Structural Characteristics of Winter Phytoplankton Communities in

the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Hanjiang River, China

Di Jia

1,2

, Li Lin

1,2, *

, Lei Dong

1,2

, Xiong Pan

1,2

, Weihua Zhao

1,2

and Sheng Zhang

Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute,

Wuhan, 430010, P.R. China

Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province,

Wuhan, 430010, P.R. China

State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment,

Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China

Keywords: Water Quality, Algae, Functional Groups.

Abstract: The middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River of China occupy a very important position in the national

water resources allocation. Since the first outbreak of diatom blooms in the spring of 1992, more than ten blooms

have occurred so far, and the frequency of occurrence has gradually increased, and the outbreaks are mostly

concentrated in the late winter and early spring (January-March). In this study, nine sampling sites were set up

in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River in January 2020 (winter dry period) to investigate and

analyze the phytoplankton community structure and water quality, and the results showed that 6 phyla and 28

genera of phytoplankton were identified in winter, among which Bacillariophyta accounted for the largest

proportion. The abundance of phytoplankton at each point varied from 0.57×10

to 1.88×10

cells/L, and the

biomass varied from 0.013 to 0.222 mg/L, which can be divided into 12 functional groups. The important

functional groups are MP, P, D, E, and J, reflecting that the habitats of the middle and lower reaches of the

Hanjiang River are characterized by frequent disturbance, high mixing, and turbid mesotrophic water bodies.

The calculated values of phytoplankton diversity show that the individual distribution of phytoplankton genera

is relatively uneven, and the eutrophication trend is gradually significant from the middle to the lower reaches,

and the water body is generally moderately polluted.

1 INTRODUCTION

The Hanjiang River is the largest tributary in China’s

Yangtze River. The middle and lower reaches of the

Hanjiang River usually refer to the section from

Danjiangkou to Hankou, where the Danjiangkou

Reservoir is the starting point of the South-to-North

Water Diversion Project (He et al., 2007). Therefore,

the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River

occupy a very important position in the national water

resources allocation and the development of the

Hanjiang River ecological and economic zone, and its

water quality safety and water ecology are of great

concern (Li et al., 2022).

Phytoplankton plays an important role in the

material cycle and energy flow of the ecosystem, and

is an important part of the surface water environment.

Their diversity directly affects the functional

structure of the ecosystem

(Cardinale et al., 2002),

which is of great importance in the study of rivers.

Phytoplankton species, community structure,

functional group composition, abundance

distribution, diversity, and other characteristics are

important criteria for evaluating the water quality of

rivers and lakes, and can reflect the pollution of the

water environment (Suikkanen et al., 2007),

phytoplankton has become an important indicator for

biological monitoring and evaluation of water quality,

complementing the physicochemical monitoring of

water quality, and is widely used in the investigation

and analysis of surface water environment at home

and abroad. Han et al. (2012)

analyzed the

phytoplankton community composition, abundance,

and dominant species in Anxing Wetland,

Heilongjiang Province in autumn, and inferred that

the water quality of Anxing Wetland might be

Jia, D., Lin, L., Dong, L., Pan, X., Zhao, W. and Zhang, S.

Structural Characteristics of Winter Phytoplankton Communities in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Hanjiang River, China.

DOI: 10.5220/0012004700003536

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Water, Ecology and Environment (ISWEE 2022), pages 235-242

ISBN: 978-989-758-639-2; ISSN: 2975-9439

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

235

polluted to a certain extent. Zhang et al.

(2022)

analyzed the phytoplankton community structure and

related hydrometeorological factors in the

mainstream of Qiantang River in summer, and found

that temperature and rainfall were the main drivers of

water bloom outbreak.

In recent years, with the repair of water

conservancy projects, the water ecological

environment in the middle and lower reaches of the

Hanjiang River has undergone major changes. Since

the first diatom bloom in the middle and lower

reaches of the Hanjiang River in the spring of 1992,

more than ten blooms have occurred, and the

frequency of the blooms has gradually increased,

mostly in late winter and early spring (January to

March), water blooms seriously affect the life and

health of residents, and also have a negative impact

on the ecological environment (Xin et al., 2020; Wu

et al., 2019; Xin et al., 2019). Understanding the

water quality in the middle and lower reaches of the

Hanjiang River in winter and identifying the key

drivers of phytoplankton growth is important for

scientific prevention and control of water blooms and

for ensuring water and ecological safety in the middle

and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River.

In this study, we identified the structure and

spatial distribution of phytoplankton communities,

conducted statistics on their abundance and biomass,

in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang

River, provided a scientific basis for scientific

assessment of water quality conditions and

prevention of water wars in the middle and lower

reaches of the Hanjiang River, and provided

theoretical support for water quality evaluation and

ecosystem maintenance in the basin. Theoretical

support for water quality assessment and ecosystem

maintenance in the basin.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Study Area and Sample Site Setup

The Hanjiang River is one of the major tributaries of

the Yangtze River and ranks first in the Yangtze River

system in terms of the watershed area. The

mainstream of the Hanjiang River is divided by the

Danjiangkou, with the upper reaches above the

Danjiangkou; the middle reaches are from the

Danjiangkou to Zhongxiang, with four tributaries

(Beihe River, Nanhe River, Qinghe River, and

Tangbaihe River) joining the middle reaches, passing

through Shiyan, Xiangyang, and Jingmen, with a

length of about 223 km; the lower reaches are from

Zhongxiang to Hankou, passing through Tianmen,

Qianjiang, Xiantao, Hanchuan and Wuhan in turn,

with a length of about 382 km, finally joining the

Longwangmiao in Wuhan. Yangtze River. The

middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River (111

°~115°E, 30°~33°N) are located in Hubei Province,

with the Danjiangkou, Wangfuzhou, Cuijiaying,

Xinglongzha, and other water conservancy hubs, and

the middle reaches are wider than the upper valleys,

with less flooding capacity and a gradually narrowing

river channel downstream. The average annual

temperature of the basin is about 15~17℃, and the

average annual precipitation is 800~900 mm.

According to the geographic location,

hydrological characteristics, and location of water

resources hubs in the middle and lower reaches of the

Hanjiang River, nine sampling points (Figure 1), S1

at Yujiahu hydrological station in Xiangyang, S2 at

the Hanjiang Bridge, downstream of Yicheng city, S3

at Linkuang county in Zhongxiang city, S4 at

Shayang hydrological station in Jingmen city, S5 at

Qianjiang hydrological station in Qianjiang city, S6

upstream of Xiantao city, S7 at Makou upstream of

Hanchuan city, S8 upstream of Wuhan city, and S9 at

Longwangmiao in Wuhan city. The survey of the

above sampling sites was launched in January 2020

(winter dry period).

Figure 1: Distribution of phytoplankton sampling sites.

ISWEE 2022 - International Symposium on Water, Ecology and Environment

236

2.2 Sample Collection and Processing

Phytoplankton sampling was carried out according to

Methods for Freshwater Phytoplankton Research

(Zhang et al., 1991). Qualitative samples were taken

using a No. 25 phytoplankton net and repeatedly

dragged at a water depth of 0.5 m for 3~5 min with

the figure "∞". Transfer the concentrated solution to

a 50 mL plastic bottle, add Lugol's reagent for

fixation, and bring it back to the laboratory to refer to

Freshwater Microbiological Atlas

(Zhou, 2005)

and

Freshwater algae in China: System, ecology, and

taxonomy (Hu et al., 2006)

for species classification

identification, phytoplankton pollution indicator

species analysis method reference New technology of

microbiological monitoring (Shen et al., 1994) and

Environmental and Biological Indicator (water

volumes) (Ecological Society of Japan Panel on

Environment, 1987).

Part of the conventional water quality physical

and chemical indicators with multi-parameter water

quality instrument (YSI EXO2, USA) for on-site

determination, the measured water body physical and

chemical indicators including water temperature

(WT), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, total dissolved

solids (TDS), redox potential and conductivity, etc.

The distribution of each sampling point and the basic

conditions of the environment are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Basic information on sampling sites in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River.

2.3 Phytoplankton Diversity

Calculation

2.3.1 Margalef Diversity Index (D)

 



(1)

Where: S is the number of species in the sample, and

N denotes the total number of individuals of all

species in the sample. d>3 is light or no

contamination; 1<d≤3 is medium contamination; 0<

d≤1 is heavy contamination (Hu et al., 2015).

2.3.2 Shannon-Wiener Index (

′



)













(2)





















(3)

Where: n

is the number of individuals of the ith

species, N denotes the total number of individuals of

all species in the sample, and S is the number of

species in the sample. The Shannon-Wiener index

reflects the diversity of phytoplankton in the water

column and the complexity of the community (

Table

2).

Samplin

g site

Geographical

coordinates

Water

temperature/℃

Dissolved

oxygen/(mg/L)

Total

dissolved

solids /(mg/L)

112°8′54″E, 31°57′8″N

10.828 9.58 10.07 143

112°17′36″E, 31°43′26″N

10.727 7.96 10.78 71

112°26′19″E, 31°18′24″N

10.304 7.96 10.84 93

112°36′15″E, 30°41′49″N

9.178 8.23 11.16 103

112°52′16″E, 30°29′32″N

9.211 7.91 11.4 111

113°27′58″E, 30°23′6″N

8.274 8.01 11.78 103

113°56′27″E, 30°39′42″N

9.22 8.14 11.59 109

114°2′9″E, 30°35′37″N

7.779 7.85 11.61 104

114°17′8″E, 30°33′52″N

8.375 8.13 11.13 107

Structural Characteristics of Winter Phytoplankton Communities in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Hanjiang River, China

237

Table 2: Shannon-Wiener index grading evaluation criteria

(Tilman et al., 1976).

2.3.3 Pielou's Evenness Uniformity Index (J)







 



(4)

Where: 





is the Shannon-Wiener index, S is the

number of species in the sample. J value of 0.5 to 0.8

is light contamination; J value of 0.3 to 0.5 is

moderate contamination; J value of 0 to 0.3 is heavy

contamination

(Shen et al., 1994).

2.4 Data Analysis

The species data and environmental data were

compiled, statistically analyzed, and plotted using

Microsoft Office 2020, SPSS, and Origin 2021 for

Windows.

3 RESULTS

3.1 Phytoplankton Species

Composition, Density, and Biomass

Analysis

During the survey, microscopic examination

identified 28 genera of phytoplankton in 6 phyla, of

which Bacillariophyta was the most important group,

with 13 genera, accounting for 46.4% of the total

number of genera; Chlorophyta has 5 genera,

accounting for 17.9% of the total number of genera;

Cyanobacteria has 4 genera, accounting for 14.3% of

the total number of genera; Dinoflagellates has 1

genus, accounting for 3.6% of the total number of

classes; Cryptophyta has 2 genera, accounting for

7.1% of the total number of classes; Chrysophyta has

3 genera, accounting for 10.7% of the total number of

classes.

Figure 2: Spatial variation of phytoplankton abundance (a),

biomass(b) in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang

River.

Index Range Level Status Water pollution level







>3 Enrichment Species richness and even distribution of individuals Cleaning

2<





≤3 Richer

High species richness and relatively even distribution

of individuals

Light pollution

1<





<2 General

Species richness is low, and individuals are relatively

evenly distributed

Medium pollution

0<





≤1 Poor

Low species richness and uneven distribution of

individuals

Heavy pollution







=0 Extremely poor Species homogeneity and basic loss of diversity Severe pollution

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

total abundance

Chrysophyta

Cryptophyta

Pyrrophyta

Bacillariophyta

Chlorophyta

Cyanophyta

phytoplankton abundance/(10

cells/L)

Sampling section

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

total biomass

Chrysophyta

Cryptophyta

Pyrrophyta

Bacillariophyta

Chlorophyta

Cyanophyta

phytoplankton biomass/(mg/L)

Sampling section

ISWEE 2022 - International Symposium on Water, Ecology and Environment

238

The total cumulative abundance of phytoplankton

in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River

was 9.12×10

cells/L, of which the diatom abundance

was the largest at 5.16×10

cells/L, accounting for

56.60%, followed by Cyanobacteria at 1.90×10

cells/L, accounting for 20.89%. The total

phytoplankton biomass was 0.811 mg/L, of which

diatom biomass reached 0.585 mg/L, accounting for

72.16% (

Figure 2 a).

The phytoplankton abundance and biomass have

obvious spatial distribution differences, and the

variation of abundance at each point ranges from

0.57×10

to 1.88×10

cells/L, with the mean value of

1.01×10

cells/L; the variation of biomass ranges

from 0.13 to 2.22 mg/L, with a mean value of 0.90

mg/L. From

Figure 2(b) it can be found that the

phytoplankton abundance and biomass downstream

increased gradually. Abrupt increase in

cyanobacterial abundance and biomass in the lower

reaches of Yicheng city(S2); the abundance and

biomass of Chlorophyta increased significantly

downstream of Wuhan City at Longwangmiao (S9);

the abundance of diatoms showed a general

increasing trend along the course, and the biomass

reached a high level in the Linkuang town (S3) and

the upstream of Wuhan (S8); the peak abundance and

biomass of Chrysophyta appeared in the upstream of

Xiantao (S6) and Longwangmiao (S9), respectively.

3.2 Classification of Phytoplankton

Functional Groups

Ecologically, phytoplankton with similar habits and

survival strategies are grouped into “functional

groups”, which reflect certain habitat characteristics.

According to the classification of phytoplankton

functional groups by Reynolds et al. (2002) and Hu

Ren et al. (2015), the phytoplankton in the middle and

lower reaches of the Hanjiang River can be divided

into 12 functional groups (Table 3): B, C, D, E, J, Lo,

MP, P, S1, X2, X3, Y; among them, there are five

common functional groups with frequencies greater

than 65%, namely B, D, E, MP, X2, where B and MP

functional groups occur in each sampling site. The

functional groups with relative biomass greater than

10% are defined as important functional groups, and

there are five of them, namely MP, P, D, E, and J. The

dominant functional groups are B, MP, D, S1, E, X2,

and P. The functional groups reflect that the habitats

in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River

are characterized by frequent disturbance, high

mixing, and turbid moderately eutrophic water bodies.

3.3 Species Diversity of Phytoplankton

Communities and Biological

Evaluation of Water Quality

The results of phytoplankton diversity index

calculation are shown in Figure 3.

The Margalef diversity  (d) in the middle

and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River ranges from

2.223 to 2.467, with a mean value of 2.364, 1< d ≤

3, indicating that the overall pollution level in the

middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River is

medium; the Shannon-Wiener index ( 





) ranges

from 1.063 to 2.147, with a mean value of 1.571,

indicating that the overall phytoplankton in the

middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River is

more evenly distributed but generally abundant, and

the water quality is α-medium pollution level, only

the Linkuang County and the upper reaches of Wuhan

are more abundant, and the water quality is β-medium

pollution; Pielou's evenness uniformity index J

ranges from Pielou's evenness index (J) ranges from

0.319 to 0.644, with a mean value , indicating

that the distribution of individual genera in the middle

and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River is uneven,

and the water body is moderately polluted overall

indicates that the eutrophication

trend of the Hanjiang River from the middle to the

lower reaches of the river is gradually significant, and

the pollution level changes from mild to moderate.

Figure 3: Phytoplankton diversity index in the middle and

lower reaches of the Hanjiang River.

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

3.0

Margalef Diversity Index (d)

Shannon–Wiener Index (H'e)

sampling section

Margalef Diversity Index (d)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Shannon–Wiener Index (H'e)

Structural Characteristics of Winter Phytoplankton Communities in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Hanjiang River, China

239

Table 3: Phytoplankton functional groups and representative species in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River.

4 DISCUSSION

The succession of phytoplankton communities is

influenced by many factors, and the succession of

functional groups corresponds to habitat changes, and

changes in nutrient salinity and disturbance level of

water bodies will cause corresponding changes

(Tilman et al., 1976). In this study, Diatoms were

found to be the dominant species in the middle and

lower reaches of the Hanjiang River, and the

frequency of population distribution showed that

Cyclotella sp. of the Bacillariophyta was found in all

sampling sites with the highest frequency of 100%,

followed by Synedra sp. of the Bacillariophyta with a

frequency of 78%, Mallomonas sp. of the

Chrysophyta and Navicula sp. of the Bacillariophyta

reached 67%. From

Figure 2 the Cyanobacteria in

downstream of Xiangyang and Yicheng in the

midstream section were larger and more numerous,

Functional

groups

Represent genus/species

in the groups

Phylum Functional Group Habitat Characteristics

B Cyclotella sp. Bacillariophyta

Mesotrophic small and medium-sized water

bodies, sensitive to stratification, silica

deficiency

C Asterionella formosa Bacillariophyta

Eutrophic small to medium-sized lakes,

sensitive to stratification

D Synedra sp. Bacillariophyta

Nutrient-rich turbid shallow water bodies,

sensitive to nutrient deficiencies

E Dinobryon sp., Mallomonas sp. Chrysophyta

Small shallow water bodies of poor or

mesotrophic type

Pediastrum simplex var.

duodenarium, Crucigenia tetrapedia

Chlorophyta Mixed highly eutrophic shallow water bodies

Lo Merismopedia sp., Peridinium sp.

Cyanophyta

Dinoflagellates

Wide applicability, poor to eutrophic, deep or

shallow, medium to large water bodies

Navicula sp., Cymbella sp,

Cocconeis sp, Pinnularia sp.,

Stauroneis sp.

Bacillariophyta

Frequent disturbance of turbid shallow water

bodies

Melosira sp., Melosira granulata

var. angustissima

Bacillariophyta

Highly mixed medium eutrophic shallow

water bodies

Planktothrix sp., Dactylococcopsis

sp., Planktolyngbya sp.

Cyanophyta

Medium to eutrophic, mixed water bodies,

low transparency

Chlamydomonas sp.,

Plagioselmis sp.

Chlorophyta

Cryptophyta

Highly mixed medium-eutrophic shallow

water bodies

X3 Cymatopleura sp., Schroederia sp.

Bacillariophyta

Chlorophyta

Shallow mixed water bodies, sensitive to

grazing action

Y Cryptomonas sp. Cryptophyta

Medium to the eutrophic hydrostatic

environment, sensitive to phagocytosis

ISWEE 2022 - International Symposium on Water, Ecology and Environment

240

especially downstream of Yicheng, indicating the

deepening of eutrophication in the water body; the

percentage of Diatom increased significantly in the

phosphate mining county of Zhongxiang, replacing

Cyanobacteria the dominant species.

Figure 4 is the histogram of the abundance of

functional groups stacked at each sampling site, from

Figure 4 the abundance of functional group S1

increased dramatically in the downstream of Yicheng

city increased dramatically, and the number and

biomass of cyanobacteria increased, which indicates

that the pollution is more serious, the water body is

highly mixed, and the transparency is low; the

abundance of functional group J in the upstream and

downstream of Wuhan increased, and the pollution

indicator level is β-medium pollution, which

indicates that this section is a mixed highly eutrophic

diving water body. Upstream of Xiantao (S6), the

abundance of the E functional group is high, and the

number of Chrysophyta has increased significantly,

indicating that the water quality here is better.

Sampling sites S2 (downstream of Yicheng) and S9

(downstream of Wuhan) are urban downstream, and

S6, S7, and S8 are urban upstream. Comparing their

phytoplankton species and functional groups, we can

find that the populations of oligotrophic and α-

medium fouling species are larger in the upstream, the

frequency of β-medium fouling indicator species in

the downstream has increased and the proportion is

larger, the abundance of phytoplankton in the

downstream is relatively high, and the changes of

functional groups are consistent with the

environmental conditions, so it is concluded that the

water quality in the middle and lower reaches of the

Hanjiang River is polluted to some extent. Comparing

the upstream and downstream Margalef diversity

indices (d), we can find that d

and d

are larger than

, and the d value of the S6-S9 section continues to

decrease; the above performance indicates that the

water quality downstream of the city is inferior to that

in the upstream, which is related to the discharge of

sewage from urban towns and cities, and the

discharge of urban sewage has a greater impact on

water quality and phytoplankton community

succession.

Figure 4: Composition of phytoplankton functional groups

in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River.

The phytoplankton community composition in the

middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River is not

significantly different from that of other scholars, and

the phytoplankton community is composed of

Diatom, Chlorophyta, Cyanobacteria, and others

(Dinoflagellates and Chrysophyta) in descending

order, with Cyclotella sp. as the absolute dominant

species, indicating that the water quality is still

acceptable. However, the abundance of

phytoplankton showed an upward trend along the

river, which also reflected that the pollution gradually

increased from the middle stream to the downstream.

5 CONCLUSION

A total of 28 genera of 6 phytoplankton were

identified in the middle and lower reaches of the

Hanjiang River, among which Bacillariophyta

accounted for the largest proportion, followed by

Chlorophyta and Cyanobacteria; Cyclotella sp. were

the absolute dominant species. Phytoplankton could

be divided into 12 functional groups, B, C, D, E, J,

Lo, MP, P, S1, X2, X3, Y: the range of abundance

variation at each site was 0.57×10

~1.88×10

cells/L,

and the biomass ranged from 0.013 to 0.222 mg/L.

The important functional groups were MP, P, D, E,

and J, reflecting that the habitat of the middle and

lower reaches of the Hanjiang River is characterized

by frequent disturbance, high mixing, and turbid

Meso-eutrophic water bodies. The Margalef diversity

index (d) ranged from 2.223 to 2.467, and the

Shannon-Wiener index (





) ranged from 1.063 to

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

algal abundance/(×10

cells/L)

sampling section

Structural Characteristics of Winter Phytoplankton Communities in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Hanjiang River, China

241

2.147, and Pielou's evenness uniformity index J

ranged from 0.319 to 0.644, indicating that the

distribution of phytoplankton genera in the middle

and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River was not

uniform, and the eutrophication trend from the middle

to the lower reaches was significant, and the water

body was moderately polluted

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study is supported by the fundamental esearch

Funds for Central-level Public Welfare Research

Institutes (No. CKSF2021480/SH).

REFERENCES

He L, Zhang B, Liu SP, et al. Hydrological characteristics

and fishery resources status of mid-lower Hanjiang

River. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2007(11): 1788–

1792. DOI: 10.13292/j. 1000—4890.2007.0320.

Li J, Yin W, Jia HY, et al. Study on the ecological

regulation of algal bloom control in the middle and

lower reaches of the Hanjiang River. Journal of Lake

Sciences, 2022, 34(03): 740–751. DOI

10.18307/2022.0304

Cardinale B J, Palmer M A, Collins S L. Species diversity

enhances ecosystem functioning through interspecific

facilitation. Nature, 2002, 415(6870): 426-429.

DOI:10.1038/415426a.

Suikkanen S, Laamanen M, Huttunen M. Long-term

changes in summer phytoplankton communities of the

open northern baltic sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf

Science, 2007, 71(3-4): 580-592. DOI:

10.1016/j.ecss.2006.09.004.

Han HH, Fan YW. Phytoplankton community structure in

autumn of Anxing Wetland, Heilongjiang Province.

Journal of Lake Sciences, 2012, 24(04): 577-585.

Zhang P, Guo CX, Yu J, et al. Characteristics of

phytoplankton community structure and its response to

hydro-meteorology in summer of Qiantang River [J].

Journal of Lake Sciences, 2022, 34(02): 418-432. DOI

10.18307/2022.0205.

Xin X, Zhang H, Lei P, et al. Algal blooms in the middle

and lower Hanjiang River: characteristics, early

warning and prevention. Science of The Total

Environment, 2020, 706: 135293. DOI:

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135293.

Wu WJ, Chen XF. Study on the Formation of Diatom

Blooms in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the

Hanjiang River during Winter and Spring.

Environmental Science & Technology, 2019, 42(09):

55-60. DOI: 10.19672/j.cnki.1003-6504.2019.09.009.

Xin XK, Wang YC, Hu S, et al. Cause Analysis of Diatom

Bloom of Lower Reaches of Hanjiang River in 2018.

Water Resources and Power, 2019, 37(03): 25-28.

Zhang ZS, Huang XF. Research methods of freshwater

plankton. Science Press, 1991.

Zhou FX. Freshwater Microbiological Atlas. Chemical

Industry Press, 2005.

Hu HJ, Wei YX. Freshwater algae in China: System,

ecology and taxonomy. Science Press, 2006.

Shen YF, Gu MR, Gong XJ, et al. New technology of

microbiological monitoring. China Architecture and

Construction Press, 1994.

Ecological Society of Japan Panel on Environment.

Environmental and Biological Indicator (water

volumes). Beijing: China Environmental Science Press,

1987:69-98. (in Chinese).

Reynolds C S, Huszar V, Kruk C, et al. Towards a

functional classification of the freshwater

phytoplankton. Journal of Plankton Research, 2002,

24(5): 417–428. DOI:10.1093/plankt/24.5.417.

Hu R, Lan YQ, Xiao LJ, et al. The concepts, classification

and application of freshwater phytoplankton functional

groups. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2015, 27(01): 11–23.

Tilman, David, Kilham, et al. Phosphate and silicate growth

and uptake kinetics of the Bacillariophyta asterionella

formosa and cyclotella meneghiniana in batch and

semicontinuous culture1. Journal of Phycology, 1976.

DOI:10.1111/j.0022-3646.1976.00375. x.

ISWEE 2022 - International Symposium on Water, Ecology and Environment

242