Problems and Countermeasures of Water Conservancy Utilization
Coefficient in Typical Irrigation District of South China
Wei Guo
1,2,3 a
, Wei-jie Huang
1,2,3
, Wen-long Chen
1,2,3,*
, Jian-guo Wang
1,2,3,*
, Xiao-ping Zhu
1,2,3
,
Lie-hui Lei
1,2,3
, Qian Wu
1,2,3
, Yi-si Liu
1,2,3
, Wei-cong Ye
1,2,3
and Xiao-xuan Chen
1,2,3
1
The Pearl River Hydraulic Research Institute, Pearl River Water Resources Commission of the Ministry of Water
Resources, Guangzhou,510610, China
2
Key Laboratory of the Pearl River Estuary Regulation and Protection of Ministry of Water Resources,
Guangzhou, 510610, China
3
Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Life and Health of River&Lake,
Guangzhou 510610, China
Keywords: Canal Utilization Factor, South China, Representative Irrigated, Countermeasure.
Abstract: Irrigation water consumption affect the conversion of regional water resources and the change of ecological
environment directly. The study on the impact of water balance factors in irrigation area has important
theoretical and practical values to improve the use coefficient of irrigated water and the rational exploitation
of regional water resources. As typical irrigation of the South China, the Songtao irrigated of Hainan province
and Wuhua irrigated of Guangxi province are choosed as the research object in this research, Study was
calculated by the Songtao irrigation district main canal, trunk, trunk and branch canals and agricultural
drainage, Songtao irrigation canal system water use coefficient was 0.476, estimates the Wuhua irrigation
zone main canal, branch canals, get five irrigation canal system water use coefficient 0.477. the factors that
influence water balance of irrigation are analyzed, the problems and the countermeasures of how to improve
the canal utilization factor of irrigation are discussed. It provides some basis evidence to improve the canal
utilization factor of irrigation and rational development of water resources, Provide technical support for the
high-quality development of river basin water conservancy andcurbing agricultural non-point source pollution.
1 INTRODUCTION
The effective utilization coefficient of canal water
refers to the ratio of the net discharge from the
agricultural canal and the gross canal to the gross
discharge introduced from the head of the canal
(Wang. et al, 2007; Yan. et al ,2007; Li. et al,2012,
Wu. et al,2021). Its value is equal to the product of
the water utilization coefficient of the channels at all
levels.
η=∑(Q
i
η
i
) ／ ∑Q
i
(i=1， 2 ， … ， n)
=η
main
×η
zhi
×η
dou
×η
nong
The effective utilization coefficient of canal water
is an important indicator to measure the level of
irrigation management. The increase in the effective
utilization coefficient of the canal system can not only
save water, reduce energy consumption, reduce
a
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4811-3146
agricultural consumption and increase income, but
also reduce the groundwater level and prevent soil
salt. The significance of flooding and swamping to
prevent deformation and displacement of water
conservancy projects (Rao. et al,1992; Wang. et
al,2002; Li. et al,2018). In 2009, the irrigation water
consumption of large, medium, small and pure well
type irrigation districts accounted for 35.7%, 25.3%,
25.6% and 13.3% of the total irrigation water
consumption respectively.
There is still a certain gap between 50%, 60%,
70% and 80%. The construction and supporting of
irrigation districts in my country started relatively late,
the technological innovation and promotion system is
not perfect, the supporting water-saving facilities are
not mature, the irrigation water technology is
backward, the application of automatic control
Guo, W., Huang, W., Chen, W., Wang, J., Zhu, X., Lei, L., Wu, Q., Liu, Y., Ye, W. and Chen, X.
Problems and Countermeasures of Water Conservancy Utilization Coefficient in Typical Irrigation District of South China.
DOI: 10.5220/0012193400003536
In Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Water, Ecology and Environment (ISWEE 2022), pages 331-337
ISBN: 978-989-758-639-2; ISSN: 2975-9439
Copyright
c
 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
331

technology in irrigation districts is still very few, and
the complex topography in my country indicates that
our country is complex. The effective utilization
coefficient of irrigation water needs to be improved
(McKinney. et al, 2002; Pen. et al, 2012; Han. et al,
2011 Mahfouz. et al, 2020). In order to achieve the
goal of reaching 0.55 for the irrigation water
utilization coefficient in my country's irrigation
districts by 2020, the irrigation water utilization
coefficient is mainly restricted by the effective
utilization coefficient of canal water, that is, channel
seepage prevention measures, soil geology, channel
water delivery time, channel level and irrigation area
scale. Therefore, increasing the effective utilization
coefficient of canal water has become the primary
goal of increasing the utilization coefficient of
irrigation water in various irrigation districts.
Songtao Irrigation District is located in the
northern part of Hainan Island, with geographic
location N: 18°10′~20°10′, and east longitude
108°37′~111°3′. To the left bank of the Nandu River
in the east, the Beibu Gulf coast to the west, the
Qiongzhou Strait in the north, and the Zhubi River
and Nandu River tributaries to the south, it is 131 km
long from east to west and 64 km wide from north to
south. The total area of the irrigation area is 5 866
km², accounting for 17.3% of the total area of Hainan
Island, involving two cities and two counties, Haikou,
Chengmai, Lingao, and Danzhou, 42 townships
(towns) and 16 state-owned farms. Most of the water
delivery channels (drying and branching) in the
irrigation area are located in higher terrain and have
the conditions for self-flow irrigation to both sides of
the farmland. Small and medium rivers and ravines in
the north-south direction divide the irrigation area
into multiple independent natural patches. With the
addition of small and medium-sized water
conservancy projects in the area, the entire irrigation
area is divided into 23 irrigation systems, including
13 in the east and 10 in the west. The main canal is
divided into two main canals, east and west, forming
two irrigation areas in the east and west. The main
canal, the east canal, the west canal, 9 sub canals, and
2 water supplement canals have been built with three
upper levels of 444 km. The backbone channel; the
branch, bucket, and agricultural canal for direct
irrigation of Songtao Reservoir and the lower three-
level channel of small and medium-sized reservoirs in
the irrigation area have a total length of 3 912 km (Xu.
et al, 2009).
The Wuhua Irrigation District of Guangxi Zhuang
Autonomous Region is located in the central part of
Guangxi, in the Guizhong Basin at the foot of Daming
Mountain, between 108°23' to 109°15' east longitude
and 23°6' to 23°36' north latitude. The irrigation area
covers 2620 km 2, accounting for 62.3% of the total
area of Binyang and Shanglin counties. It extends
from the Dalongdong Reservoir Dam in Shanglin
County in the north, Nanshan and Guankou Xiaotang
Reservoir in Gula Town, Binyang County in the
south, Donggan Reservoir Dam in Shanglin County
in the west, and Paitang Xiaotang Reservoir in Litang
Town, Binyang County in the east. There are 18
townships in the irrigation area, including 7
townships in Shanglin County and 11 townships in
Binyang County. The designed irrigation area of the
irrigation area is 569,000 Acre, of which 220,500
Acre is irrigated in Shanglin and 348,500 Acre is
irrigated in Binyang. One main canal was built in
Wuhua Irrigation District with a length of 151 km,
including 77.4 km in Shanglin County and 73.6 km in
Binyang County. There are 34 main canals with a
length of 319 km over 1 m
3
/s. As of 2010, the canal
has been impervious to 144.218 km, of which the
main canal has been impervious to 79.293 km, the
main canal is impervious to 9.852 km, the branch
canal above 1 m3/s has been impervious to 55.073
km, and the remaining canal sections have not been
impervious (Qin. et al, 2011).
2 CALCULATION OF CANAL
UTILIZATION COEFFICIENT
From Table 1 and Table 3, it can be concluded that
both the Songtao Irrigation District and Wuhua
Irrigation District have insufficient irrigation canal
composition. The Songtao Irrigation District test
period includes the main canal, main canal, branch
canal, branch canal, bucket canal and agricultural
canal, and the main canal canal system is used The
coefficient is 0.983, the utilization coefficient of main
canal system is 0.858, the utilization coefficient of
sub-main canal system is 0.845, the utilization
coefficient of branch canal system is 0.906, the
utilization coefficient of bucket canal system is 0.870,
the utilization coefficient of agricultural canal system
is 0.990, and the canal system in Songtao Irrigation
District The effective water utilization coefficient is
0.476.From Table 2 and Table 3, it can be concluded
that the total length of the main canal in Wuhua
Irrigation District is 151km, the flow rate during the
measurement period is 3.4 m3/s, and the channel
water utilization coefficient is 0.77; there are 28
branch canals in Wuhua Irrigation District, with a
total length of 309.46km, and canal water utilization
The coefficient is 0.72; the water utilization
ISWEE 2022 - International Symposium on Water, Ecology and Environment
332

coefficient of the bucket canal is 0.86; the water
utilization coefficient of the canal in Wuhua Irrigation
District is 0.477.The calculation results of the two
irrigation districts show that the water delivery
efficiency of the entire canal system in the irrigation
district is not high. It is necessary to further accelerate
the construction of water-saving transformations such
as canal system anti-seepage. While consolidating
and improving the upper three-level channels, speed
up the lower three-level channels The progress of the
reconstruction of the canal system will reduce the loss
of channel water delivery and increase the effective
utilization coefficient of canal water.
Table 1: Calculation results of canal utilization coefficient
in Songtao Irrigation District.
Channel name V1 V2
Chann
el
water
loss
rate/%
Canal
section
water
delivery
coeffici
ent
Canal
water
utilizati
on
coeffici
ent
Main canal 93.4
91.8
0
1.70 1.00 0.983
East Canal 70.9
69.2
0
0.16 0.99 0.842
West Canal 23.4
22.7
0
3.20 0.97 0.874
Dacheng
fen
g
an
q
u
2.80 2.79 4.69 1.00 0.953
Huangtong
fen
g
an
q
u
0.33 0.27 6.90 0.99 0.931
Fengjiao
fenganqu
3.36 3.33 3.96 0.99 0.960
Huangzhu
fenganqu
2.57 2.51 8.80 0.99 0.912
Bailianxi
fen
g
an
q
u
0.92 0.90 8.48 0.98 0.915
Bailiandong
fenganqu
4.17 4.06 13.80 0.99 0.862
Boliandong
fenganqu
2.47 2.45 7.53 0.99 0.925
Songlinling
fen
g
an
q
u
0.22 0.21 13.80 0.99 0.862
Fengjiaofengan
1zhi
q
un
0.13 0.13 0.70 1.00 0.993
Don
gg
an 4zhi
q
u 0.34 0.31 8.60 0.99 0.914
Fushanfengan
4zhiqu
2.65 2.46 5.90 0.99 0.941
Linchen
g
zhi
q
u 1.16 1.14 6.60 0.97 0.934
Songlinlinglizhit
ou douqu
0.17 0.17 13.50 0.97 0.866
Songlinling
chenfan
g
dou
0.02
5
0.02
4
9.60 0.99 0.904
Diaonan douqu
0.03
1
0.02
9
7.20 0.99 0.928
Fengjiaofengan
1zhi
q
u1dou
q
u
0.53 0.52 6.01 0.96 0.940
Donggan4zhiqu
2douqu
0.03
2
0.03
1
7.70 0.97 0.923
Fushanfengan
4zhi
q
u 1dou
q
u
0.12
0.04
8
30.30 0.97 0.698
Huangzhufengan
2dou
q
u
0.07
9
0.07
4
6.60 0.98 0.934
Bailianxifengan1
zhiqu 1douqu
0.45 0.36 4.40 0.96 0.956
Baillianxifengan
dou
q
u
0.17 0.17 3.38 0.99 0.966
Dongganqu
9dou
q
u
0.45 0.43 32.80 0.96 0.672
Lan
q
in dou
q
u 0.25 0.24 3.77 1.00 0.962
Meizhu douqu 0.22 0.22 12.20 0.96 0.879
Fushan fengan
4zhi
q
u Non
gq
u
0.04 0.03 12.10 1.00 0.879
Note: V1: Incoming flow at the beginning of the canal
section, m
3
·s
-1
; V2 Discharge flow at the end of the canal,
m
3
·s
-1
Table 2: Calculation results of channel water utilization
coefficient in Wuhua Irrigation District.
Channel
name
V1 V2
Chann
el
water
loss
rate/%
Canal
section
water
delivery
coefficie
nt
Canal
water
utilizatio
n
coefficie
nt
Main canal
3.4
5
3.4
2
23.00 1.00 0.770
Liba zhiqu
0.4
0
0.4
0
40.90 0.99 0.591
Malan
zhi
q
u
0.6
4
0.6
4
17.60 1.00 0.824
Baisha
zhi
q
u
0.2
1
0.2
1
28.10 1.00 0.719
Dongyi
zhiqu
0.2
8
0.2
8
31.50 1.00 0.685
Xiyi zhiqu
0.1
3
0.1
3
27.20 1.00 0.728
Baishan
1dou
q
u
0.0
473
0.0
5
14.40 1.00 0.856
Yangshan
douqu
0.0
6
0.0
6
17.00 0.99 0.830
Malanzhiq
u 4douqu
0.1
3
0.1
3
11.90 1.00 0.882
Malanzhiq
u
yinzhudou
q
u
0.2
6
0.2
5
9.11 1.00 0.909
Note: V1: Incoming flow at the beginning of the canal
section, m
3
·s
-1
; V2 Discharge flow at the end of the canal,
m
3
·s
-1
Problems and Countermeasures of Water Conservancy Utilization Coefficient in Typical Irrigation District of South China
333

Table 3: The coefficient of effective use of water for canal
system is corrected by channel skipping water delivery in
Songtao Irrigation District and Wuhua Irrigation District.
Irrigation District
Canal system
classification
Canal effective
utilization
facto
r
Songtao Irrigation
District
Six 0.476
Wuhua Irrigation
District
Three 0.477
3 DISCUSSIONS
There is a close relationship between irrigation
districts and the local economy, and the construction
and management of irrigation districts play an
important role in agricultural production and the
development of the local economy. The construction
and management of irrigation districts can improve
agricultural productivity, promote the development of
related industries, and improve rural infrastructure,
thus contributing to the prosperity and sustainable
development of the local economy.
(1) Songtao Irrigation District
Figure 1: Analysis of GPD Changes in Songtao Irrigation
Area (2009-2020).
Figure 2: Analysis of Agricultural production value
Changes in Songtao Irrigation Area (2009-2020).
The canal flow in the Songtao Irrigation Area is
103m3/s. In this survey, from 2009 to 2020, the
cultivated area of the Songtao Irrigation Area is
basically maintained at about 3.2 million square
meters, and the minimum canal flow rate is 75%
guaranteed. However, the gross agricultural
production and agriculture, forestry, wood, fishery
and other industries have maintained rapid growth,
reflecting the Songtao Reservoir Irrigation District
has played an important role in local economic
development. The average annual growth rate of
agricultural production value ranges from 0.84% to
37.2% (Figure 1 and Figure 2), with the fastest growth
in 2010. With the financial and engineering
investment in the irrigation area, agriculture, fishery
and agricultural service industries have grown
steadily year by year, becoming the main agricultural
economic income of the local area, while the forestry
industry has suddenly fallen back to a stable range
after the rapid development. Protection and other
policies are closely related. Animal husbandry is a
slow growth trend.
(2) Wuhua Irrigation District
Figure 3: Analysis of GPD Changes in Wuhua Irrigation
Area (2009-2020).
Figure 4: Analysis of Agricultural production value
Changes in Wuhua Irrigation Area (2009-2020).
The canal flow in the Wuhua Irrigation Area is
3.45m
3
/s. From 2009 to 2020, the minimum flow rate
ISWEE 2022 - International Symposium on Water, Ecology and Environment
334

of Wuhua Irrigation District was guaranteed by more
than 75%, and the total agricultural production value
was developed by Xu Meng, which reflects the
importance of Wuhua Irrigation District to the local
economy. The average annual growth rate of
agricultural production value is 3.68~25.77 %. The
Wuhua Irrigation Area is dominated by agriculture,
accounting for more than 50% of the planting area in
the irrigation area, followed by animal husbandry,
while forestry, fishery and agricultural service
industries account for a relatively small proportion.
This is closely related to local agricultural planning
and planting structure.
To sum up, the engineering support, management
level, water-saving project input, system construction
and modern information construction of the irrigation
area directly affect the effective utilization coefficient
of irrigation water in the south and the growth of the
local agricultural economy.
4 MAIN PROBLEMS AND
INFLUENCING FACTORS
4.1 Incomplete Canal System
The composition of the canal system in the two
irrigation areas is not perfect. The imperfect
composition of the canal system leads to the
unbalanced management of the irrigation area. The
matching and maintenance of canal lining and canal
buildings can improve the flow capacity of the canal
system, reduce the channel water level, increase the
water delivery velocity, shorten the water delivery
time, and reduce leakage losses. Canal lining,
especially in the backbone canal lining with relatively
large water flow, can effectively improve the water
utilization coefficient of the canal system.
4.2 Unadvanced Management Level
The maintenance of the irrigation area is mostly
managed by manual patrols, without visualization.
Some channels are damaged, blocked by stones and
garbage, and the overgrown weeds on both sides of
the strait have not been maintained and repaired in
time, resulting in low water delivery efficiency.
4.3 Imperfect Engineering Support
The loss of field water is mainly due to runoff and
deep infiltration. The use of advanced surface
irrigation techniques such as small depression
irrigation, furrow irrigation and surge irrigation can
reduce the loss of field water runoff; agronomic
means such as mulching and moisture preservation
are used to reduce the evaporation loss of field water;
Determining a reasonable irrigation quota and
controlling the irrigation time can prevent leakage.
Some of the channels in the irrigation area are the
main economic crops in the irrigation area and the
water is relatively abundant, but there are still some
canal sections without anti-seepage and other work.
4.4 Old and Damaged Engineering
Facilities
The aging and disrepair of the project may affect the
irrigation area with seepage loss, leakage loss and
evaporative loss. The seepage loss includes the
amount of water seepage through the canal bottom
and the gap of the slope and the amount of water
seepage in the deep field of the water supply channels
at all levels. Leakage loss includes the amount of
water lost due to geological conditions, biological
action or engineering formation of leaks or fissures,
or the loss of field surface and drainage caused by
poor management. evaporative losses. The amount of
water that evaporates along the surface of the channel.
It can be obtained approximately according to the
water surface evaporation data and the total water
area of the channel.
5 OUTLOOK
According to the relevant policies and guidelines of
the Ministry of Water Resources to save water,
increase rural water conservancy construction, and
effectively use water resources, through the
calculation of the effective use coefficient of canal
water in Songtao Irrigation District and Wuhua
Irrigation District, a typical irrigation area in the
South China, to analyze the impact on the effective
use of canal water. Coefficient of irrigation area scale,
channel level, channel irrigation method, different
regions, different economic crops, different anti-
seepage measures, different soil quality and different
years are the main influencing factors. Find out the
existing problems, and put forward practical methods
and countermeasures to improve the channel water
utilization coefficient.
(1) Irrigation district maintenance must be
strengthened. According to the different regions and
scales of the irrigation area, the inspection and
maintenance of the irrigation area should be
strengthened, the inspection time should be set, and
Problems and Countermeasures of Water Conservancy Utilization Coefficient in Typical Irrigation District of South China
335

the problem should be solved in time, so as to achieve
timely repair, timely dredging, and timely
maintenance to ensure the good operation of the
channel.
(2) Water-saving projects in irrigation districts
must be further constructed. In large-scale irrigation
areas, there are factors such as large area span, long
age span, and complex soil quality in the water area,
which causes the aging and leakage of the latter part
of the anti-seepage and the front part, making it
difficult to effectively improve the utilization
coefficient of the canal system. Anti-seepage work is
carried out in the area, and the corresponding
problems encountered in the management process are
raised to the higher authorities, so as to effectively
improve the effective utilization coefficient of canal
water. According to the water requirements of
different regions, different soils and different crops,
and following the principle of adapting measures to
local conditions, establish different water-saving
engineering technologies. The introduction of
advanced water-saving irrigation technology can
effectively improve the effective utilization
coefficient of canal water.
(3) Agricultural water saving system must be
established. Through perfect water-saving irrigation
policies and regulations, corresponding incentive
policies and restraint mechanisms, and through
grassroots and more publicity to help farmers choose
advanced water-saving technologies, so as to improve
the benefits of timely implementation of water-saving
irrigation.
(4) Eco-agricultural water saving is promoted. ①
Upgrade and develop water-saving equipment and
materials. ②Formulate stricter water quantity and
water quality standards. ③ Integrate and use more
advanced agricultural water-saving technology. ④
Research and develop integrated systems and
application models of water-saving agricultural
technologies suitable for water and soil conditions in
different regions, and give full play to the overall
benefits of water-saving agricultural technology
systems. ⑤ Widely promote agricultural water-
saving technology products to meet the development
needs of modern agriculture.
(4) Strengthen the construction of water-saving
informatization in irrigation areas
Strengthen the construction of water-saving
informatization in irrigation areas, and gradually
realize the collection and reporting of information on
water conditions, industrial conditions, conditions of
drought, drought, disasters, hydrogeology, land,
planting, and meteorology, and learn from other
countries and countries on the basis of local actual
conditions. Advanced success experience. Provide
accurate, timely and reliable basic information
services for the rational allocation and monitoring and
scheduling of water resources in irrigation areas.
(5) Optimize the planting structure of the
irrigation area. According to the change of crops, do
a good job in adjusting the canal system and
strengthen the control. Improve the coverage of the
canal network in the irrigation area, rationally plan
crop planting, expand the effective irrigation area,
and prevent farmers from stealing water and
destroying channels and buildings.
(6) Intensify efforts to promote water
conservation. Introduce advanced water-saving
irrigation technology, eliminate traditional surface
irrigation methods, introduce technologies such as
sprinkler irrigation, moisturizing irrigation and well
irrigation, and increase water-saving and water-
protection publicity to farmers.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was supported by Special Foundation
for National Science and Technology Basic Research
Program of China (2019FY101900), the National
Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.
5170929, 51809298), and the Open Research Fund of
Guangxi Key Laboratory of Water Engineering
Materials and Structures，Guangxi institute of water
resources research ， under grant NO: GXHRI-
WEMS-2020-11. The study was financially
supported by the Guangdong Foundation for Program
of Science and Technology Research
(2020B1111530001).
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