A Bibliometric and Hot Topics Analysis of Organophosphate

Non-Cholinergic Toxicity Based on Web of Science

Zhenmin Liu

, Jiangtao Liu

, Hexi Li

, Xu Zhang

, Bo Zhou

, Fei Liu

and Xiaoguang Zhao

The Institute of NBC Defense PLA Army, Beijing 102205, China

Tianjin University Department of Management and economics, Tianjin, 300072, China

Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to the Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, 100020, China

Co-first authors

Zhenmin Liu and Jiangtao Liu contributed equally to this work

Keyword:

Organophosphorus Pesticides, Organophosphorus Flame Retardants, Non-Cholinergic Toxicity, Bibliometrics.

Abstract:

The toxicity of most organophosphorus compounds cannot be explained only by cholinergic toxicity

mechanism, indicating that non-cholinergic toxicity of organophosphorus compounds has a great impact on

their comprehensive toxicity. Bibliometric analysis related to non-cholinergic toxicity of organophosphorus

can provide data reference for researchers to understand key research directions and explore hot topics. This

paper selected the web of science core collection database to obtain and sort out the documents data related

to non-cholinergic toxicity of organophosphorus compounds in the recent 30 years. CiteSpace 5.8 R3 and

origin 2019b software were utilized to analyze the annual publication amount and annual citation amount,

countries, journals, authors and documents co-citation analysis and burst documents. It was found that the

annual publication amount in this field was increasing, and the annual citation amount was increasing

exponentially. The United States was the country with the largest number of documents published, and the

US military attached great importance to the research on the non-cholinergic treatment of organophosphorus

compounds poisoning. "PESTIC BIOCHEM PHYS" magazine ranked No. 1 in the number of documents

published. The most influential authors were ELLMAN GL and VAN DER VEEN I. The research mainly

covered the effects of organophosphorus pesticides and organophosphorus flame retardants on life. The effect

of organophosphorus flame retardants on gene expression and non-cholinergic prevention and treatment of

organophosphorus pesticide poisoning may be the future research hotspots.

1 INTRODUCTION

Organophosphorus compounds (OP) are ubiquitous

in the environment (WANG, 2020). In agriculture, it

has been used worldwide in insecticides, herbicides

and mosquito repellents (KAUSHAL J, 2021). In

industry, it is used as flame retardants and plasticizers

for various materials in daily life (FARKHONDEH

T, 2020). People are exposed to OP by a variety of

routes (CHEN, 2020), causing acute effects (such as

headache, dizziness, nausea, etc.) and chronic effects

(such as cancer, asthma, diabetes, etc.) (JI, 2021;

HUSSAIN T, 2021). The current studies on the

toxicity of organophosphorus compounds mainly

focus on the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in the

nerve center, which cannot fully explain all the

adverse biological effects of OP. It is worth

researching the potential non-cholinergic toxicity of

organophosphorus compounds. With the deepening

and expansion of the research, it is difficult for

researchers to clarify the implied complex

relationship between the various research directions.

Bibliometrics is a way to analyze the research

dynamics and development trends in the field, which

can quickly explore the research directions and

hotspots (YAO, 2020). To fully understand the

research status of non-cholinergic toxicity of OP, this

paper used the bibliometric method to analyze the

documents related, to provide data reference for

researchers to understand this field.

Liu, Z., Liu, J., Li, H., Zhang, X., Zhou, B., Liu, F. and Zhao, X.

A Bibliometric and Hot Topics Analysis of Organophosphate Non-Cholinergic Toxicity Based on Web of Science.

DOI: 10.5220/0012001000003625

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Food Science and Biotechnology (FSB 2022), pages 26-33

ISBN: 978-989-758-638-5

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

2 MATERIALS & METHODS

2.1

Data Collection and Processing

Documents on non-cholinergic toxicity of OP

between 1990 and 2021 were collected from the Web

of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) Database,

which is regarded as the most frequently used and

most authoritative scientific database in many

research fields. Boolean operation terms included the

following: TS (Topic Search)=((organophosphate

OR organophosphorus) AND ((toxicity of non-

cholinergic) OR (toxicity of metabolic) OR (toxicity

of immune)OR (toxicity of neurodevelopment) OR

(toxicity of antioxidant system))) AND Language:

(English). A total of 575 published documents were

retrieved for initial screening, and saved as text files

in the format of "abstract, full record (including cited

references)", completed on December 11, 2021. To

prevent the deviation of results, we presented an

analysis of 491 articles only. All document types and

proportions are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Document type and proportion.

2.2

Bibliometrics Analysis Methods

CiteSpace is one of the bibliometric analysis tools

used for knowledge mapping and bibliometric

research, developed by Dr. Chaomei Chen (CHEN,

2006). The nodes of the knowledge map represent

one item such as journals, authors and articles, and

the connecting lines of these nodes show their co-

citation or co-occurrence. A series of tree rings in

different colors are used to depict each node, where

gray indicates the oldest and red indicates the newest.

The warmer the color means the closer to the current

time. The same applies to the color representation of

the connecting lines. In this paper, CiteSpace 5.8 R3

software was utilized for all publication

characteristics, including journals, authors, literature

co-citation cluster analysis and burst literature

analysis. Origin 2019b software was utilized to

process data such as annual publication amount and

annual citation amount. The process of bibliometric

analysis is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Flowchart of bibliometric analysis.

3 RESULTS

The annual publication amount, annual citation

amount (1990-2021) and its trend are shown in

Figure 3. In the past five years, more than 38% of the

total number of documents has been published, and

the largest number of documents (47 articles)

published in 2021. The annual citation amount

increased exponentially (R2=0.9687), indicating that

researchers have paid great attention to this field in

recent years.

Figure 3: The annual publication amount, annual citation

amount and its trend (1990-2021).

3.1

Contributed Countries and

Institutions

The document data in this field were further analyzed

using Citespace based on the contributed countries

and institutions. A total of 59 countries weere

involved in the non-cholinergic toxicity research of

organophosphate. The United States, China and India

have the largest number of published articles in this

A Bibliometric and Hot Topics Analysis of Organophosphate Non-Cholinergic Toxicity Based on Web of Science

field, with 141(28.7%), 77(15.7%) and 57(11.6%)

respectively. The top 10 countries with the largest

number of published articles are shown in Table S1.

A total of 713 scientific research institutions were

involved in this field. Duke University, the Chinese

Academy of Sciences, and UC Berkeley have the

largest number of published articles, with 14(2.95%),

12(2.44%) and 8(2.04%) respectively. There are six

scientific research institutions in America, two in

China, one in Turkey and one in Iran. The top 10

institutes with the largest number of published

articles are shown in Table S2.

The number of articles funded by the institute is

positively correlated with the degree of its attention.

The American Department of Health's Institute of

Human Services, the National Institutes of Health,

and the National Institutes of Health Sciences has the

largest number of funded articles, with 74(15.07%),

68(13.85%) and 55(11.20%). There are five funding

institutes in the United States, two in China, and one

in India, the European Union and Brazil. The top 10

institutes with the largest number of funded articles

are shown in Table S3.

3.2

The Amount of Articles Published

and Co-Citation In Journals

A total of 199 journals were involved in this field.

“Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology” and

“Chemosphere” published the largest amount of

articles, with 26 (5.27%) and 20 (4.05%)

respectively. The top 10 journals with the largest

number of published articles are shown in Table S4.

The journal co-citation reflects the quality and the

influence of the journals. “Toxicology and Applied

Pharmacology”, “Toxicology” and “Pesticide

Biochemistry and Physiology” had the largest

number of co-citations, 240 times, 234 times and 195

times respectively. The top 10 journals with the

largest number of co-citations are shown in Table S5.

We imported all the document data into CiteSpace,

and selected the "Cited Journal" module to analyze

the journal co-citation. The results were obtained by

using the Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) algorithm

and described in a journal co-cited graph composed

of 595 nodes and 1762 lines, as shown in Figure 4.

3.3

The Amount of Articles Published

and Co-Citation of Authors

A total of 2196 authors involved in the field of

organophosphate non-cholinergic toxicity. Seidler FJ

and Slotkin TA have the largest number of published

articles, both of which are 10 (2.04%). The top 5

authors with the largest number of published articles

are shown in Table S6.

The author co-citation relationship reflects the

influence of the author in this field. Ellman GL,

Lowry OH and Costa LG were cited the most times,

109 times, 59 times and 42 times respectively. The

top 5 authors with the largest number of co-citations

are shown in Table S7.

Figure 4: The journal co-cited map.

FSB 2022 - The International Conference on Food Science and Biotechnology

Figure 5: Author co-citation map (1990-2021).

Figure 6: Document co-citation cluster map.

We imported all the document data into

CiteSpace, and selected the "Cited Author" module

to analyze the author's co-citation. The author's co-

citation graph was generated and composed of 887

nodes and 1133 links, as shown in Figure 5.

3.4

Literature Co-Citation Clustering

We imported the data of 491 documents and their

19605 references into CiteSpace to perform

document co-citation cluster analysis by using the

Log-Likelihood Ratio (LLR) algorithm. The time

span is set to 1990-2021, and the time slice option is

set to 1 year. The document co-citation graph was

generated and composed of 469 nodes, 1657 lines and

8 clusters, as shown in Figure 6.

The average publication year of clustering

reflects the dynamic state and current development

trend of research in this field. The earliest three

clusters of average publication year were #5

protective effect (2005), #5 high-fat diet (2006) and

#3 Norway mice (2008). Clusters over the past

decade were #1 organophosphate flame retardants

(2011), #4 agricultural pesticide use (2011), #6 non-

target metabonomics (2014) and #7 intestinal

microbiomics (2014). The average publication year

of cluster #0 organophosphate ester flame retardants

is closest to the current time. The cluster results of

literature co-citation are shown in Table 1.

A Bibliometric and Hot Topics Analysis of Organophosphate Non-Cholinergic Toxicity Based on Web of Science

Table 1: The cluster results of literature co-citation.

Cluster Size Silhouette Means (Year) Top Terms (LLR)

0 54 0.906 2016 Organophosphate ester flame retardant

1 49 0.898 2011 Organophosphate flame retardant

2 46 0.949 2005 Protective effect

3 35 1 2008 Norway rat

4 29 0.908 2011 Agricultural pesticide use

5 26 0.976 2006 High-fat diet

6 26 0.933 2014 Untargeted metabolomics

7 20 0.995 2014 Gut microbiome

Note: The closer the contour coefficient value is to 1, the higher the credibility of clustering.

Table 2: Documents with co-citation burst characteristics in the past 5 years.

Ran

in En

Stren

th References

1 2016 2021 6.31 Van der Veen I, 2012, CHEMOSPHERE, V88, P1119

2 2018 2021 4.12 Liu X, 2012, AQUAT TOXICOL, V114, P173

3 2016 2019 5.37 Colovic MB, 2013, CURR NEUROPHARMACOL, V11, P315

4 2017 2019 4.38 Grube A, 2011, PESTICIDES IND SALES, V0, P0

5 2018 2019 3.6 Su GY, 2014, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V48, P13511

6 2018 2019 3.6 Du ZK, 2016, SCI REP-UK, V6, P0

7 2015 2018 4.2 Dishaw LV, 2011, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V256, P281

3.5 Burst Literature

Based on the cluster results of literature co-citation,

29 burst documents were obtained by using the burst

document detection tool “burstness”. There were a

total of 7 documents with burst characteristics in the

past 5 years. Two articles still had strong co-citation

burst until 2021. Among them, the article published

by Van der Veen I in “Chemosphere” in 2012 had the

strongest co-citation burst. Documents with co-

citation burst characteristics in the past 5 years are

shown in Table 2.

4 DISCUSSION

The research in the field of non-cholinergic toxicity

of organophosphorus compounds can be divided into

two stages (1990-2009, 2010-2021). The first phase

was the primary stage, the annual publication amount

is less than 20. There was no significant increase and

the growth rate of the document citation amount was

also low. The second stage was the rapid

development stage. The number of articles published

has increased sharply, and the annual number of

articles published is more than 30 in the recent 5

years. The growth rate of document citation amount

has accelerated significantly. The annual publications

amount was increasing steadily, and the annual

citation amount was increasing exponentially. It

showed that this field has received extensive attention

from researchers. The United States is ranked No. 1

in the number of publications, and had more than

50% of the top 10 institutes with the largest published

articles.

A total of 7 journals were ranked in the top 10 of

published article amount and co-citation amount at

the same time, including “Pesticide Biochemistry and

Physiology”, “Chemosphere”, “Toxicology and

Applied Pharmacology”, “Toxicology”, “Toxicology

Letters”, “Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety”

and “Toxicological Sciences”. These journals have

great influence in this field.

Two authors were ranked in the top 10 of

publication amount and co-citation amount at the

same time, including Slotkin TA and Abdollahi M,

indicating that they have contributed a lot. In the

initial stage and rapid development stage in this field,

the influential authors were Ellman GL and Van der

FSB 2022 - The International Conference on Food Science and Biotechnology

Veen I respectively. Ellman GL mainly studied the

toxicity of organophosphorus pesticides, while Van

der Veen I mainly studied the toxicity of

organophosphorus flame retardants.

Eight literature clusters were obtained by the LLR

algorithm. According to different research objects, all

clusters can be divided into two main research

directions. One is the study on the non-cholinergic

toxicity of organophosphorus pesticides, which

includes six clusters (ID: #2, #3, #4, #5, #6, #7). The

second is the study on the non-cholinergic toxicity of

organophosphorus flame retardants, including two

clusters (ID: #0, #1).

4.1 The Non-Cholinergic Toxicity of

Organophosphorus Pesticides

Includes Neurodevelopmental

Toxicity, Lipid Metabolic Toxicity

and Antioxidant Toxicity.

4.1.1 Neurodevelopmental Toxicity

Continuous exposure to low concentrations of

organophosphorus pesticides can lead to autism in

pregnant women (FURLONG M A, 2017); fetal

neurodevelopmental disorders (GUNIER R B, 2017),

birth defects and death in fetuses (ROBERTS J R,

2010); and abnormal peripheral axon diffraction

during fetal development (JACOBSON S M, 2010).

Organophosphorus pesticides affect axonal transport

by regulating intestinal bacterial population

composition and functional gene expression (GAO,

BIAN, MAHBUB R, 2017; Gao, NAUGHTON S X,

BECK W D, 2017), and hinder neuronal development

and mature neuronal function (GAO, BIAN, CHI,

2017).

4.1.2 Lipid Metabolic Toxicity

Organophosphorus pesticides aggravate oxidative

stress by inhibiting the activity of antioxidant

enzymes in the body, leading to lipid peroxidation

(ULLAH S, 2018). Thereby sperm function was

affected (LEONG C T, 2013), and cancer and

neurodegenerative diseases were caused (LÓPEZ O,

2007). Also, OP can destroy cell signal transduction

mediated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate,

resulting in impaired metabolic function, increased

glucose metabolism and imbalance in lipid

metabolism, thereby causing metabolic symptoms

similar to early diabetes (ADIGUN A A, WRENCH

N, LEVIN E D, 2010; ADIGUN A A, WRENCH N,

SEIDLER F J, 2010).

4.1.3 Antioxidant Toxicity

Organophosphorus pesticides reduce the

concentration of paraoxonase (PON1), glutathione

peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) by

affecting the expression of key genes in the

hepatocyte antioxidant system (HASSANI S, 2021).

It can also significantly reduce the plasma antioxidant

capacity while reaching the peak plasma level, which

has potential acute toxic effects (BIRDANE Y O,

2021).

4.2 The Non-Cholinergic Toxicity of

Organophosphorus Flame

Retardants Includes Mouse Fetal

Development Toxicity, Liver

Toxicity and Dopaminergic

Nervous System Toxicity.

4.2.1 Mouse Fetal Developmental Toxicity

Organophosphorus flame retardants disrupt the

placental nerve signal transduction by affecting the

expression of endocrine and inflammation-related

genes in the placenta, which causes placental

dysfunction and fetal forebrain dysplasia (ROCK K

D, 2021). These compounds can also cause an

excessive stress response in the endoplasmic

reticulum, endochondral ossification and

chondrodysplasia in limb buds (YAN H, 2021).

4.2.2 Liver Toxicity

Organophosphorus flame retardants cause

mitochondrial dysfunction and lipid accumulation by

affecting gene expression in human hepatocytes,

which is the reason for non-alcoholic fatty liver and

other diseases (NEGI C K, 2021). This kind of

compound also can induce metabolic reprogramming

of mesenchymal stem cells, reduce bone mineral

density and cause obesity (MACARI S, 2020).

4.2.3 Dopaminergic Nervous System Toxicity

Organophosphorus flame retardants can change the

transcriptional profiles of adenylate cyclase signal

transduction components by affecting the signal

cascade of adenylate cyclase and its connection with

G-protein coupled receptor, which destroy the

dopaminergic system (OLIVERI A N, 2018). Those

compounds can also accumulate in the body and

cause the level of dopamine and serotonin in the brain

to decrease, and affect the function of the dopamine

nervous system (WANG, 2015).

A Bibliometric and Hot Topics Analysis of Organophosphate Non-Cholinergic Toxicity Based on Web of Science

Burst literature that has a sharp increase in

citations in a certain period, is widely concerned by

researchers (CHEN, 2021). There are seven

documents with burst characteristics in the past five

years. According to the research content, they can be

divided into two main research directions, which may

become research hotspots in the future. One is the

study on the gene expression effect of

organophosphorus flame retardants.

Organophosphorus flame retardants affect the

function of related pathways such as

glycosphingolipid biosynthesis and fatty acid

elongation by affecting DNA replication, base

excision repair and other ways of destroying gene

expression (

GRUBE A, 2021)

, which interfere with

carbohydrate and lipid metabolism (DU, 2016) and

cause neurodevelopmental toxicity (DISHAW L V,

2011). Those compounds can also lead to endocrine

disorders by changing the transcription of genes

related to the synthesis of sex hormones and steroids

(Liu, 2012). Metabolites of organophosphorus flame

retardants accumulate in the liver, which causes

cancer (VAN DER VEEN I, 2012) and more genetic

changes in the embryo. The toxicity of metabolites is

greater (SU, 2014).

The second is to study the non-cholinergic

prevention and treatment of organophosphorus

pesticide poisoning. By injecting phosphatase or

carboxylesterase, the pesticide can be hydrolyzed or

oxidized before it reaches the target, so as to achieve

the purpose of detoxification. (COLOVIC M B,

2013)

5 CONCLUSIONS

The toxicity of most organophosphorus compounds

is unexplained only by the cholinergic toxicity

mechanism. And the research on the non-cholinergic

toxicity mechanisms has attracted great attention. In

this paper, bibliometric analysis was carried out to

clearly understand the research progress of non-

cholinergic toxicity of organophosphorus

compounds, which has been proved that

bibliometrics can provide valuable information for

researchers. The United States is the most influential

country in this field, and the U.S. military attaches

great importance to the research on the non-

cholinergic treatment of organophosphate poisoning.

The research mainly covers the effects of

organophosphorus pesticides and organophosphorus

flame retardants on organisms. The future research

focus may be the effect of organophosphorus flame

retardants on gene expression and the non-

cholinergic prevention and treatment of

organophosphorus pesticide poisoning.

REFERENCES

ADIGUN A A, WRENCH N, LEVIN E D, etl. (2010)

Neonatal Parathion Exposure and Interactions with a

High-Fat Diet in Adulthood: Adenylyl Cyclase-

Mediated Cell Signaling in Heart, Liver and

Cerebellum. Brain Research Bulletin, 81(6): 605–612.

ADIGUN A A, WRENCH N, SEIDLER F J, etl. (2010)

Neonatal Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure Alters

the Developmental Trajectory of Cell-Signaling

Cascades Controlling Metabolism: Differential Effects

of Diazinon and Parathion. Environmental Health

Perspectives, 118(2): 210–215.

BIRDANE Y O, AVCI G, BIRDANE F M, etl. (2021) The

Protective Effects of Erdosteine on Subacute Diazinon-

Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Rats.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-10.

CHEN Y, LIU Q, MA J, etl. (2020) A Review on

Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Indoor Dust

from China: Implications for Human Exposure.

Chemosphere, 260:127633.

CHEN C. (2006) CiteSpace II: Detecting and Visualizing

Emerging Trends and Transient Patterns in Scientific

Literature. Journal of the American Society for

Information Science and Technology, 57(3): 359–377.

CHEN C, CHAVALARIAS D, SMALHEISER N R, etl.

(2021)

Editorial: Coronavirus Research Landscape:

Resources, Utilities, and Analytic Studies. Frontiers in

Research Metrics and Analytics, 6: 43.

COLOVIC M B, KRSTIC D Z, LAZAREVIC-PASTI T D,

etl. (2013) Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors:

pharmacology and toxicology [J]. Current

neuropharmacology, 11(3): 315–335.

DU Z, ZHANG Y, WANG G, etl. (2016) TPhP exposure

disturbs carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism,

and the DNA damage repair system in zebrafish liver.

Scientific reports, 6(1): 1–10.

DISHAW L V, POWERS C M, RYDE I T, etl. (2011) Is

the PentaBDE replacement, tris (1, 3-dichloro-2-

propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), a developmental

neurotoxicant? Studies in PC1

cells. Toxicology and

applied pharmacology, 256(3): 281–289.

FARKHONDEH T, MEHRPOUR O, FOROUZANFAR F,

etl. (2020) Oxidative stress and mitochondrial

dysfunction in organophosphate pesticide-induced

neurotoxicity and its amelioration: a review.

Environmental science and pollution research

international, 27(20): 24799-24814.

FURLONG M A, BARR D B, WOLFF M S, etl. (2017)

Prenatal exposure to pyrethroid pesticides and

childhood behavior and executive functioning.

Neurotoxicology, 62: 231–238.

GUNIER R B, BRADMAN A, HARLEY K G, etl. (2017)

Prenatal residential proximity to agricultural pesticide

FSB 2022 - The International Conference on Food Science and Biotechnology

use and IQ in 7-year-old children. Environmental

health perspectives, 125(5): 057002.

GAO B, BIAN X, MAHBUB R, etl. (2017) Sex-specific

effects of organophosphate diazinon on the gut

microbiome and its metabolic functions.

Environmental health perspectives, 125(2): 198–206.

GAO J, NAUGHTON S X, BECK W D, etl. (2017)

Chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos oxon impair the

transport of membrane bound organelles in rat cortical

axons. Neurotoxicology, 62: 111–123.

GAO B, BIAN X, CHI L, etl. (2017) Editor’s Highlight:

Organophosphate diazinon altered quorum sensing,

cell motility, stress response, and carbohydrate

metabolism of gut microbiome. Toxicological

Sciences, 157(2): 354–364.

GRUBE A, DONALDSON D, KIELY T, etl. (2021)

Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage.

HUSSAIN T, YOUSAF A M, GHORI M U, etl. (2021)

Role of Flame-Retardants as EDCs in Metabolic

Disorders. AKASH M S H, REHMAN K, HASHMI M

Z//Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals-Induced

Metabolic Disorders and Treatment Strategies. Cham:

Springer International Publishing.

HASSANI S, MAQBOOL F, SALEK-MAGHSOUDI A,

etl. (2021) Alteration of hepatocellular antioxidant

gene expression pattern and biomarkers of oxidative

damage in diazinon-induced acute toxicity in Wistar

rat: a time-course mechanistic study. EXCLI journal,

17: 57.

JI Y, YAO Y, DUAN Y, etl. (2021) Association between

Urinary Organophosphate Flame Retardant Diesters

and Steroid Hormones: A Metabolomic Study on Type

2 Diabetes Mellitus Cases and Controls. Science of The

Total Environment, 756: 143836.

JACOBSON S M, BIRKHOLZ D A, MCNAMARA M L,

etl. (2010) Subacute developmental exposure of

zebrafish to the organophosphate pesticide metabolite,

chlorpyrifos-oxon, results in defects in Rohon-Beard

sensory neuron development. Aquatic toxicology,

100(1): 101–111.

KAUSHAL J, KHATRI M, ARYA S K. (2021) A Treatise

on Organophosphate Pesticide Pollution: Current

Strategies and Advancements in Their Environmental

Degradation and Elimination. Ecotoxicology and

Environmental Safety, 207: 111483.

LEONG C T, D’SOUZA U J, IQBAL M, etl. (2013) Lipid

peroxidation and decline in antioxidant status as one of

the toxicity measures of diazinon in the testis. Redox

report, 18(4): 155–164.

LÓPEZ O, HERNÁNDEZ A F, RODRIGO L, etl. (2007)

Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes in Humans with

Long-Term Exposure to Pesticides. Toxicology

Letters, 171(3): 146–153.

LIU X, JI K, CHOI K. (2012) Endocrine Disruption

Potentials of Organophosphate Flame Retardants and

Related Mechanisms in H295R and MVLN Cell Lines

and in Zebrafish. Aquatic Toxicology, 114–115: 173–

181.

MACARI S, ROCK K D, SANTOS M S, etl. (2020)

Developmental exposure to the flame retardant mixture

Firemaster 550 compromises adult bone integrity in

male but not female rats. International journal of

molecular sciences, 21(7): 2553.

NEGI C K, BAJARD L, KOHOUTEK J, etl. (2021) An

Adverse Outcome Pathway Based in Vitro

Characterization of Novel Flame Retardants-Induced

Hepatic Steatosis. Environmental Pollution, 289:

117855.

OLIVERI A N, ORTIZ E, LEVIN E D. (2018)

Developmental Exposure to an Organophosphate

Flame Retardant Alters Later Behavioral Responses to

Dopamine Antagonism in Zebrafish Larvae[J].

Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 67: 25–30.

ROBERTS J R, KARR C J, HEALTH C on E, etl. (2010)

Pesticide exposure in children. Pediatrics, 130(6):

e1765–e1788.

ROCK K D, ST ARMOUR G, HORMAN B, etl. (2021)

Effects of prenatal exposure to a mixture of

organophosphate flame retardants on placental gene

expression and serotonergic innervation in the fetal rat

brain. Toxicological Sciences, 176(1): 203–223.

SU G, CRUMP D, LETCHER R J, etl. (2014) Rapid in

vitro metabolism of the flame retardant triphenyl

phosphate and effects on cytotoxicity and mRNA

expression in chicken embryonic hepatocytes.

Environmental science & technology, 48(22): 13511–

13519.

ULLAH S, LI Z, HASAN Z, etl. (2018) Malathion Induced

Oxidative Stress Leads to Histopathological and

Biochemical Toxicity in the Liver of Rohu (Labeo

Rohita, Hamilton) at Acute Concentration.

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 161: 270–

280.

VAN DER VEEN I, DE BOER J. (2012) Phosphorus

Flame Retardants: Properties, Production,

Environmental Occurrence, Toxicity and Analysis.

Chemosphere, 88(10): 1119–1153.

WANG X, ZHU Q, YAN X, etl. (2020) A review of

organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in

the environment: Analysis, occurrence and risk

assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 731:

139071.

WANG Q, LAM J C-W, MAN Y-C, etl. (2015)

Bioconcentration, Metabolism and Neurotoxicity of the

Organophorous Flame Retardant 1,3-Dichloro 2-

Propyl Phosphate (TDCPP) to Zebrafish. Aquatic

Toxicology, 158: 108–115.

YAO L, HUI L, YANG Z, etl. (2020) Freshwater

Microplastics Pollution: Detecting and Visualizing

Emerging Trends Based on Citespace II. Chemosphere,

245: 125627.

YAN H, HALES B F. (2021) Effects of an environmentally

relevant mixture of organophosphate esters derived

from house dust on endochondral ossification in murine

limb bud cultures. Toxicological Sciences, 180(1): 62–

75.

A Bibliometric and Hot Topics Analysis of Organophosphate Non-Cholinergic Toxicity Based on Web of Science