Evaluation of Exposure to COVID-19 From Participants in the

Complete Dose of Sinovac and AstraZeneca Vaccinations for Online

Drivers

Lia W. Manurung and Diana Laila Ramatillah

Faculty Pharmacy, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Jakarta, Indonesia

Keywords Covid-19, Sinovac, AstraZeneca, Online Drivers in Indonesia

Abstract: The type of this research is observational with a cross-sectional design using convenience sampling for all

online drivers in Indonesia who have received the full dose of the Sinovac and AstraZeneca vaccine. To

evaluate the comparison of the Sinovac vaccine and AstraZeneca vaccine on a driver online in Indonesia who

has received the full dose of the Sinovac and AstraZeneca vaccine. It was found that the efficacy of the

Sinovac and Pfizer vaccines was almost the same. Other factors affecting the side the effect and efficacy of

vaccines are gender, age, and BMI, with the p-value of each variable <0.05. The following is the relationship

between the type of vaccine, sex with a mean of 1.49, age with a mean of 24.27, and BMI with a mean of

22.3. For the side effects of the AstraZeneca vaccine and the Sinovac vaccine, the symptoms are almost the

same.

1 INTRODUCTION

Covid 19 which emerged at the end of 2019 has

become a threat to public health around the world.

(Sutardi and Ramatillah 2022)

Coronavirus is a large

family of viruses that can cause illnesses ranging

from mild, moderate to severe

symptoms. WHO-,

mentions that almost a year since the

first report of

cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome

coronavirus-2 in Wuhan province in China, more than

57 million cases have been diagnosed, thus WHO

declared coronavirus disease 2019 a pandemic on

March 9, 2020.

’

(Blum and Neumärker 2021) (WHO,

2020) In humans, it mainly infects cells in the airways

lining the alveoli. SARS- CoV-2 will bind to the

receptor and enter the cell. (Zhang et al. 2020) The

ability of the virus to overpower the immune response

determines the severity of the infection.

Dysregulation of the immune system then plays a role

in tissue damage in SARS-CoV-2 infection. (Susilo et

al. 2020) Meanwhile, the first case was confirmed on

March 2, 2020. To date, there is no effective drug to

reduce the burden of infection and the pandemic. The

Covid-19 pandemic will not only result in enormous

mortality but will also continue to burden the burden

of morbidity that severely disrupts communities

pandemic was first announced on March 11, 2020,

indicating that the virus has infected many people in

various countries.

Vaccines are biological products containing

antigens that, if given to humans, will trigger the

formation of antibodies and cause active immunity in

certain diseases. One of them is the Sinovac vaccine

and the AstraZeneca vaccine. Sinovac is an

inactivated whole virus developed by Life Science,

while AstraZeneca is a vaccine containing the gene

encoding the full-length S Protein and is one of

the vaccines developed by the University of

Oxford(Kezia and Ramatillah 2022) (Araminda and

Ramatillah 2022).

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

This research was conducted with a quantitative

approach using a prospective cross-sectional design

study. The data collection technique was carried out

using a survey method using google forms distributed

offline and online to motorcycle taxi drivers who had

been vaccinated with complete doses of Sinovac and

AstraZeneca vaccines with a convenience sampling

method. This research was conducted in the period

August-October. The inclusion criteria were Online

drivers over 18 years old who had received Sinovac

244

Manurung, L. and Ramatillah, D.

Evaluation of Exposure to COVID-19 From Participants in the Complete Dose of Sinovac and AstraZeneca Vaccinations for Online Drivers.

DOI: 10.5220/0011979300003582

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Seminar and Call for Paper (ISCP) UTA â

Z45 Jakarta (ISCP UTA’45 Jakarta 2022), pages 244-249

ISBN: 978-989-758-654-5; ISSN: 2828-853X

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

and AstraZeneca vaccines and were willing to be

respondents in this study. The number of respondents

in this study was 600 respondents (300 Sinovac and

300 AstraZeneca).

Figure 1: Research Framework.

2.1 Ethical Approval

As seen in fig. 1 this research was approved by the 17

august 1945 university Jakarta ethics committee with

reference numbers:

No.50/KEPK-UTA45JKT/EC/EXP/07/2022.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Results

The number of respondents from this study was 600

respondents who had received two (2) doses of the

Sinovac vaccine and AstraZeneca vaccine and were

included in the inclusion criteria. Respondents in this

study received questionnaires through social media

such as Facebook, WhatsApp, and Instagram.

Figure 2: Participants based on gender.

Based on pictures 2 out of 600 respondents, 49%

(295 respondents) were women and 51% (305

respondents) were a man. Based on research in

Sumatra Selatan 440 respondents have completed the

questionnaire, 53,4% of respondents are female and

46,6% of respondents are male. (Argista 2021).

Figure 3: Participants exposed to Covid 19.

Based on pictures 3 out of 600 respondents, 25%

(150 respondents) have been exposed to covid 19.

Table 1: Correlation between type of vaccine and exposure

to Covid 19.

Kind of vaccine Exposed to covid 19

/percentage %

P value

Sinovac 81/24,3%

AstraZeneca 69/20,3

Total p-value

0,352

Fisher test, #Chi-square test

Table 1, it is explained drivers online who were

exposed to covid 19 and those who were most

exposed from drivers online who received the

Sinovac vaccine (24,3%). AstraZeneca vaccine

efficacy based on the full-length encoding of the

SARSCov-2 viral spike protein RDB will result in

better protection. (Ghosh 2021) While in the Sinovac

vaccine, the risk of exposure to Covid 19 was reduced

by 65,3% compared to those who did not receive the

Covid 19 vaccine.(Marwan 2021).

Figure 4: Treated.

research (approval

of research and

ethical approve)

qustionnaire

assesment of

questionnaire by the

experts

pilot sudy (using 30

respordents)

received filled up of

questionnaire

validity and reability

test

questionnaire

deployment using

social media

data interpertation

and reporting

covclusion

Evaluation of Exposure to COVID-19 From Participants in the Complete Dose of Sinovac and AstraZeneca Vaccinations for Online Drivers

245

It can be seen in table 4 that Covid 19 patients that

there are 103 patients doing self-isolation, 10 being

treated at the ICU hospitals, and 37 being treated at

non-ICU hospitals.

Table 2: Correlation between type of vaccine and side

effects and efficacy of the vaccine 1

Variables

Frequency/Percentage (%)

p-value

Sinovac = 300 AstraZeneca

= 300

Side Effects of

fever after the

vaccination

90/30 131/43.6 0.001

Pain in the 1

vaccination

injection area

189/33 202/67.3 0.304

Side effects of

coughing after

the 1

vaccination

16/5.3 31/10.3 0.032

Side effects of

the flu after 1

vaccination

28/9.3 38/12.6 0.240

Feel nausea

after the 1

vaccination

23/7.6 40/13.3 0.032

Feeling dizzy

after the 1

vaccination

73/24.3 109/36.3 0.002

Cholesterol

levels increase

after the 1

vaccination

0 4/1.3 0.124

Table 3: Correlation between type of vaccine and side effect

and efficacy of the vaccine 2

Variable

Percenta

e/fre

uenc

(

)

P-value

Sinovac=

300

AstraZeneca=

300

Side Effects of

fever after the

vaccination

59/19.6 112/37.3 0.000

Side effects of

the flu after 2

vaccination

16/5.3 36/12 0.005

Feeling dizzy

after the 2

vaccination

53/17.6 78/26 0.017

Loss of loss

and taste after

vaccination

13/4.3 29/9.6 0.015

Experienced

diarrhea after

vaccination

7/2.3 12/4 0.351

Table 4: Correlation between age and side effects of the

vaccine after 6 months.

Variable

Frequency/

ercentage (%)

P value

Age n:600, mean

:24.27

Have been exposed to

covid-19 1-3 months

after vaccination

56/33.6 0.507

Have been exposed to

c o v i d - 1 9 4 - 6 m o n t h s

after vaccination

48/28.8 0.315

Current menstrual 1-3

months after

vaccination

215/1,29 0.009

Current menstrual 4-6

months after

vaccination

210/1.26 0.396

Feel easily tired 1-3

months after

vaccination

88/52.8 0.002

Feel easily tired 4-6

months after

vaccination

44/26.4 0.830

Feel pain in arm 1-3

months after

vaccination

67/40.2 0.129

Bleeding 1-3 months

afte

vaccination

2/1.2 0.194

Bleeding 4-6 months

afte

vaccination

2/1.2 0.194

Experience heart

disorder 4-6 months

after vaccination

4/1.3 0.29

Cholesterol levels

increase 1-3 months

after vaccination

2/0.6 0.469

*Man-Whitney test, #Kruskal Wallis test

ISCP UTA’45 Jakarta 2022 - International Seminar and Call for Paper Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Jakarta

246

Table 5: Correlation between Gender and side effects of the

vaccine after 6 months.

Variable

Frequency

ercenta

(

)

P value

Gender n:600,

mean :1.49

Have been exposed to

covid-19 1-3 months after

vaccination

56/33.6 0.309

Have been exposed to

covid-19 4-6 months after

vaccination

48/28.8 0.003

Current menstrual 1-3

months after vaccination

215/1,29 0.000

Current menstrual 4-6

months after vaccination

210/1.26 0.000

Feel easily tired 1-3

months after accination

88/52.8 0.000

Feel easily tired 4-6

months after accination

44/26.4 0.051

Feel pain in arm 1-3

months after vaccination

67/40.2 0.120

Feel pain in arm 4-6

months after vaccination

24/14.4 0.185

Experience heart disorder

1-3 months after

vaccination

4/1.3 0.332

Experience heart disorder

4-6 months after

vaccination

4/1.3 0.331

Cholesterol levels increase

1-3 months after vaccination

2/0.6 0.163

Cholesterol levels increase

4-6 months after vaccination

2/0.6 0.163

*Mann – Whitney test, #Kruskal Wallis test

Table 6: Correlation between body mass index and side

effects of the vaccine after 6 months.

Variable

Frequency

/percentage (%)

P value

BMI n:600,

mean:22.3

Have been exposed to

covid-19 1-3 months after

vaccination

56/33.6 0.305

Current menstrual 4-6

months after vaccination

210/1.26 0.324

Feel easily tired 1-3

months after vaccination

88/52.8 0.116

Feel easily tired 4-6

months after vaccination

44/26.4 0.356

Cholesterol levels

increase 1-3 months after

vaccination

2/0.6 0.033

*Man-Whitney test, #Kruskal Wallis test

Table 7: Correlation kind of vaccine and comorbid.

Variable

Percentage/

frequenc

P-

value

Sinovac =

300

AstraZeneca

= 300

Cholesterol 7/3.1 2/0,6 0.176

Gou

12/4 1/0.3 0.003

Asthma 10/3.3 5/1.6 0.296

Rheumatic 4/1.3 1/0.3 0.373

3.2 Discussion

Correlation between type of vaccine and side effects

and efficacy of the vaccine 1

. There is a significance

between the type of vaccine and the side effects felt

by the patient after receiving dose 1 where the result

showed that the AstraZeneca vaccine had more side

effects than Sinovac. It is known from a total of 600

respondents who received the AstraZeneca vaccine,

that 43,6% felt the side effect of fever, 67,3% feel the

effect of pain at the injection site, 10,3% feel the

effect of coughing, 12,6% feel the effect of flu, 13,3%

feel the effect of nausea, 36,3% feel the effect of

dizzy, 1,3% feel the effect of the cholesterol level

increase. The Indian Ministry of Health Secretary

stated that common side effects of the AstraZeneca

vaccine will disappear within 24 hours. According to

the AstraZeneca company, the prophylactic use of

Acetaminophen can reduce some symptoms.(Ghiasi

et al. 2021). In a study conducted in England

explained that the AstraZeneca vaccine achieved 75%

effectiveness from 35 days after the first dose.

‘(Bernal et al. 2021) but in each country in

determining the criteria for signs and symptoms of

COVID-19 referring to the provisions of WHO

(Hidayani 2020).

Correlation between type of vaccine and side

effect and efficacy of the vaccine 2

. Table 3 explains

the efficacy after being vaccinated with dose 2,

AstraZeneca vaccine has a higher effect as in table 2,

which is also compared to the Sinovac vaccine with

an average p-value below 0.5. development and

antibody levels increase significantly with each dose,

in line with real-world data obtained from the UK

which showed that the second dose increased

protection against SARS- CoV-2 infection from 65%

with dose 1 to 70% with dose 2 among recipients

(Chau et al. 2022).

Correlation between age and side effects of the

vaccine after 6 months. The data in table 4 explains

that age affects the side effects of vaccines because as

a person gets older, the antibodies decrease and vice

versa. At a young age, someone has strong antibodies,

Evaluation of Exposure to COVID-19 From Participants in the Complete Dose of Sinovac and AstraZeneca Vaccinations for Online Drivers

247

but some countries include a priority age criterion for

receiving the Covid19 vaccine. (Voysey et al. 2021).

A study by Muller et al, found that there was a lower

frequency of neutralizing antibodies in the older

population after vaccination compared to the younger

population (Xiong et al. 2021).

Correlation between Gender and side effects of

the vaccine after 6 months. Table 5 by gender shows

that most respondents are male but in table 4 gender

has nothing to do with Covid 19 vaccine. A study

conducted in Malaysia used the chi-square test to

investigate the possible relationship between gender

and perception in receiving accurate and adequate

vaccine-related information.(Elnaem et al. 2021) As

for gender, the Covid 19 vaccination was similar

between males and females. However significantly

higher in males than females (Xiong et al. 2021).

Correlation between body mass index and side

effects of the vaccine after 6 months. In table 6 it is

explained that a BMI below 25 has a risk of the effects

of the covid 19 vaccine. BMI (kg/m²) was taken from

the general practice medical records, and we used the

last measured BMI before study entry for everyone

(Piernas et al. 2022). Because the p-value shows

below 0,5. Based on a study conducted in Spain said

that most of the side effects experienced were

significantly higher in those who were not overweight

compared to those who were overweight. (Iguacel et

al. 2021). Negligence or underrepresentation of

participants with higher weights can result in poorer

outcomes of vaccine coverage for people with higher

body weights and contribute to greater health

inequities (Campbell et al. 2021).

Correlation kind of vaccine and comorbid. It can

be seen in table 7 that the frequency of comorbid from

driver online respondents shows that only 42

respondents (6%) have a comorbid history and 94%

have no comorbid history. Vaccines are only given to

healthy people. But as many as 6% of respondents

have a history of comorbid. Because respondents who

have a history of comorbid are usually more prone to

having a good immune system, someone who has a

history of comorbid diseases can still take part in the

Covid 19 vaccination (Yulyani et al. 2022).

4 CONCLUSION

This study found that the efficacy of the Sinovac and

AstraZeneca vaccines was almost the same for online

drivers in Indonesia. Because it can be seen from the

number of patients exposed to Covid 19 between

Sinovac vaccine recipients and AstraZeneca vaccines

inhibit the same. But the side effects of the

AstraZeneca vaccine are higher than the Sinovac

vaccine. From the table above, it can also be seen that

age and BMI can affect the efficacy of vaccination.

for gender, the comparison is only slightly for the

effect of vaccination.

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