.,1993), features of users(Huang,

M.P.and Alessi, N.E.,1999), attention resources and

engagement(Draper,J.V.,etal,1998),Immersion and

engagement are factors that affect presence(Barfield,

W.and Weghorst, S.,1993). It's common practice to

employ a mix of objective and subjective metrics.

Feeling present may be gauged by monitoring

physiological responses such as heart rate and skin

electricity as well as behavioral indicators including

facial expressions, body language, eye gaze, and tone

of voice.

According to study, sentiments in a virtual world

are associated with the perception of one's own

presence(Riva, G.,etal,2004), which also describes

the relationship between perception of being and

emotion(Palanca, A.,etal,2019).

Explore the disparities in healing and experience

created by diverse situations and the impacts of

restorative settings on emotional responses in VR

scenarios by doing research on the linkages between

environment, conduct, and regulation of emotions. As

a valuable addition to the research of individual

cognitive recovery, EEG feedback may be utilized to

illustrate the influence of a VR rehabilitation

environment on cognitive recovery.

3.3 Performance of VR Technology in

the Healing Process

The use of VR technology in the healing process can

not only significantly improve treatment conditions

and ensure patient safety, but also serve to secure

patients' privacy, therefore enhancing patient

participation. Compared with traditional

psychological intervention methods, VR technology

has significant advantages(Kazdin AE and Kendall

PC.,1998):

（ 1 ） Self-help VR therapy developed for

certain mild psychological disorders is anonymous,

allowing patients to complete treatment tasks

independently in a private space, less limited by time

and space. In addition, in the VR environment,

patients do not need to face real people, things, and

situations, thus reducing the patient's possible anxiety

and fear;

（ 2 ）Although the development cost of VR

technology scenarios is relatively high, once the

development of high-quality VR scene content for

specific psychological disorders is completed, It may

be readily promoted and applied. At the same time,

this will facilitate the establishment of a standardized

psychotherapy system that, in the long run, has

significant social and economic benefits.

（3） The therapist can perform scene control,

tailor the protocol to the subject's treatment needs,

including effectively arranging and combining the

number, stimulation, and speed of treatment factors

according to the treatment needs, and providing a

series of virtual treatment environments without

leaving the treatment room.(Bottle C.,2017) In

addition, patients avoid direct contact with real

stimuli, thus maintaining the safety of treatment. VR

therapy alone also minimizes adverse effects and

dependence on drug therapy.(Freeman D, Reeve S,

Robinson A, et al.,2017)

Figure 4: The logic diagram of healing through VR

technology

3.3.2 Embodied Cognition in Virtual Nature

According to the embodied cognitive paradigm,

cognition is bodily cognition, involving the brain,

which is the consequence of the interactions between

the body and the external environment during the

perception and action processes, and that the anatomy

of the body, the way of activity, and the sensory and

motor experience determine how the individual

directly experiences and shapes the world (Ye

Haosheng,2017). Different ways of being and moving

may lead to different knowledge and understanding

of the world, and the resulting behaviors may also be

different. Cognitive dysfunction is not just a higher-

level process that occurs inside the brain, it is closely

related to an individual's body structure, experiences,

physical interactions, and interconnections with the

surroundings.

VR Technology Enhances: The Healing Effect of Immersive Natural Scenes

239

Figure 5: Immersive images were taken using panoramic

technology

In general, when a participant is provided with a

virtual body different from the ontology in a virtual

environment and the action simulation is performed

synchronously, and then some value-related attitude

evaluation task is completed on the virtual body, the

subject's attitude will change with the somatosensory

perception of the virtual body(N Yee and Bailenson

J- N.,2007).

The study found that when people are in an

unnatural environment for a long time, feel lonely,

and lack social support(Ward Thompson C, Aspinall

P, Roe J, et al.,2016), significant elements impacting

social interaction include the quality and quantity of

urban green area and sources of water space, Social

loneliness causes psychological and physical health

problems (Pantell M.,et al,2013). The fusion of

virtual nature and social networks will help to combat

social loneliness and repair social isolation and

inequality due to urban isolation.

4 EXPERIMENT AND ANALYSIS

According to the content already mentioned above, in

this part, we take the same natural environment as the

research object and use the floor plan and the

panoramic virtual immersion as experimental

materials respectively. 30 university students with a

1:1 ratio of males and females were invited to

participate in the test. After a series of stress tests on

logic questions, watch the floor plan and wear VR

glasses to watch panoramic immersive images to

relieve stress. Experimental evaluation data were

conducted on the Perceptual Recovery Scale (PRS).

Currently, the PRS scale is frequently utilized in

the evaluation of the restoration of diverse

ecosystems, including buildings, urban settings,

interior biodiversity, and natural environments. In

this experiment, the test scale was used to test the

healing effect of experiencing the natural

environment through VR technology, The final

results were utilized as an assessment index.

4.1 Test Objects

The experiment selected 30 undergraduate and

master's students as the test group, aged 18 to 24 years

old, with a male-female ratio of 1:1. The difficulty of

stress testing is the same for all test participants.

The two important core theories of restoration

environment described above explain the mechanism

on the recuperative influence of nature and define the

evaluation criteria of the healing effect of the natural

environment on humans basically in two aspects:

subjective restorative evaluation and cognitive

ability, which shows the feasibility of realizing

healing through the integration of natural

environment with VR technology.

4.2 Experimental Methods

The study selects the villa landscape in idyllic

scenery, which includes man-made buildings, rivers,

lawns, woods, sunlight, white clouds, etal., and the

VR version of the scene also includes the perspective

of the forest from the villa.

The experiment is separated into two sections

and is carried out inside: stress generation and stress

relief. In "Stress Guidance", we prepared two sets of

logical thinking inference questions, each containing

three different sets of questions. The work must be

completed by the student within the allotted time.

In the pre-experiment, students responded to

three sets of logical thinking inference questions:

from easy to difficult. They have the opinion that it is

really challenging to finish all three sets of inquiries

within the allotted amount of time. During the

question, students' emotional states include stress,

exhaustion, stress, and curiosity about whether other

students can complete tasks as required. The

participants' overall levels of stress increased as a

direct result of the questions.

After completing the stress test, students are

asked to view a one-minute picture of the natural

landscape and a VR immersive image. Following the

completion of the quiz and the healing process, the

students will be asked to complete the PRS scale. This

comes from the scale design proposed by scientists

such as Hartig in 1997, and we reallocated it

according to the four dimensions of attention

recovery theory.

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Table 1: A scale used for experimental evaluation

4.3 Statistical Methods

The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) is used to

evaluate the dependability of inter-assessor

consistency, while Cronbach's alpha is used to

estimate the dependability of internal consistency.

The Pearson Correlation measures the connection

between two variables. Coefficient computes the

correlation between each entry's scores and the total

score, using exploratory factor analysis to find

structural validity and univariate ANOVA to analyze

the Perceptual Resilience Scale assessment values

and Tukey's test of statistical significance compares

outcomes in a variety of situations. For descriptive

statistics, the SPSS application is often used.

4.4 Analysis of Results

4.4.1 Reliability Analysis

Each scenario and dimension of the perceptual

resilience scale has strong reliability, and Cronbach’s

α value is between 0.60 and 0.82. The α value of the

relevant dimensionality content is around 0.72.

At the same time, a consistent analysis of the

scale data submitted by 30 students showed that the

overall correlation was p<0.001, and the four

dimensions (distance, attractiveness, extent, and

compatibility) p<0.001

Table 2: The average score and reliability interval of the test

values of the subjects

4.4.2 Validity Analysis

Content validity, sometimes referred to as surface

accuracy or rational validity, relates to the

representativeness and adequacy of the questionnaire

scale's content. A correlation coefficient links the

overall score of the problem to the score of each

question. The scale may be predicted with greater

accuracy the stronger the association. The more

reliable the material, the better. According to SPSS

data analysis, the correlation coefficients with each

measure were between 0.5 and 0.8.

The experiment analyzes the dimensions of the

scale, and the first dimension has a large load of 1 to

5 items, mainly from whether the environment can

divert direct attention and relax the spirit to reflect the

restorative characteristics of the environment, which

is consistent with the "far away" in theory. The

second dimension has a large load in 18 to 22 entries,

which reflects whether the environment meets

people's wishes and needs, highlighting aspects of

setting and social dynamics. The "compatibility" of

the idea provides trustworthy evidence.

The third dimension has a larger load in entries

9 to 10 and 13, and the fourth dimension has a larger

load in entries 6, 11, and 12. Judging from the text of

Questions Questions

Being away 1 I'm just getting out here 12 The environment here is very

charming

2 This is where I get some

breaks

Nothing to see here

3 Here let me escape the stress

for a while

Extent 14 There are so many things out

here

4 It makes me relax here 15 It has confused me here

5 This allows me to reduce my

unnecessary attention

consumption

16 It has confused me here

Fascination 6 I feel that the scene is

appealing

17 It's a mess here

7 Numerous fascinating things

catch my notice.

Compatibility 18 It's perfect for me

8 I wish to know more about it

here

19 Here, I can do what I want do.

9 There is a wealth of history

and interesting new attractions in

the neighborhood.

20 I simply feel like I belong here.

10 I hope to spend more time

admiring around

21 I can enjoy the joy in it here

11 It's boring 22 I can enjoy the joy in it here

Being away Fantastic Extent Compatibility

Natural Images VR Natural Images VR Natural Images VR Natural Images VR

1.8 3 2.5 2.625 4.25 3.5 2.2 3

1 3 2.625 3.625 3.5 3.25 3.4 2.4

2.4 3.4 2 2.875 3.75 3 2.6 3

2 2.8 2.75 3.25 3.75 2.75 2.2 3

2.6 3.2 2 .2 5 2.37 5 1 .7 5 1.5 1.4 1.8

2 4.4 3.125 4.375 2.75 4.75 2 4

2.6 3.6 2.625 3.5 3.75 2.5 2.4 2.8

2.4 3.4 2.75 3 2.75 2.75 2.6 3.6

3.4 3.6 3 2.625 2.75 2.75 2.8 3.2

3.8 4.2 3.25 3.5 4.5 2.25 2.8 2.4

3.4 4 3 3.125 3 2.25 2.8 3.6

3.2 3.6 3.25 3 3.75 2 3.2 4

3.2 3.8 3.5 3.375 3.25 2.25 2.6 2.8

3 4 3.125 3.125 2.75 2.25 3.6 3.6

3.8 2.6 2.625 3.375 2 1.75 3 4.6

3.4 4.6 3.25 2.75 2.25 1.75 3.4 3.4

3.4 3.6 2.875 3.25 2 2 3 4

3.4 4 2.75 3.5 2.5 2 3 4.4

3.4 4 3 .7 5 2.625 3 1 3 .8 3.8

3.4 4.4 3.375 3 2.25 1.25 3.6 3.2

4.4 4.2 3 3.375 1.75 2 3.4 4.2

4.4 4.2 3.125 3.375 2 2.25 4.2 4.4

4.2 4.2 3.5 3.375 1.25 1.5 3.6 4.4

4 4.8 3.375 3.875 0.25 1.75 4.4 4.4

5 5 3.875 3.25 1.5 1 3.6 5

4.6 5 3. 5 3.87 5 1 1 .7 5 5 4 .2

4.8 4.8 4.125 3.5 1.75 1 5 4.8

4.4 4.2 3.375 3 2.25 1.75 3.8 3.8

3.8 4.2 3.125 3.375 1.75 2 3 4.6

1.8 3 2.625 3.375 2.75 2.25 2.6 2.8

3.296296296 α＝0.68 3.069444444 α＝0.65 2.58333 3333 α＝0.71 3.170 37037 α ＝0.74

The four dimensions (distance, attractiveness, extent, an d compatibility) p<0.001.

VR Technology Enhances: The Healing Effect of Immersive Natural Scenes

241

the article, the third and fourth dimensions are

consistent with the "charisma" in the theory, the

difference is that the third dimension emphasizes the

environmental exploration that environmental charm

may trigger, while the fourth dimension is stronger

than the attractive qualities of the environment can be

seen as the two aspects of "charisma".

In general, the results of the evaluation of two

different representations of natural scenes using this

scale are basically in line according to the framework

of attention recovery theory, and there is a strong

correlation between the entries.

5 CONCLUSIONS

In the assessment of the resiliency of nature and its

ecosystems, the participant is usually stressed by

short-term pressure guidance(Hartig T., et al.,2003),

the amount of hydraulic pressure is then determined

by how much contact there is with nature. Usually,

the short-term pressure guidance method is selected,

on the one hand, for the consideration of experimental

design, so that the subjects can accept the same

degree of pressure within a certain period Effectively

controlling heterogeneity between participants and

homogenizing samples; Otherwise, if one were to

subscribe to the theory of psychological growth,

humans can experience stress in a matter of minutes

and respond to their natural environment.This has

been confirmed in a series of experiments,

establishing a theoretical and scientific foundation for

short-term pressure guiding. However, it should also

be noted that the pressure formed by short-term

pressure guidance is very different from the pressure

accumulated in long-term work and life; The

effectiveness of environmental restoration will also

be affected by exposure duration and pattern. Future

research should focus on and investigate the

cumulative impacts of stress as well as the ongoing

effects of natural touch.

This paper mostly talks about how the perceptual

healing scale can be used to judge the state of the

natural surroundings in VR images and examines the

reliability and validity of the evaluation of different

types of information presentation. The findings

indicate that the scale has strong reliability and

validity, and that its dimensions are more congruent

with the four aspects of attention recovery theory.

Based on the results of various studies, it was

found that the static photos of the same research

materials and the virtual natural scenes in the VR

images could significantly improve the subject's

restorative subjective feelings(Valtchanov D,et al,

2010), and so on. The virtual natural environment in

which the panorama is immersed as the material for

research is significantly better than the flat picture

(Browand MHM.,et al,2020).

In the distinction between different two different

content presentation methods, the scale has a

sensitive degree of differentiation, and the recovery

of natural scenes in virtual immersive spaces is

significantly better than that of two-dimensional

pictures.We hope you find the information in this

template useful in the preparation of your submission.

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