Mind Full or Mindfulness! The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Using

Brainwave Entrainment Portable EEG Muse

™

S First Generation

Sulaiman Girivirya

1,2 a

, Puja Subekti

, Rakay Indramayapanna

, Sabar Marjoko

and Sutadi

College of Religious Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand

Sriwijaya State Buddhist College, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia

Keywords: Covid-19, Post-Stroke Comorbidities, Mindfulness, Buddhist Guidance and Counseling, Relaxation, Portable

Electroencephalography (EEG)-Muse™.

Abstract: A client had difficulty sleeping and was isolated at the start of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020. Full attention

to breath, body, and mind activities is essential in mindfulness practice. Treatments and measurements of

mental relaxation are administered using the first-generation Muse™ "S" Series. Portable and the "Muse:

Meditation and Sleep" by InteraXon apps, connected by mobile technology (iPad/ iOS). This research method

uses a single-subject study design with a time series approach. The research sample was conducted on clients

with post-stroke comorbidities. The treatment of mental relaxation sessions using mindfulness techniques:

mindfulness of breath and body, and Muse's built-in brainwave entrainment. The results of measuring

brainwave conditions inferred from the Muse™ application are compared. This study finds reflection on the

practice of mindfulness on mental relaxation. Changes in deep relaxation occur when the client uses

brainwave entrainment assistance compared to without using the default brainwave entrainment from the

Muse™ application. Information on the Muse™ measurement app shows increased, lasting strength with each

session. Clients run a total of twelve sessions of mental relaxation guidance. In each session, the client feels

more comfortable using the help of brainwave entrainment. Even though the comparison of treatments showed

different results, sleep problems and isolation during the pandemic were resolved through mindfulness

sessions.

1 INTRODUCTION

In a study of 1.257 medical staff from 34 hospitals

with fever clinics or COVID-19 patient wards in

different regions of China, the majority of medical

staff reported symptoms of depression, anxiety,

insomnia, and distress, especially women, nurses,

staff at Wuhan, and frontline health workers who

directly treated or cared for patients with suspected or

confirmed COVID-19 (Lai et al., 2020). Another

report says the emergence of the 2019 coronavirus

disease (COVID-19) is impacting healthcare workers'

mental and mental health (Alnazly et al., 2021).

Stress, isolation, and lack of access to resources are

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6408-7131

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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4204-3792

significant in the growing concern over newly

discovered sleep disturbances and problems.

Several reasons can explain why some individuals

have trouble sleeping. Increased daytime stress,

anxiety, and distraction are apparent causes of sleep

disturbances. However, other factors are rising, such

as limited light exposure, lack of exercise, studying

from home, changing sleep schedules and daytime

routines, poor diet, and parenting demands. All are

acting to worsen the ability to get a good night's rest.

In Indonesia, this condition is not much different from

several countries in other parts of the world

experiencing the Covid-19 pandemic. The middle to

lower-class economy has a significant impact.

Girivirya, S., Subekti, P., Indramayapanna, R., Marjoko, S. and Sutadi, .

Mind Full or Mindfulness! The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Using Brainwave Entrainment Portable EEG Muse™ S First Generation.

DOI: 10.5220/0012197100003738

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Innovation in Education (ICoIE 4 2022) - Digital Era Education After the Pandemic, pages 96-102

ISBN: 978-989-758-669-9; ISSN: 2975-9676

However, this certainly has an impact on the

psychological aspect. Some clients who are used to

monthly drug therapy also experience additional

anxiety. This study narrates the extent to which the

client's condition before and after guidance

counseling is carried out.

2 PORTABLE

ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY

(EEG) MUSE™ “S" ON

MINDFULNESS PRACTICE

The Muse S — a multi-sensor meditation device that

provides real-time feedback on brain waves, heart

rate, and body movements — allows users to

seamlessly switch from daytime meditation sessions

to bedtime wear with comfortable, sleep-inducing

fabrics—using advanced EEG technology to respond

to the mind, heart, and breath. The Muse "S" is a

comfortable brain-sensing headband that helps clients

understand and track how well they are focusing,

sleeping, and recharging so they can refocus during

the day and recover each night. Muse's meditation

library includes calming soundscapes for daytime use

and responsive Go-to-Sleep Journeys for night-time

sessions, inviting clients to explore relaxing lavender

fields, forests, and underwater landscapes. Advanced

EEG sleeps tracking from the client's bed.

2.1 Understanding Muse™ Meditation

Data

At the end of each session, the researcher opens the

client's results page data and uses the data as

discussion points to understand better what was going

on in his mind. Use a client's results chart to ask them

to reflect on their mindfulness meditation experience.

Ask curious questions about times when their mind is

active, attention fluctuates, and whether they

remember sustained periods of calm. For some

descriptions of the signs contained in the Muse™

application are described as follows: (Workbook,

2018).

2.1.1 Calm Points

Calm Points are awarded for time spent meditating

with a relaxed and focused mind. Receive 1 point

every second the brain is in a natural resting (neutral)

state and 3 points for every second spent focusing

intensely on the breath (calm).

2.1.2 Bird Sounds

When the client finds deep, calm focus on the breath

for a long time will begin to hear birds chirping. Over

time, it will learn to use birds as cues to focus more

on attention.

2.1.3 Recovery

When clients see the mind wandering and bring

attention back, they are given rejuvenation. Recovery

celebrates the moment from active (mind

wandering/fluctuating attention) to neutral (a natural

resting state). Recovery is critical to building focused

attention skills and integrating the benefits of

meditation into everyday life. Tap the graph to see the

exact moment of resuscitation highlighted in orange.

2.1.4 Graphs

Client results in charts show what their brains are

doing while they meditate and when they are in each

state.

2.1.5 Active

It is time spent with a wandering mind. Attention

fluctuates. The Client observing that the mind is

active and returning attention to the breath builds

mindfulness skills.

2.1.6 Neutral

It is a natural resting state. Attention does not

fluctuate, but it only focuses a little.

2.1.7 Calm

Deep calm focus on the breath. These are the

moments when concentrating on the breath. If it is

quiet and focused long enough, it will hear the sound

of a bird.

2.2 Effects of Mindfulness and Mental

Relaxation Using Brainwave

Entrainment on Sleep Disorders

Although someone is most likely to experience the

consequences of a poor night's sleep, such as low

energy, dizziness, and irritability (See also

Kobayashi et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2020;

Amaerjiang et al., 2021; Bhat and Chokroverty, 2021;

LaGoy et al., 2021; Hall and Coccaro, 2022; Moavero

et al., 2022; Ristanovic et al., 2022; Schäfer et al.,

Mind Full or Mindfulness! The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Using Brainwave Entrainment Portable EEG Muse™ S First Generation

2022). Somebody may need to know all the benefits

of mindfulness meditation for consistent quality

sleep. Several studies show the benefits of

mindfulness training (Berk et al., 2018; Cavic et al.,

2021; Corbally & Wilkinson, 2021; du Plessis & Just,

2022; E., 2021; Eberth & Sedlmeier, 2012; Ihme &

Sundstrom, 2021; Oliver et al., 2013; Pallozzi et al.,

2017; Yoon-Suk Hwang et al., 2015). Consistent

meditation practice has been shown to increase

melatonin levels, which play an essential role in sleep

regulation.

Activate someone's parasympathetic nervous

system: Transcendental meditation techniques have

been shown to activate one's parasympathetic nervous

system. Alternatively, resting and digestive responses

are crucial to bringing the body into a calm and

relaxed state. While there is no best time to meditate

during the day, meditation provides different benefits

depending on when a person finishes the session.

Meditating at night or before bed can help the client

slow down their breathing and heart rate, which can

help them move more quickly into the first stage of

non-REM sleep. Sati (Pali: सित; Sanskrit: ृित

smṛti), usually translated as "mindfulness" in early

Buddhism, and examines its soteriological function

and its central role in early Buddhist practice and

philosophy. Using textual analysis and criticism, it

takes a new approach to the subject through the

comparative study of Buddhist texts in Pali, Chinese,

and Sanskrit. It also provides a unique perspective on

ancient teaching by applying findings in modern

psychology (Kuan, 2007). The term mindfulness in

this study intends to practice mental relaxation by

paying attention to the breath and the body and using

or without the help of brainwave entrainments, such

as natural sounds, water, and the like.

The intervention or treatment in this study refers

to attention to the body, in this case, the in and out

breath and body sensations. The intervention was

given twelve times. (I) given to clients using Muse™

Portable-EEG without brainwave entrainment in odd

sessions, compared to (II) given to clients using

Muse™ Portable-EEG with brainwave entrainment in

even sessions. Measurements are monitored from the

Mus® software. The mindfulness intervention used in

this study does not fully use a particular approach,

such as training courses based on the work of John

Kabat-Zinn. However, the intervention was carried

out by paying attention to the breath and the body's

condition (Lin & Mai, 2018; Stelter, 2009).

3 METHOD

The method used for data collection in this study was

a single-subject study with a design type of

Alternating treatments with no baseline (without a no-

treatment condition) or Type of Serial Treatment

without a Pre-test (Richards, 2019). Data evaluation

consists of the methods used to conclude changes in

behavior. According to (Kleinhans et al., 2021), the

fundamental purpose of serial treatment type design

is to compare the effects of two more independent

variables (treatment) on the same behavior.

Therefore, this is a potentially important design

for researchers concerned with which interventional

procedures are most effective. In applied research,

where a single case design is used, experimental and

therapeutic criteria are used to evaluate the data

(Gehart, 2012). Experimental criteria refer to how

data is evaluated to determine whether an intervention

has an enforceable or verifiable effect on behavior.

Experimental criteria are based on comparing

behavior under different conditions, usually during

the intervention and non-intervention (baseline)

phases. The experimental criteria have been met to

the extent that performance varies under these

different conditions.

The therapeutic criterion refers to whether the

effect of the intervention is significant. This criterion

requires comparing the behavior change achieved and

the level of change required for the client to function

well in society. Even if behavior changes are feasible

and related to experimental interventions, they may

not be clinically or impliedly significant. To achieve

therapeutic criteria, interventions must make essential

changes in the client's daily functioning.

Data collection begins with a consultation in

guidance and counseling sessions. Then treat them

personally using mindfulness techniques—odd

sessions without brainwave entrainment and even

sessions using Muse’s™ built-in brainwave

entrainment. The researcher records body movements

(if any) in the middle of the session. This counseling

is part of implementing the Buddhist Guidance and

Counselling Model (Girivirya, 2021). At the end of

the session, the researchers interviewed post-

treatment conditions.

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Measurement Results of Muse™

At the end of each session, the researcher opens the

ICoIE 4 2022 - The Fourth International Conference on Innovation in Education

client data. The intervention is carried out by (I) the

client's odd session not using a headset (S1, S3, S5,

S7, S9, S11); (II) in an even session, the client uses a

headset to hear brainwave entrainment sounds (S2,

S4, S6, S8, S10, S12). The sound of birds indicates

the depth of the client's relaxed state while

maintaining awareness of the breath going in and out.

The results of the subject intervention are described

as illustrated in the following chart by the point of

calm.

Figure 1: The Result of Intervention from Sessions 1-12.

4.2 Discussion

The advent of portable electroencephalography (p-

EEG) or mobile(m-EEG) has created a means for

collecting large-scale neural data. Thus, providing

deeper insight into a phenomenon such as cognitive

fatigue. According to (Krigolson et al., 2021),

cognitive fatigue—an exaggerated nervous state with

an increased incidence of incorrect performance—is

responsible for everyday accidents that can

sometimes claim human lives. To gain better insight

into cognitive fatigue in the study, they tested the

relationship between perceived fatigue and human

event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and

electroencephalographic oscillations (EEG) in 1,000

people. As a secondary objective, they further

demonstrated m-EEG's ability to measure ERPs and

EEG data accurately.

Many portable electroencephalographic (EEG)

systems have been available to researchers in recent

years. However, until recently, validation using low-

cost EEG systems has been mounted on continuous

EEG data or replication of large EEG system settings

penning events to perform event-related checks

(ERPs). Nowadays, it is even effortless to use by

those unfamiliar with neuroscience. In this study,

researchers used the first generation of Muse™ to

help clients with problems.

Specifically, (Krigolson et al., 2017) report the

results of two experiments using data collected with

the MUSE EEG system—one using the well-known

visual oddball paradigm and the other using a

standard reward-learning task. The results show that

from the study, observing and measuring the ERP

components N200 and P300 in the eccentric visual

task and positive imbalance (component opposite to

negative feedback) in the reward learning task is

possible. In particular, single-sample t-tests for the

presence of components (all p < 0.05), calculation of

credible Bayesian intervals, and 95% confidence

intervals all statistically verified the presence of

N200, P300, and positive payoffs in all analyses.

They provide the research papers as an open-source

website with all the instructions, methods, and

software to replicate the findings and to provide

researchers with an easy way to use the MUSE EEG

system for ERP research. Importantly, our work

monitors that one can efficiently perform ERP with a

single computer and a portable EEG system such as

MUSE. Thus, expanding ERP methodologies to new

contexts is very likely.

Different from these studies, this research was

carried out thoroughly. The single subject, whom we

call the client in this study, complains of difficulty

sleeping, post-stroke, living in a new environment,

and isolation due to the co-19 pandemic. As shown in

Figure 1, the treatment given to clients in odd

sessions, without using brainwave entrainment,

shows a lower state of calm (relaxation) than

mindfulness using brainwave entrainment. These

results are supported by research on the benefits of

using brainwave entrainment concerning mental

health (Collura & Siever, 2009; Dickson & Schubert,

2019; Schmid et al., 2020, 2021; Will & Berg, 2007).

A systematic Review by (Dickson & Schubert,

2019) says that some studies point to design flaws that

might limit people's understanding of how music

affects sleep. The most common problems identified

were assumptions about music that were relaxing,

catchy, or created expectations without ensuring that

those assumptions were reasonable. Another issue

that arises is the existence of interactions and

mediators; with many studies, it is still being

determined whether RPR (Six reasons the lead

researcher proposed, how music helps sleep was

identified in the literature) can fully explain why

music can improve sleep quality. For example, they

identified RPR that tended to operate like others, such

as relaxation-mediated pleasure or distraction. It is

crucial to present a broad and simplistic set of

potential explanations for how music might help sleep

as it reflects the state of the (somewhat limited)

research and sets out vast possibilities that could lead

to more valuable research without compromising

credible RPR that has not yet been conducted tested

through a well-founded methodological study.

Time Series Sesio

The Point of Calm

Mind Full or Mindfulness! The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Using Brainwave Entrainment Portable EEG Muse™ S First Generation

Regardless of the Review. While the results of this

study, for this client, apart from the results showing

more silence from the Muse™ monitor. They were

also demonstrated by observation and interviews after

the session. Clients say that they are more

comfortable listening to brainwave entrainment than

without using brainwave entrainment. Likewise,

observations during treatment sessions show fewer

body movements when using brainwave entrainment.

Similar to the results of this study, (Collura & Siever,

2009) shows a large and growing body of research

and clinical experience demonstrates that Audio-

visual Entrainment (AvE) quickly and effectively

modifies conditions of high autonomic (sympathetic

and parasympathetic) activation and over- and under-

aroused states of mind, bringing about a return to

homeostasis. AvE exerts a powerful influence on

brain/mind stabilization and normalization through

increased cerebral flow, levels of certain

neurotransmitters, and by normalizing EEG activity.

AvE is a safe and cost-effective treatment for many

central and autonomic nervous system dysfunction

disorders.

5 CONCLUSIONS

Reflecting on this research, mindfulness with the help

of brainwave entrainment tends to help clients with

post-stroke comorbidities become more relaxed and

sleep better at night. The monitoring results of

Muse™ measurably demonstrate this condition.

Researchers do not use this as an independent

technique. But in the part of special counseling

sessions (one-on-one). However, researchers, or at

the same time as counselors can carry out follow-up

care to provide an understanding of behavior related

to awareness, acceptance, and changes in post-stroke

situations and conditions. The portable-EEG device

and the Muse® application assist therapists and

clients independently who show a trend of increasing

quiescence with each session, primarily in brainwave

entrainment on the Muse® apps, which provides bird

sounds and the sound of the wind as reminders.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thank you to the Study Program of Psychology

Education and Buddhist Counseling, Sriwijaya State

Buddhist College; Directorate General of Buddhist

Community Guidance, Ministry of Religion of the

Republic of Indonesia; Indeed, to the researchers and

manufacturers InteraXon Inc., for creating the

extraordinary portable EEG.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

The conceptualization of Model of Buddhist

Counseling and Guidance and Analysis, S.G. and

P.S.; Counselor, S.G.; Methodology Review, S.M.,

and R.I.; Data Collection, Review, and Analysis, S.

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