Normalizing Human Insecurity: Exposing Global Inequality During

the Pandemic

Made Fitri Maya Padmi

Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Jakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Human Insecurity, Threat, Inequality, Covid-19 Pandemic.

Abstract: Covid-19 Pandemic has been viewed as human security division as part of health security nexus. Little

research has been conducted to explore of this disease as part of insecurity and threat to human survival and

living with dignity. Thus, this paper aimed to analyze that during the pandemic, people are actually exposed

to the insecurity rather than to be secured. This paper used qualitative research method. The data were

collected and examined closely to see the details of inequalities that happened around the world. The result

of this paper provided than people are exposed to multiple threats because of pandemic, especially in low-

income countries. Pandemic exposed global inequalities between the rich and poor. It revealed that people

living in poverty are prone to the impacts of Covid-19 diseases and forced to live with the virus as normal

part of daily life.

1 INTRODUCTION

Since the first outbreak on Novel Corona Virus

(Covid-19) in December 2019, there was no sign of

this pandemic getting close to its end. As of 21

October 2022, based on World Health Organization

(WHO), there have been 623,893,894 confirmed

cases of COVID-19 and 6,553,936 people died due to

this virus worldwide (WHO, 2022). The virus started

in Wuhan, China transmitted from animal to human

and quickly turned into human to human infection. It

spread across the world through human contact, and

soon became a global pandemic. The world was

forced to hold almost everything: people mobility,

social interactions, educations, and economic

activities.

All states were in shock facing this – not so new –

threat. Viruses, bacteria and other microbiomes were

one of the causes of mass death throughout the

history. Millions of people were killed by infectious

disease more than the victims of natural disasters or

wars. The Black Death, plague that struck in the 14th

century, has killed around 200 millions of people,

Spanish Influenza in 1918 has killed nearly 100

millions of people, Smallpox may have killed 300

millions of people in the 20th century, HIV AIDS has

estimated 32 million of fatality cases and that number

still added every day as today, and mosquito-borne

disease like malaria and dengue were still lurking as

mass killer (Walsh, 2020). These data showed us that

virus and bacteria can be paramount threats for

human existence.

Thus, the concept of human security, which was

putting human life as the core object of security, was

relevant to explain the pandemic. Human security

connected between social sciences and natural

sciences such as biology, environment, health,

anthropology, politics, international relations and

economy, as integral part of security issues (Eriksen,

2010). Human security concept saw the threat to

humans’ life came from varies of factor such as

natural disaster, starvation, authoritarian regime,

disease, etc. Covid-19 pandemic which has been

causing millions of deaths and ruining the economy

could be perceived as one of insecurity source for

human security.

The impact of Covid-19 reflects structurally

rooted inequalities which go beyond the pandemic

crisis as a mere disease. The inequalities represent the

worsening gap of access toward healthcare and

economic disparities. Government of a state has duty

to manage the source of insecurities, and to discipline

the population in order to create awareness the threat

possessed by the virus. Government with its political

language like ‘stay at home’, ‘abide the health

protocols’, ‘wash hands’, ‘wear mask’, tried to

impose habit of resilient to the people. The tools to

358

Padmi, M.

Normalizing Human Insecurity: Exposing Global Inequality During the Pandemic.

DOI: 10.5220/0012024700003582

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Seminar and Call for Paper (ISCP) UTA â

Z45 Jakarta (ISCP UTA’45 Jakarta 2022), pages 358-364

ISBN: 978-989-758-654-5; ISSN: 2828-853X

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

eliminate the virus has yet ready, thus preparing the

people to live with this life-threatening condition was

seen as a solution to the problem. ‘New Normal’,

jargon introduced by Indonesia government was one

example of it. According to Evans and Reid (2014),

government encourage the peoples and individuals to

cope with insecurity as the condition of possibility for

humans’ life, instead of assisting peoples and

individuals to develop the ability in securing

themselves from the threatening and dangerous

events. This paper aimed to analyze how Covid-19

was not only a health problem, but also part of human

security issue. This paper also would like to analyze

inequalities exacerbated during the pandemic and

somehow government policies tend to familiarizing

and normalizing the Covid-19 threat as an integral

part of daily life.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

The notion of Human Security has been inflicting

debate among scholars regarding the security matters.

The narrow security studies emphasized on military

and political security as focus of phenomena and state

as the prime actor on international security. However

human security studies have transformed the

orthodox of state-centric security into more humane

and focused on human’s survival and welfare. United

Nation Development Program (UNDP) in 1994

published Development reports that introduced the

human security concept for the first time. It explored

wider perspectives of security on human’s daily lives

rather than state’s territories and economics issue

rather than military approaches.

United Nation Charter acknowledged the urgency

of promoting a multidiscipline approach to security.

Security was not only state-centric security with the

military as its core policy, but also multidimensional

layer of security consists of – but not limited to -

economics, health, social, environment, energy, food,

political issues. UN Charter Chapter IX Article 55

stated that:

“With a view to the creation of conditions of

stability and well-being which are necessary for

peaceful and friendly relations among nations based

on the respect for the principle of equal rights and

self-determination of peoples, the United nations

shall promotes: …higher standards of living, full

employment, and conditions of economic and social

progress and development, …solutions of

international economic, social, health, and related

problems, …universal respect for, and observance of,

human rights and fundamental freedoms for all

without distinction as to race, sex, language, or

religion.” (UN Office of Legal Affairs, 2022)

While not eliminating the existence of traditional

security, human security offered broader scope of

threats and how to secure humans’ lives and

protecting the state. Human security advocated that

the people are able to freely and safely exercise their

rights ( (UNDP, 1994). Human Security gained its

popularity in early 2000 when UN Secretary General,

Kofi Annan, urged all nations to work hand in hand

to achieve the goals of freedom from fear and want

(Vietti & Scribner, 2013). Human security meant to

protect people from prevalent and severe threats and

conditions. Human security aimed to build strong and

resilient community. It has purpose to create such

system where political, social, environmental,

economic, military, and cultural aspects work

together to protect the people from any kind of

insecurities and live with dignity (Commission on

Human Security, 2003).

Health security is part of the Human Security

dimensions. Heath security highlighted on the

existing disease as the threat of human’s mortality,

the access of people to get good health care, and the

rights of people to live in a safe and healthy

environment. Based on Human Security Now, a

report from Commission on Human Security in 2003,

health security “is both essential and instrumental to

achieving human security” (Commission on Human

Security, 2003, p. 96). It is essential because disease

can be the source of human’s death and a threat to

people survivability. Health security is also

instrumental because people can resume work while

being sick and not afraid of loosing their income due

to sickness (Elbe, 2013).

With the spread of Corona virus, health security

became more prominent than ever before. Not only it

caused toll of deaths worldwide, but it also hampered

the economy and livelihood of people around the

world. Covid-19 as an infectious disease that rapidly

spread from country to country has made itself a

subject of such securitization. Not only became a

serious national security issue, but covid-19 had also

become an emergency international issue. Many

studies have been discussing about the covid-19

pandemic and its relations with human security nexus

(Nurhasanah, Napang, & and Rohman, 2020; Centro

Studi Internazionali, 2021; Amaritasari, 2022). Most

of the studies emphasized on how covid-19 is part of

human security, and it must be managed by non-

traditional security approach. There was no doubt that

Covid-19 brought huge impact not only just on health

aspect of people, but also on their social life,

Normalizing Human Insecurity: Exposing Global Inequality During the Pandemic

359

economic conditions, and other essential factors in

life.

There was still limited study on the threats toward

the human security. To understand how to be secured,

people need to know about the insecurities. To help

the decision-making process and set priorities for

policy agenda, ones should be understood the

meaning on human insecurity (Werthes & Debiel,

2006; Werthes, Corinne, & Vollnhals, 2011).

Previously states and other international organization

rely on Human Development Index published by

Human Security Report Project and the World Bank

as measurement for human security-related policy. A

further attempt made by David A. Hastings to create

a comprehensive indicators for human Security

Index, including: protection of diversity, peace,

environmental protection, corruption eradication and

information empowerment, economic inclusion, and

wide access for healthcare (Hastings, 2009; Werthes,

Corinne, & Vollnhals, 2011).

This paper tried to fill the gap where human

insecurities were employed to be core of public

policy. Government and other policy makers utilised

the exposure of threats to human’s live and how

vulnerability of people became the measurement of

the policy. Meanwhile the goal of human security

itself is to protect the people, sometimes exposure to

the insecurities as essential to build a resilient

community.

3 METHOD

The study uses the qualitative method with

descriptive and explanation through some criteria.

Qualitative method encourages understanding of the

substance of an event. Thus, qualitative research is

not only to fulfil the researcher’s desire to get an

overview/explanation, but also help to get a deeper

explanation. This is a preliminary desk research to see

the spreading of Covid-19 was a tangible threat to

human security. Its reliability was considered though

triangulation method by comparing between one

information to the others using the credible website.

The data used in this article is from journal, book,

report, videos, news related to human security,

pandemic, and covid-related policies. It is further

analysed using health (in)security as main concept as

the framework and to answer the human security

challenge. This study will also oversee the pattern of

media use repetitive news to spread not only

information regarding the virus, but also familiarising

it as part of human’s life.

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Covid-19 Pandemic as Human

Insecurity

Human Security nexus provided the correlation

between its dimensions. Environmental degradation

has direct and indirect impact toward the vulnerability

of people to economic decline, scarcity of foods,

deterioration of health, and societal conflicts. The

spread of pandemic exposes the multidimensional

threats to the livelihood of people. It possessed the

highest impact on human mortality rate, medical and

health sectors, and followed by economic, social,

security and psychological impact (Centro Studi

Internazionali, 2021). Covid-19 inverted all the

existing norms of what security means, where threats

to security come from, and how the challenges should

be managed. For people who live in low-income

households, the Pandemic possessed a great threat to

their livelihoods rather than the traditional threats in

security nexus (Newman, 2022).

The merger between public heath and human

security notion has been gaining some popularity

nowadays. Securitization of health threats – including

preventable diseases and chronic diseases – showing

that limited access to healthcare are significantly have

bad impact to the life chance of most people than

those who are threatened by traditional threats like

wars or political violence (Caballero-Anthony, 2018;

Newman, 2022). When including the health challenge

into the threat to human security, it is often has

interlink connections to the other human security

issues. Health issue could impact the ability of people

to perform their daily lives, including the capability

to work, to get education, etc. To some extent like

chronic and infectious disease, it can increase the

mortality rate and it can undermine people's ability to

generate income which has direct impact to the

vulnerability to the other challenges.

Health insecurity has bigger impact to low-

income societies. World Health Organization

reported in 2019 that almost half of deaths in low-

income countries were caused by preventable and

communicable diseases such as diabetes, diarrhoeal

diseases, lower respiratory infection, tuberculosis,

complication during pregnancy and labour, and

nutrition deficiencies in childhood (World Health

Organization, 2020). Nearly half of all deaths in

children under 5 are caused by undernutrition;

undernutrition puts children at bigger risk of dying

from common infections, increases the occurrence

and seriousness of infections, and lags recovery

(UNICEF, 2022). In 2020 45.4 million children

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under 5 were affected by wasting - life-threatening

result of poor nutrient intake and/or disease - of which

13.6 million were severely wasted. And Covid-19 has

increased these numbers, that it was estimated 15% of

children are affected by wasting because of the

damage in household economy (UNICEF; WHO;

World Bank, 2021).

The pandemic showed itself as a great challenge

to healthcare system to the countries where health

issue was not the priority. Not only in Global South,

inequality of healthcare also severely affected

mortality rate in United States of America. Some of

the reasons why U.S became among the worst

countries effected by the pandemic: in 2018 around

27.5 millions of Americans did not have any health or

medical insurance; healthcare systems were managed

entirely by private sectors; delayed government

responses; social inequalities (Centro Studi

Internazionali, 2021; Newman, 2022). “The

pandemic experience in many countries has revealed

and amplified structural inequalities in affected

societies” (Centro Studi Internazionali, 2021, p. 14).

It was mentioned that low-income societies were

the most vulnerable to the infection of corona virus

disease due to limited access to adequate healthcare

system. However, the pandemic affected this group of

people even more. There has been growing number of

extreme poverties around the world because of the

Covid-19 pandemic. The World Bank estimated that

that between 88 and 115 million people around the

world would be forced into extreme poverty in 2020.

And in 2021 was predicted that COVID-19-induced

“new poor” to rise to between 119 and 124 million

people (Lakner et al., 2021). World Bank also

estimated 75 million to 95 million people living in

extreme poverty in 2022 compared to pre-pandemic

situation (Mahler, et al., 2022).

4.2 The Normalization of Insecurity

The spread of Covid-19 was pushing every

government in the world into a very difficult

situation. The spreading of the disease through direct

contact with the infected persons, made government

took limitation measure on people’s mobility. It

meant that people were not only enable to interact

with one another, but also the ability to work and

make a living were limited and closed to none.

International Labor Organization reported that “…

from 187 million in 2019 to 220 million in 2020, 220

million in 2021 and 205 million in 2022. Prior to the

COVID-19 crisis, the projected unemployment rate of

5.7 per cent in 2022…” (ILO, 2021). When facing

situation like this, government was forced to choose

between health or economy.

At the beginning of pandemic, the most popular

policy to stop the spread of the disease was through

lockdown. However not all countries were in luxury

to implement this. Middle and low-income countries

were more likely prone to get into economic crisis if

they took this measure. It was stated that it could be a

welfare and social disaster if countries like Indonesia

and India imposing lockdown to its own countries. It

was due to lack of protection for small businesses and

unemployment subsidies (Economic Times, 2020;

Nurhasanah, Napang, & and Rohman, 2020).

The Covid-19 pandemic has widened the gap and

disparities among people with different level of

economic condition. Income inequality and the rising

of unemployment made people more prone to be

infected by the virus. When staying at home might

save some people, for some other people – low-

income – it only worsening their livelihoods. This

group of societies were ‘forced’ to continue direct

exposure to the disease from their workplaces and

unvoluntary contribute to the spreading of the virus

(Newman, 2022). People are made to normalize the

insecurity by interacting with the danger of the

disease every day.

Research showed that the fatality rate in low-

income countries were twice than in high-income

countries (Joi, 2022). However, the distribution of

covid-19 vaccine to these countries by mid-2022.

However, it has yet met the target with just one in

seven people are fully vaccinated in low-income

countries. In contrast with the population in high-

income countries, there are three out of four people

are fully vaccinated (The Guardian, 2022). High-

income countries had greater access to vaccine due to

financial condition that allow them to fund the

vaccine research and being first in line to get vaccine

distribution.

Source: Our World in Data (10 July 2022)

Figure 1: Covid-19 Vaccine Distribution Based on

Countries’ Income.

Normalizing Human Insecurity: Exposing Global Inequality During the Pandemic

361

From the data above, it can be seen that in low-

income countries people who were vaccinated only

reached less than 20%, and lower-middle income

reached less than 60%. The prerequisite for immune

community is 80% of the total population. Once

again, low-income and lower-middle income have to

accept the reality that they were set back from the

queue of vaccine distribution.

An attempt to reduce the inequalities on vaccine

distribution was started by join cooperation,

COVAX, between WHO, Coalition for Epidemic

Preparedness Innovation (CEPI), GAVI and UNICEF

as key delivery partner. COVAX collected vaccines

from developed and high-income countries and

distributed the vaccines to low-income countries.

Vaccines distribution through COVAX were

intended to ensure people around the world have the

same access to the covid-19 vaccines (Rydland, et al.,

2022). Almost all of the countries in the world have

signed the initiative. However the shortage of

vaccines supply became obstacle to the distribution to

the low-income countries and undermining the equity

purpose of COVAX itself (Storeng, de Bengy, &

Stein, 2021). COVAX relied on the donor for vaccine

supply and financial support for production from

high-income countries. This join initiative like any

other products of diplomacy, it needs more than just

countries’ goodwills to be successful. It was ctricized

that COVAX is a temporary solution that capture

high-income countries’ interests. When the vaccines

supply in developed countries are in the middle of

national debate wheter the vaccinse are for national

needs or is it enough for international aids (Storeng,

de Bengy, & Stein, 2021; Rydland, et al., 2022).

The government from low-income and middle-

low income countries could not only depend on

vaccines supply to protect their people. Various

measures to contain the disease were taken such as

social distancing, wearing masks on public spaces,

the use of sanitizing products, travel ban, social lock-

down. The government of Indonesia introduced a

work-from-home order to the societies in the early

spread of the pandemic. It was later revised and

supported by tighter regulation called large scale

social and mobility restriction (PSBB). The

government of Indonesia did not impose a full lock-

down scale as a concern to economic conditions of

low-income societies (Sparrow, Dartanto, & Hartwig,

2020). In many countries like Indonesia, mobility

restriction created a set back on economic conditions

of the people. Majority of people could not adjust to

work-from-home scheme as majority of work fields

could not be done remotely. The increasing number

of poverty and decreasing of people’s ability to fulfill

their daily needs, changed the government policy

regarding the mobility restriction. The loosening of

PSBB in Indonesia as a result of compromise policy

that government has taken to slowdown the impact on

economic crisis. Relaxing the mobility restriction and

weak compliance with the public health protocols

caused the unwanted rising on covid-19 infections

among the people (Rema & Olken, 2020; Sparrow,

Dartanto, & Hartwig, 2020).

Repeated events of this crisis during pandemic

made some countries created a new measure called

the “New Normal”. “New Normal” policy was

developed during pandemic to treat the virus as part

of everyday life of people. This normalization can

come from government policy regarding the disease

and the behavior of people facing the pandemic

(Capano et al., 2022). It rooted from the assumption

that the corona virus disease will stay in a long time

and the pandemic risk will be adjusted to people’s

ability to cope.

New Normal was introduced to the societies in

order to restore the socio-economic lifes within the

boundaries of health protocol. People are allowed to

go back to “normal’ activities including work and

continue to make a living. People, especially form

middle and low-income societies, needs could not

stay at home to provide for their famlies (Labolo,

2022). People in developed countries embraced new

normal sooner than low-income coutries. Countries

like European Union member states where more than

70% of its population have been fully vaccinated, the

wearing mask is not mandatory anymore (European

Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2022). In

contrast to the low-income countries that people need

to be out of home to make a living while most of

population are not fully vaccinated. These people are

expose to the danger of virus while they are shoved

into the “new normal” conditions.

5 CONCLUSION

Pandemic has brought a very odd situation for people

around the world. Virus became the major source of

human insecurity. It brought not only the issue of

deadly infectious diseases, the limited access to

healthcare system but other threat to human’s

survival. The shocking impacts of pandemic were

how different the capability of people in facing risk

of pandemic depending on their economic ability.

People with low-income are the most prone group

affected by the virus. The gap between high-income

countries and low-income countries can be seen from

the mortality rates in those countries, vacancies

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distribution, and how the people were introduced to

“new norma” terms. People are forced to live side by

side with the disease, people are ecpected to adapt

with the threats of their own survival.

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