Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technology in the

Detection of Brain Diseases

Yuke Shen

School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K.

Keywords:

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Fmri), Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), Brain Tumor, Cerebral

Ischemia, Brain Injury.

Abstract: The brain is the nerve center of human beings which is one of the most important organs of the human body.

Once a brain disease occurs, it will bring a heavy blow to the patient, and even endanger the patient's life. At

present, brain diseases mainly include brain tumor, brain injury, cerebral ischemia, and so on. Computed

tomography (CT) and X-ray photography both have different levels of radiation. In contrast, magnetic

resonance imaging (MRI) technology is considered a safe detection method without radiation hazards, so it is

suitable for the detection of brain diseases. However, pure MRI has limitations and cannot detect some fine

structures or neurological states. Magnetic resonance imaging such as functional magnetic resonance imaging

(fMRI) and Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can segment brain imaging, detect microbleeds, and judge the

state of brain function, and are widely used in the detection of brain diseases. This paper mainly introduces

the application of fMRI and DTI in the detection of brain diseases such as brain tumor, brain injury and

cerebral ischemia, aiming to provide some ideas for the diagnosis of brain diseases.

1 INTRODUCTION

The brain is the nerve center of human beings which

is one of the most important organs of the body. Once

a brain disease strikes, it can be a heavy or even

devastating blow to the patient. (JIANG, 2011)

According to available data, there will be nearly 800

billion euros of brain patients by 2010. (JIANG,

2011) Encephalopathy affects 127 million Europeans,

and the annual cost of treatment is €385 billion.

(LAWRENCE, 2017) Mental illness accounts for

62% of the cost and neurological disorders, including

dementia, for 38%. According to research, brain

diseases are more costly than heart disease or cancer.

(LAWRENCE, 2017) Also, such a predicament is not

unique to Europe and people all over the world are at

risk of brain disease. (LIANG, 2020) The brain is the

nerve center of the human being, brain damage can

lead to a silent, rapidly developing disease that

ultimately leads to death. (LIU, 2015) Therefore,

diagonalize brain disease has become extremely

important.

Brain tumors, damage, ischemia, and other

illnesses are all prevalent. Modern diagnostic

treatments include Computed tomography (CT), x-

rays, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

(MACDONALD, 2015) However, there are some

brain lesions that may easily be missed with CT

examinations. For example, because the lesions are

too small or close to the base of the skull, the skull is

dense and the resection is too thick, which makes it

difficult to diagnose due to "volume effects".

(MACDONALD, 2015) In other early-stage disease,

including cerebral infarction, the density difference

between the lesion and normal brain tissue is

significant, making CT difficult to diagnose subacute

and chronic intracranial hemorrhage (JIANG, 2011).

(PATEL, 2011) X-rays can have diagnostic

limitations. For starters, X-rays are 2D pictures, and

there is overlap in the diagnosis of brain tissue,

making illness localization difficult. (SOTAK, 2002)

Then, the brain is mostly soft tissue and fluid, which

is absorbed by X-rays, making it impossible to

distinguish disease from normal tissue,

(UNDERHILL, 2010) but X-rays are superior in

determining skull fractures. (VILELA, 2017)

Compared with X-ray, MRI is more effective at

detecting brain tumors. It is a cutting-edge, non-

invasive technique that generates cross-sectional

pictures of the patient's anatomy using magnetic and

radio waves. (YUAN, 2004) Therefore, MRI is

considered to be a safe detection method without

198

Shen, Y.

Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technology in the Detection of Brain Diseases.

DOI: 10.5220/0012018300003633

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Biotechnology and Biomedicine (ICBB 2022), pages 198-203

ISBN: 978-989-758-637-8

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

radiation hazards. This is due to the fact that MRI uses

radiofrequency pulses. This pulse is a long

wavelength, low intensity electromagnetic wave that

does not damage the body's hydrocarbon bonds.

(CAZALIS, 2006) In terms of soft tissue resolution,

MRI allows better visibility of the brain's grey matter,

nucleus accumbens, nephron cortex and medulla.

(CAZALIS, 2006) In addition, MRI can be used in a

variety of ways to reflect multi-parametric

information about the tissue, including T1 and T2

values, proton density, flux, water molecule diffusion

and other parameters. (MACDONALD, 2015) This

way of obtaining multiparametric information is not

only beneficial for the display of lesions, but also for

their qualitative diagnosis. (LAWRENCE, 2017)

However, MRI has several limitations. First and

foremost, it takes a significant amount of time to

picture. Typically, a cranial examination takes about

20 minutes, and a spinal examination takes about 15

minutes. (MCDONALD, 2012) If enhancement is

required, the waiting time will be more than 10

minutes. (NARAYANA, 2017) Then, due to the lack

of H protons, low-signal calcifications are difficult to

detect in MRI pictures, making them insensitive to

calcifications. (NARAYANA, 2015) For

intramedullary lesions such oedema and tumor

invasion, MRI displays high contrast soft tissues but

low concentrations of H protons in bone structures.

(ROSS, 2011) The most crucial item is that MRI

artefacts are more common, as there are numerous

contributing elements in MRI imaging. (SHENTON,

2012) Finally, owing to time limits, MRI is not suited

for patients in severe condition or with metal

implants. (LI, 2020)

This article mainly discusses the use of MRI in the

treatment of brain tumors, cerebral ischemia, and

brain damage. Then, it makes some reference ideas

for diagnosing brain disorders.

2 BRAIN SEGMENTATION

METHOD

The two most critical stages in the treatment of brain

tumours are segmentation of the brain and

identification of the tumour. MRI is a widely used

technique for the segmentation and detection of

tumours. (WANG, 2017) MRI, which mainly

includes fMRI and DTI, can identify the functionality

of the brain, especially with increased visualization of

the grey and white matter of the brain. (WU, 2020)

FMRI is a neuroimaging detection method. MRI

was used to quantify hemodynamic changes induced

by neural activity. (AMIN, 2020) Due to its non-

invasiveness and minimal radiation exposure, fMRI

establishes an important position in the field of

functional brain localization. (GUPTA, 2010) In the

1890s, researchers discovered that changes in blood

flow and oxygen saturation were intricately linked to

neuronal activity. The activation of nerve cells

requires oxygen. Oxygen is transported by

microvessels near nerve cells using hemoglobin in red

blood cells. (GUPTA, 2010) Thus, when a neuron

activates, blood flow increases to replenish lost

oxygen. There is typically a 1-5 second delay between

neural activation and hemodynamic changes,

followed by a 4-5 second peak before returning to

baseline. (MOHD, 2014) This results in changes in

cerebral blood flow not only in areas of neuronal

activity but also in local blood deoxyhemoglobin and

oxyhemoglobin concentrations and cerebral blood

volume. (MYRONENKO, 2019) When subjects are

given several types of radioactive chemicals during

positron emission tomography (PET) scans, the

radioactive chemicals are taken up by activated brain

cells. (LAWRENCE, 2017; TIWARI, 2020) MRI

uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency radiation to

generate pulses of energy in the brain. The pulses may

be tuned to certain frequency ranges, inducing atomic

couplin. (WADHWA, 2019) When the magnetic

pulse is removed, these atoms vibrate and return to

their original state. A specialized radio frequency

receiver detects these resonances and transmits the

information to a computer, which then generates a

picture of the location of individual atoms within the

brain region. (YANG, 2007) As a result, fMR is more

widely used to identify brain disorders.

Magnetic resonance diffusion functional imaging

was first introduced by Peter Basser in 1994. (AMIN,

2020) It is an improved version of traditional MRI.

DTI uses the diffusion of water as a probe to

determine the anatomy of brain networks, providing

static anatomical information that is not affected by

brain function. (GUPTA, 2010) Because the obstacles

along the fibers are relatively small and cannot

restrict the movement of water molecules, the water

molecules should move faster along the axonal fibers,

rather than moving upright toward the fibers.

(MOHD, 2014) In axon-based directions, anisotropic

diffusion can generate entirely new image contrasts,

and this anisotropy is used in DTI to determine the

organization of nerve cells in the brain. A 3D

diffusion model is estimated by repeating this process

in multiple directions. (MYRONENKO, 2019) This

approach may result in signal degradation due to

diffusing molecules, resulting in darker volumetric

pixels or voxels. For instance, white matter fibres

Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technology in the Detection of Brain Diseases

199

running parallel to the magnetic field gradient

direction will generate a dark diffusion-weighted

picture of that direction. (WADHWA, 2019) The

diffusion tensor is then measured by comparing the

signal loss to the original signal. The two main

parameters to define the orientation of neurons from

tensor calculations are fractional anisotropy (FA) and

mean diffusivity (MD). (YANG, 2007) FA quantifies

the directionality of diffusion, whereas MD quantifies

the horizontal average diffusivity. (NARAYANA,

2015) In summary, the above analysis of water

diffusion is performed by applying a magnetic field

gradient to produce images sensitive to diffusion in a

specific direction. A DTI technique is then

performed. The DTI technique consists of delivering

external magnetic pulses that apply a random phase

shift to the diffusing water molecules. And this

technique allows for detection and diagnosis. (LI,

2020)

Image processing is another key step in applying

MRI to detect tumours. For brain image

segmentation, mixed population-learning vector

quantization (LVQ) is often employed to find tumour

regions in abnormal brain images. (TIWARI, 2020)

This approach utilizes Flair, T1C, and T2-weighted

imaging, providing an entropy-based strategy. This

novel technique employs the formation of

reconstruction filters to assist radiologists in rapidly

localizing image brightness fluctuations and poorly

defined tumour regions. (AMIN, 2020) In addition,

LVQ can correct tissue with non-uniform gain and the

difficulty of identifying tiny lesions in images.

Compared with traditional computer detection

systems, 3D magnetic resonance image (MBA) is a

semantic segmentation network based on the

encoder-decoder structure to segment tumour

subregions. (MYRONENKO, 2019) Because brain

tumours are relatively difficult to classify, different

tumours can exhibit similar appearances, which poses

a barrier to traditional computer terminology.

(MYRONENKO, 2019) Nonetheless, 3D MRI

pictures adhere to the encoder-decoder structure of

convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to extract

deep visual information through asymmetric large

encoders. (MYRONENKO, 2019) The decoder part

reconstructs the dense split encoding. At the

simultaneous time it adds the variable autoencoder

(VAE) branch to the network. In this way the input

image can be reconstructed together with the

segments, thus normalizing the shared encoder. The

method is able to improve the accuracy to about 97%.

(TIWARI, 2020)

3 APPLICATION OF MRI IN

BRAIN DISEASES

3.1 Application of MRI in the

Detection of Brain Tumor

Among the brain segmentation methods described

above, FMR and DTI are the most widely used.

FMR is often used for preoperative planning.

These results help guide whether to perform surgery,

assess risk and prognosis, plan the surgical route, and

maximize tumour resection. (GUPTA, 2010) Gupta et

al. have demonstrated that FMR imaging mapping of

the central sulcus is resistant to potential limiting

artefacts from head movement, patient anxiety, and

abnormal vasculature. (GUPTA, 2010) Furthermore,

since anatomical predictors alone cannot determine

whether a specific language region is affected by

tumour, FMR is also important in language function

and laterality localization. (AMIN, 2020) At the New

York Cancer Center, a large proportion of brain

tumour patients underwent FMR imaging, mostly

preoperative imaging. (MOHD, 2014) This means

that a large number of studies underscore the

importance of neurosurgeons in obtaining

preoperative FMR.

Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) or DW-MRI

is software that generates pictures using a certain

magnetic resonance imaging sequence. (WADHWA,

2019) This procedure produces contrast in magnetic

resonance pictures by exploiting the diffusion of

water molecules. (MOHD, 2014) DTI, a subtype of

DWI, has been widely used to map white matter tracts

in the brain. (GUPTA, 2010) Traditionally, applying

three gradients in one direction is sufficient to

determine the "average diffusivity" of the diffusion

tensor or trace, a measure of oedema in DWI.

(TIWARI, 2020) In clinical practice, trace-weighted

images have been shown to be effective in identifying

vascular strokes in the brain with early (within

minutes) detection of hypoxic oedema.

(MYRONENKO, 2019) Furthermore, the principal

directions of the diffusion tensor can be used to infer

white matter connectivity in the brain. TIWARI This

treatment approach is particularly critical in brain

tumour surgery, where inadvertent damage to

normally functioning white matter pathways can lead

to severe neurological damage. (MOHD, 2014).

ICBB 2022 - International Conference on Biotechnology and Biomedicine

200

3.2

MRI Brain Injury Detection

Applications

Over the past 30 years, fMRI has been increasingly

used to study various neuropsychiatric disorders. But

relatively few fMRI studies have examined the

cognitive and behavioral sequelae of Mild traumatic

brain injury (mTBI), its course over time, and its

utility as a biomarker for potential treatments. (WU,

2020) McDonald et al scanned 11 patients with mTBI

1 year after injury to assess changes in brain

activation patterns over time. (NARAYANA, 2017)

Although at one-year follow-up, the mTBI group no

longer reported significant post-concussion sequelae

(PCS), they continued to exhibit mild depression in

response speed compared to the control group. (LI,

2020) In addition, mTBI patients exhibited task-

related increased activation of the right frontal lobe,

manifested by the highest white matter (WM) load

relative to controls 1 month to 1 year after injury see

Figure 1. fMRI in brain injury. (CAZALIS, 2006;

MCDONALD, 2012) In both groups, patients showed

activation of the left prefrontal cortex over time. This

finding suggests that despite the high resolution of

PCS, persistent brain dysfunction is still possible 1

year after mTBI. (SHENTON, 2012) McAllister et al.

then used fMRI to investigate whether there are

problems with episodic memory encoding and

retrieval after mTBI. Patients participated in the test,

listening to novel and familiar words separately.

Results showed increased activation in the right

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) when hearing

familiar words. (ROSS, 2011) When new words were

heard, the activation of the middle temporal lobe

increased. Both the intensity and spatial extent of

activation were reduced in mTBI patients compared

to controls. (CAZALIS, 2006)

Figure 1. fMRI in brain injury.

DTI is a sensitive imaging tool for the detection

of diffuse axonal injury (DAI) and can be used to

detect mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), also

known as concussion. (NARAYANA, 2017) As

previously described, DTI is sensitive to subtle

changes in white matter fiber tracts and can reveal

microstructural axonal damage. Arfanakis used DTI

for the first time to study diffuse axonal injury in

mTBI, evaluating the two main dependent measures

fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD)

in DTI. (LAWRENCE, 2017) The results showed that

there was no difference in MD between mTBI

patients and controls. However, researchers observed

group differences in the corpus callosum and internal

capsule, where FA was reduced in the mTBI group

compared to the control group. (CAZALIS, 2006)

Importantly, this result was consistent with

histopathology. This conclusion makes DTI an

important early indicator of brain injury in mTBI.

(MCDONALD, 2012) Dr. Alexander Lin et al. used

DTI to conclude that repetitive concussions and

concussion injuries occur in the etiology of chronic

traumatic encephalopathy in sports-related injuries

such as professional football. (MCDONALD, 2012)

In the report, FA and MD changes were the greatest

in one of the athletes. Moreover, the FA and MD of

all data changed in both directions of increase and

decrease. (MCDONALD, 2012) Johnston et al

showed that increased MD and decreased FA may

indicate vasogenic edema, which may resolve over

time. (NARAYANA, 2017) Whereas an increase in

FA and a reduction in MD may imply cytotoxic

edoema, which manifests as axonal swelling and

more constrained water transport. Thus, higher FA

and accompanying reduced MD may suggest a bad

prognosis in the early stages of brain damage.

(SHENTON, 2012)

3.3

Application of MRI in the Detection

of Cerebral Ischemia

Basic physiologic parameters for imaging in acute

ischemic stroke include assessment of

neuroparenchyma, vascular lumen patency, and

ischemic penumbra. (Hakimi, 2019)

Thromboembolism in vessels is markedly visualized

Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technology in the Detection of Brain Diseases

201

on susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) due to high

levels of iron and increased deoxyhemoglobin

content in the thrombus. (Hui, 2021) According to

clinical experiments, SWI has higher sensitivity and

better contrast resolution in detecting

thromboembolism in the anterior and posterior

circulations. (Hui, 2021) Additionally, SWI is

sensitive in identifying the presence of fragmented

thrombi and their respective locations. (JIANG,

2011) This is because routine angiography requires

the detection of fragmented thrombi in the presence

of primary vessel occlusion or poor collateral

circulation. (JIANG, 2011) Because SWI is well

suited for assessing the intracranial vertebrobasilar

circulation, it is critical for assessing thrombus and

for neuron Intervention planning. (LAWRENCE,

2017)

DTI is critical in assessing ischemic brain

damage. Yang et al. published a preliminary DTI

study in experimental stroke and human stroke. DTI,

in comparison to other MR measures, gives

information on autopsy and geographic evolution of

illness. (LIANG, 2020) The unique ability of DTI to

differentiate between white and grey matter allows

quantitative assessment of ischemic injury in these

tissues. Andrew et al. have demonstrated that this

feature is useful in explaining spatially heterogeneous

changes in water diffusion during the temporal

evolution of clinical stroke. (LIU, 2015) In addition,

DTI can independently assess the therapeutic

response of white and grey matter to neuroprotective

therapy. (MACDONALD, 2015) Finally, diffusion

anisotropy measurements can be combined with other

MR parameters to provide a way to assess cerebral

ischemia in a time-independent manner. (PATEL,

2011) This feature is particularly important in a

clinical setting because autopsy of stroke onset is

often unknown.

4 CONCLUSION

MRI is a good non-invasive means of detection. In

addition to the absence of radiation, MRI provides

more detailed images than other diagnostic imaging

tests, and scans tend to be clearer. (SOTAK, 2002)

And allows medical professionals to quickly spot

structures or tumors that may be too small to show on

an X-ray or CT scan. In particular, it is more widely

used in the brain. (YANG, 2007) This article focuses

on describing segmentation methods and applications

of fMRI and DTI in brain injury, cerebral ischemia,

and brain tumors.

With the development of medical imaging

technology, magnetic resonance imaging technology

has become an important diagnostic tool in clinical

neuroradiology, neurology, and neurosurgery today.

(MOHD, 2014) Clinically, surgical teams have begun

to use fMRI and DTI imaging techniques to plan

surgical protocols to minimize the impact on the

function of important brain regions. (UNDERHILL,

2010) In addition, with the popularity of magnetic

resonance imaging equipment and the improvement

of data processing methods, fMRI and DTI have also

played a greater role in clinical decision-making.

(GUPTA, 2010) Using fMRI to study comatose

patients, decisions can be made about the level of

consciousness and the probability of recovery in

patients with persistent vegetative states. (AMIN,

2020) DTI also provides important value in analyzing

the effects of cerebral microbleeds on cognitive

impairment and functional impairment. (TIWARI,

2020)

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