Monitoring of Vital Signs in the Home Environment: A Review of

Current Technologies and Solutions

Nerea Arandia

1 a

, Jose Ignacio Garate

2 b

and Jon Mabe

1 c

TEKNIKER, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20600 Eibar, Spain

Department of Electronics Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain

Keywords:

Monitoring, Vital Signs, Wearable, Medical Device, Sensors.

Abstract:

Vital signs measurement is key for monitoring and controlling the health of patients in the home environment.

Parameters such as body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation or blood

glucose reﬂect the state of essential functions of the human body. Deviations of some of these parameters

may indicate illness or worsening of the patient’s condition. Nowadays there are different devices that allow

the measurement of the main vital signs, in this article the measurement technologies as well as the main

medical devices are reviewed. Many of these devices are not suitable for simultaneous monitoring of several

vital signs so the patient is required to handle a multitude of devices. Therefore, a review of new monitoring

device concepts that combine more than one vital sign and do not interfere with the day-to-day life of patients

is carried out.

1 INTRODUCTION

This article aims to review the current state of sensori-

sation and monitoring technologies used in biomedi-

cal applications for the diagnosis and treatment of pa-

tients at home. To this end, ﬁrstly, the monitoring

of the patient’s vital signs has been addressed. Then,

the monitored physiological characteristics have been

deﬁned and the technologies and medical equipment

established or likely to be used in their measure-

ment/monitoring have been summarised.

This review has shown how advances in micro-

electronics, communications, sensors and data pro-

cessing have led to the development of wearable sen-

sors for monitoring, both at research and commer-

cial levels. Despite this, there are still challenges of

adapted functionality and usability to bring together

in a single device all the parameters for comprehen-

sive care, such as the need for multiple sensors in dif-

ferent areas of the body or accuracy limitations for

healthcare use.

In this sense, existing commercial developments

have been presented and the advantages and limita-

tions of their operation have been shown. Finally, a

review of portable developments in the literature for

monitoring vital signs at home has been made.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2679-8068

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0343-6320

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0211-842X

2 MONITORING OF VITAL

SIGNS

Monitoring systems aim to obtain continuous infor-

mation on the state of a patient to enable diagnosis

and treatment. Theses systems can be use in a home

context to achieve detailed characterization of the pa-

tient status. Typically, the indicators measured for this

are vital signs.

Vital signs are a series of parameters that show

body’s most basic functions such as the haemody-

namic status of a patient. They reﬂect the state of the

organism and are the ﬁrst sign of alarm in the event

of a malfunction or defect in the organism. There are

four main vital signs that physicians and other health

professionals routinely examine in clinical practice

(Rose and Clarke, 2010), (Lockwood et al., 2004):

body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure and res-

piratory rate.

In this context, two groups of potential patient

monitoring solutions can be identiﬁed. On the one

hand, there are non-intrusive sensing solutions in the

patient’s home environment. On the other hand, so-

lutions based on highly portable devices, wearables.

Currently, technology allows the integration of sev-

eral sensors together with the information processing

units, which makes it possible to build very compact

and accurate wearables.

In an ageing society with the increasing preva-

lence of chronic diseases such as neurological dis-

108

Arandia, N., Garate, J. and Mabe, J.

Monitoring of Vital Signs in the Home Environment: A Review of Current Technologies and Solutions.

DOI: 10.5220/0011646700003414

In Proceedings of the 16th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies (BIOSTEC 2023) - Volume 1: BIODEVICES, pages 108-115

ISBN: 978-989-758-631-6; ISSN: 2184-4305

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

eases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, respiratory

disorders. . . the demand for continuous monitoring

will lead to a growing sector of wearable devices.

This will provide greater patient comfort and more

meaningful data to perform diagnostics. As an indica-

tion of the ﬁnancial size of the wearable health mar-

ket, in the US it accounted for spending in the years

2017, 2018 and 2019 of $7 billion, $10 billion and

$25 billion, respectively. In other words, spending

has almost quadrupled in two years (Fortune Business

Insights, 2020).

2.1 Body Temperature

Body temperature is a measure of the body’s ability to

generate and eliminate heat. Depending on where it

is measured, three types of temperature can be distin-

guished. Core body temperature, when measured rec-

tally, orally or tympanically. Proximal skin tempera-

ture if taken near the central axis of the body such as

the groin or armpit. And distal skin temperature when

measured in the regions furthest from the central axis

of the body, typically the hands and legs.

Depending on the place where the measurement

is taken, different results are obtained. Likewise, as-

pects such as stress can vary body temperature. In

(Vinkers et al., 2013), the author states that stress

causes a decrease in body and distal temperature, but

an increase in proximal temperature. Likewise, (Coif-

fard et al., 2021) shows how the body temperature

presents a circadian rhythm, increasing its value dur-

ing the day and decreasing during the night. In addi-

tion, age, sex of the patient or different diseases can

also affect the measurement. In Alzheimer’s patients

the core body temperature rises by up to 0.2 degrees

Celsius (Sixsmith et al., 2005). A rise in body tem-

perature is the ﬁrst symptom of infection or inﬂam-

mation somewhere in the body. When the proximal

skin temperature value is below 35.8ºC, it is called

hypothermia. If the value is high, it is called febrile

(up to 37.5ºC) or fever (above 38ºC) (Marion, 2003).

Table 1: Normal body temperature ranges according to

reading type and gender.

Type of reading Female Male

Oral 33,2 – 38,1 ºC 35,7 – 37,7 ºC

Rectal 36,8 – 37,1 ºC 36,7 – 37,5 ºC

Tympanic 35,7 – 37,8 ºC 35,5 – 37,8 ºC

2.2 Pulse or Heart Rate

It refers to the number of heart beats or contractions

per minute. It can change throughout the day or in a

given situation. However, it is quickly reversed in the

event of a speciﬁc triggering situation. The standard

values are considered between 60 and 100 beats per

minute (bpm). Tachycardia is deﬁned as a state when

the heartbeat is greater than 100 bpm and bradycardia

when it is less than 60 bpm. The heartbeat is also sub-

jected to natural variations that show how our nervous

system adapts to sudden challenges (Spodick et al.,

1992).

2.3 Blood Pressure

Blood pressure is the force applied against the walls

of the arteries when the heart pumps blood through

the body. It is a parameter that can change through-

out the day. It is measured in millimetres of mer-

cury (mmHg). Two different blood pressure values

can be distinguished, Systolic blood pressure (SBP)

and Diastolic blood pressure (DBT). SBP reﬂects the

pressure in blood vessels when heart contracts (stan-

dard values between 110 and 140 mmHg). DBT is

the pressure of the blood on the walls of the arteries

when the heart rests between beats (standard values

are between 70 and 90 mmHg). A patient is said to be

hypertensive when their SBP is above 140 mmHg and

their DBT is above 90 mmHg (Organization, 2022).

2.4 Respiratory Rate

It quantiﬁes the number of breaths taken in a speciﬁed

period of time, usually one minute. In adults, 12 to

20 breaths per minute is considered a standard value.

When the value is higher, the patient has lack of oxy-

gen, this status is called tachypnoea. If it is less, it is

bradypnea (Lovett et al., 2005).

2.5 Non-Universal Vital Signs

Several additional vital signs have been proposed, al-

though they have not been ofﬁcially or universally

adopted. These additional parameters include the

oxygen saturation and blood glucose.

2.5.1 Oxygen Saturation

Oxygen saturation, reﬂects the amount of oxygen

available in the blood; a critical parameter in patients

with respiratory pathology. The standard oxygen sat-

uration value is between 95% and 100% and indicates

that cells are receiving enough oxygen to preserve

their function. A saturation value below 90%, called

hypoxaemia, is considered insufﬁcient and is mani-

fested by shortness of breath and a compensatory in-

crease in respiratory rate. Values below 80% are con-

sidered severe hypoxaemias (Subhi et al., 2009).

Monitoring of Vital Signs in the Home Environment: A Review of Current Technologies and Solutions

109

2.5.2 Blood Glucose

The sugar ingested with food is converted by

metabolism into glucose, which travels through the

bloodstream to reach cells of different tissue types

providing the energy they need to function. Blood

glucose levels, clinically referred to as blood glucose,

vary throughout the day. When insulin metabolism is

not working properly, glucose is no longer properly

assimilated by tissue cells, and it is accumulated in

the blood. The standard value of glucose before eat-

ing are between 70 - 100 mg/dl (Gunst and Van den

Berghe, 2010).

3 MEASUREMENT

TECHNOLOGIES AND

PRINCIPLES

This section reviews the speciﬁc medical technologies

and equipment already established for the measure-

ment of vital signs. Although in certain cases there

may be variants based on more precise methods, this

summary prioritises those devices that can carry out

the measurement in a automated non-invasive way.

3.1 Clinical Thermometers

They are used to measure body temperature. There is

a wide variety, and they can be classiﬁed according

to the area of the body where they are designed to

measure (oral, axillary, rectal, tympanic or temporal)

or the type of technology on which they are based.

In terms of technology they use, the most common

clinical thermometers are those based on liquid, liquid

crystal, electronic contact and infrared.

3.1.1 Liquid Thermometers

Liquid thermometers are based on the thermal expan-

sion of a liquid inside a graduated glass tube. The

traditional solution used mercury, although it is no

longer used due to its toxicity. Now, coloured alcohol

or gallium is used as an alternative. Due to their op-

eration principle, it is necessary to wait for about 3 to

10 minutes (depending on the area of the body) so that

the device can perform a reliable measurement. They

are commonly used for measurements in the armpit,

mouth or rectum. Due to their fragility, measurement

time and the ban on mercury variants, their use has

been largely displaced by digital alternatives, espe-

cially outside the hospital environment.

In addition, there are liquid crystal thermometers,

It consists of heat-sensitive liquid crystals that are

integrated in a plastic strip. These crystals change

their colour to indicate different temperatures. They

are usually placed on the forehead and are disposable

(Rodr

ıguez et al., 2008).

3.1.2 Electronic Contact Thermometers

They are made up of temperature dependent transduc-

ers that vary the output voltage depending on the tem-

perature of the patient. This voltage variation is trans-

lated into degrees and displayed on a small screen.

Some of their advantages are that they are easy to read

and quick to respond, so their use has spread both in-

side and outside the hospital setting. Many of them

employ predictive algorithms to provide a reading in

a few seconds rather than a minute. They are com-

monly used for measurement in the armpit, mouth,

rectum or ear. In the case of predictive devices, the

algorithms used must take into account the area of

placement in order to provide an accurate temperature

reading (Habibian et al., 2009).

3.1.3 Infrared Thermometers

They do not require physical contact to carry out the

measurement and it is usually performed on the fore-

head, although there are speciﬁc developments for ear

measurements. As they do not require contact, they

can reduce the risk of infection transmission. Mea-

surement times are low, in the order of seconds. As

these devices are based on optical sensors, readings

can be affected by the state of the surface on which

the measurement is made (cleanliness, humidity, po-

sition, movement, etc.). Also, the level of ambient

light, external heat sources or the use of clothing or

cosmetic products can vary the measurement. There-

fore, it is more prone to measurement errors than con-

tact alternatives (Khan et al., 2021).

3.2 Heart Rate Monitor

Heart rate monitor allows real-time measurement of

a patient’s heart rate. Modern wearable devices typi-

cally use electrocardiography or photoplethysmogra-

phy method to record heart rate signals.

3.2.1 Electrocardiograph

Electrocardiograph or ECG electrical can record the

electrical activity of the heart. That is, the bio-

potential generated by the electrical signals that con-

trol the expansion and contraction of the heart. In

other words, it captures, records, and magniﬁes the

electrical activity of the heart. Different types of

ECGs can be distinguished according to the number

BIODEVICES 2023 - 16th International Conference on Biomedical Electronics and Devices

110

of used electrodes: 1, 2, 6 or 12 leads or channels,

where each lead will measure the electrical potential

difference between two electrodes. A 1-lead ECG

provides only basic monitoring of the heart. In con-

trast, a 12-lead ECG provides a complete picture of

cardiac activity. ECG is widely used to detect almost

any cardiac pathology (Bansal and Joshi, 2018).

There are different algorithms to extract the pulse

from the ECG. The basis of this measurement is the

detection of QRS complex. This parameter is formed

by three vectors: the Q wave, the ﬁrst wave of the

complex with negative values; the R wave, which

follows the Q wave, is positive and the largest one;

and ﬁnally, the S wave, any negative wave that fol-

lows the R wave. Based on the duration, amplitude

and shape of QRS complex it is possible to detect

heart rate, arrhythmia, infarcts and other disorders.

In (Parak and Havlik, 2011) authors discuss differ-

ent algorithms and methods of heart rate frequency

estimation based on auto-correlation of energy signal,

thresholding of energy signal and peak detection in

energy signal envelope.

3.2.2 Photoplethysmography

Photoplethysmography or PPG optical determines the

heart rate using a light source of a speciﬁc length that

emits a beam on the skin to illuminate the subcuta-

neous vessels. The subcutaneous vessels reﬂect part

of the beam depending on the amount of red blood

cells they contain. (Saquib et al., 2015) The reﬂected

light hits on a photosensor which converts it into an

equivalent voltage. The cardiac cycle can be obtained

by measuring the interval between each voltage peak.

Its principle of operation is the same as that of the

oximeter, hence there are pulse oximeters that offer

both measurements.

3.3 Blood Pressure Monitor

It is a medical device used for indirect measurement

of blood pressure through SBP and DBT values. It

consists of a manometer and a cuff that is inﬂated un-

til it squeezes the measurement area so that, by occlu-

sion, the transit of blood is temporarily stopped for

measurement. It is used in conjunction with a stetho-

scope to auscultate the audible intervals of the Ko-

rotkoff arterial sounds while the cuff is being deﬂated

in a controlled manner.

For home use the digital ones are the most ap-

propriate as the whole process to be automatic, in-

cluding inﬂation. However, they require periodic cal-

ibration as they use sensors placed in the cuff to de-

tect Korotkoff sounds (Babbs, 2015). These sensors

can be auscultatory or oscillometric. The auscultation

is based on microphones capable of interpreting the

sounds of the measurement process (Beevers et al.,

2001). The Oscillometer relies on deformable mem-

branes whose variation in piezo-resistance or capaci-

tance allows the analysis of the vibration transmission

of the arterial wall (Mostafa et al., 2021). Most ven-

dors use the oscillometric procedure, displacing the

auscultatory procedure, which makes these devices

particularly suitable for noisy environments.

3.4 Respiratory Rate Monitor

Respiratory rate is usually measured manually by ob-

servation, palpation or using a stethoscope. There is,

however, equipment for automatic monitoring. For

example, ﬁbre optic sensors can be used during Mag-

netic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans to monitor res-

piratory rate (Nedoma et al., 2018).

3.4.1 Respiratory Inductance Plethysmography

This is a device that records respiratory movements

using an inﬂatable coil that surrounds the thorax.

These signals are connected to a monitoring device

that transforms the inductance of these coils into sig-

nals relative to the rib cabe and abdomen strains (Mas-

saroni et al., 2021). This measurement technique is

widely used in the hospital environment.

3.4.2 Impedance Pneumography

Another technique is based on impedance pneumog-

raphy. This is done by using 2 or 4 electrodes on the

thorax. A high-frequency, low-amplitude current is

ﬂowed through the chest cavity and the variation in

resistance is used to estimate respiratory rate (Charl-

ton et al., 2021). The variation in resistance is due to

the impedance of the body and its respiratory cycle.

3.4.3 Spirometry

By using spirometers it is also possible to record the

amount of inhaled and exhaled air during a certain

time. Modern spirometers are able to graphically rep-

resent these curves. Based on a test of at least 60 sec-

onds, it is possible to measure the breathing rate. To

do this, it is sufﬁcient to count the number of peaks

or troughs that are represented on the breathing graph

(Miller et al., 2005).

3.4.4 Capnography

Capnography is used to measure the concentration of

carbon dioxide in the airway of a patient during the

respiratory cycle. From the time evolution of this con-

centration, it is possible to determine the value of the

Monitoring of Vital Signs in the Home Environment: A Review of Current Technologies and Solutions

111

respiratory rate. Their operation is generally based on

the principle of absorption of infrared light by carbon

dioxide (Bergese et al., 2017).

3.5 Pulse Oximeter

This is a medical device that can determine the per-

centage of oxygen saturation of haemoglobin us-

ing photoelectric methods in a non-intrusive man-

ner. The pulse oximeter is placed on a part of

the body that is relatively translucent and has good

blood ﬂow: the ﬁngers, toes, earlobe or wrist.

The equipment emits light at speciﬁc wavelengths

(green/red/infrared) which pass sequentially from an

emitter to a photodetector through the patient (Moc¸o

and Verkruysse, 2021). The absorbance of each wave-

length caused by arterial blood (pulsatile component)

is measured, excluding venous blood, skin, bone,

muscle, fat. With this data it is possible to calculate

the blood oxygen saturation.

3.6 Glucometer

It is a device in which a test strip impregnated with a

drop of blood. It provides the result of the patient’s

blood glucose levels automatically in just a few sec-

onds and its use is not complex for the patient him-

self. However, it is an invasive method (Wang, 2008).

As an alternative, there are developments aimed at

achieving continuous monitoring of glucose concen-

tration, usually in interstitial or tissue ﬂuid (McKinlay

et al., 2017).

4 MULTI-MONITORING

SOLUTIONS

The current scenario of technology applied to health

services does not free us from a series of challenges

that arise when considering the possibility, and even

the need, to use technologies suitable for home use.

The technologies required for this are evolving and

are making remarkable advances, such as develop-

ments in micro and nano electronics and SoC (System

on Chip) integration. As these developments are pro-

grammable and have a large memory capacity, they

have created the basis for very small systems with var-

ious integrated sensors and a large information pro-

cessing capacity. This, together with the constant

evolution in the ﬁeld of electronic communications,

makes it possible for these systems to be connected to

distant information repositories, or even to be inter-

connected with each other.

This scenario is perfectly compatible with the in-

troduction and use of highly portable, increasingly

usable and interconnected devices in the ﬁeld of

health and personal care. These principles tie in with

concepts that are at the epicentre of the evolution:

eHealth, Internet of Things (IoT) and its combina-

tion IomT (Internet of Medical Things) (Sudana and

Emanuel, 2019).

Thus, advances in microelectronics, communica-

tions, sensors and data processing have made possible

a great scope in the development of new technologies

and devices to support healthcare. Wearable sensor

devices for monitoring are an example of these ad-

vances (Li et al., 2018). There are a large number of

wearable devices that, due to their design and built-

in sensors, are functionally adapted to obtain health-

related information from non-hospital settings. They

can enable continuous monitoring of parameters such

as body temperature, position or bio-electrical signals

(Garc

ıa et al., 2019).

However, the development of wearable devices,

with high usability and medical use, still offer a num-

ber of challenges. Despite major developments, it is

still not possible to bring together in a single device

the ability to monitor all the parameters necessary for

comprehensive care. The proper placement of the

sensors, as part of the wearables, is a critical point

for the correct functioning and obtaining the measure-

ment of the corresponding vital sign.

There is a wide variety of systems proposed in the

literature for monitoring patients’ vital signs at home

(Lin et al., 2017), (Rashidi and Mihailidis, 2013).

However, many of these monitoring systems are de-

signed to monitor one or two speciﬁc parameters only

(Shivakumar and Sasikala, 2014). Among the multi-

measurement systems, the most important ones in-

clude smartwatch-based systems, smart furniture, and

textiles with integrated sensors.

4.1 Smartwatches

The role played by smartwatches and their use should

also be mentioned. Some of them, at the high

end of the price range, are starting to offer quite

advanced monitoring of health parameters, includ-

ing ECG-correlated measurements. However, these

smartwatches must be certiﬁed as medical devices to

be used for this intended use. The regulatory barrier

limits their availability in certain markets.

A representative example is the Apple Watch, the

ﬁrst smartwatch approved by the US Food and Drug

Administration (FDA) for the incorporation of algo-

rithms for detecting atrial ﬁbrillation and performing

ECGs (Isakadze and Martin, 2020). A similar autho-

BIODEVICES 2023 - 16th International Conference on Biomedical Electronics and Devices

112

risation was granted by the European Commission in

2019 for 19 countries. For this purpose, the watch

incorporates electrodes on its back and crown. Plac-

ing a ﬁnger on the crown closes the circuit with the

back electrodes providing data to the ECG applica-

tion. A measurement takes about 30 seconds and of-

fers the option of four possible results: sinus rhythm,

atrial ﬁbrillation, high or low heart rate or inconclu-

sive. However, it is necessary to remark the limita-

tions of the Apple Watch’s single-lead system com-

pared to a traditional holter, a small electronic device

that records and stores the patient’s electrocardiogram

for at least 24 hours on an ambulatory basis (De As-

mundis et al., 2014). This limitation makes the Apple

smartwatch unable to detect heart attacks, cardiovas-

cular accidents or other heart conditions.

In the case of other vital signs, the technology

available for wearables is still far from the healthcare

related purposes. For example, several smartwatch

manufacturers such as Apple, Samsung or Amazﬁt

are planning to incorporate in their products the pos-

sibility of estimate blood pressure using different al-

gorithms. This is possible due to the optical sensors

that watches incorporate for heart rate measurement.

As with the Apple Watch ECG, such capabilities re-

quire the approval of speciﬁc regulatory affairs. In

terms of blood pressure monitoring, the Omron Heart-

guide wristband (Liang and Chapa-Martell, 2021), is

the only smartwatch with FDA clearance. This device

is an ultra-portable wrist sphygmomanometer.

Likewise, there are more and more references in

which different smartbands or smartwatches are used

to estimate body temperature. For example, (Kwak

et al., 2019) presents a statistical approach to estimate

body temperature based on skin temperature mea-

sured with a smartband.

4.2 Smart Furniture

Smart beds or chairs equipped with vital signs sen-

sors, can also be an interesting option for non-

intrusive monitoring of various vital signs.

In (Popescu and Mahnot, 2012) a set of pneumatic

sensors placed on a bed is presented to carry out heart

rate and respiratory rate measurements. In (Klack

et al., 2011), temperature measurement is carried out

using a high-precision IR camera. (Grace et al., 2017)

use different types of external sensors to measure res-

piratory rate in bed by integrating accelerometers in

the blanket, heart rate while sitting or standing using

electrodes on the ﬂoor in contact with the feet. The

use of a ballistocardiograph using pressure sensors in-

stalled on chairs or on the bed to estimate blood pres-

sure is also tested.

4.3 Textiles with Sensors

Another alternative is to incorporate monitoring ca-

pabilities into everyday items or accessories that the

patient carries with them on a regular basis, such as

socks, shoes, T-shirts, waistcoats, wristbands (Avgeri-

nakis et al., 2013)... One example is the Smart Vest,

a wearable monitoring system for parameters such as

heart rate, blood pressure, axillary temperature and

ECG (Pandian et al., 2008). There are other exper-

imental designs with promising preliminary results

that incorporate measurement capabilities (heart rate,

respiratory rate) into conventional T-shirts rather than

more bulky garments (Sardini and Serpelloni, 2014).

(Pigini et al., 2017) describe the pilot development

of a commercial home telemonitoring system. The

system is capable of performing ECG measurements

(1-lead) by means of a smart patch that can be placed

as a stand-alone sticker on the chest or can be inte-

grated into a garment or an elastic band. The sys-

tem also employs a commercial multi-purpose non-

wearable device to measure several constants: Heart

rate, blood pressure, and blood oxygen saturation.

The same system also performs a glycaemia measure-

ment.

(Pham et al., 2016) describe a system that uses a

smart garment with ECG textile electrodes and a chest

strap to measure respiration using an inductive trans-

ducer that measures changes in chest or abdominal

circumference.

An example of a commercial development of a

wearable for vital signs monitoring is the Hexoskin

smart garment (Villar et al., 2015). It is an elastic T-

shirt that provides, among other data, continuous in-

formation on heart and lung activity: ECG (1-lead),

heart rate, heart rhythm, breathing rate, etc. Another

example is the Philips wearable biosensor (Li et al.,

2019) in the form of a patch with, among other things,

a temperature sensor (thermistor) and ECG (1-lead).

5 CONCLUSIONS

This article reviews vital signs, measurement tech-

nologies and principles, and monitoring systems. The

review shows the limited number of wearable devices

that can be considered medical devices and highlights

their drawbacks for diagnosis. That is, wearables that

have been certiﬁed according to medical device regu-

lations. There is also a lack of wearables capable of

simultaneously monitoring several vital signs at home

environment.

Monitoring of Vital Signs in the Home Environment: A Review of Current Technologies and Solutions

113

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Activity developed within the framework of the

IBERUS project. Technological Network of Biomed-

ical Engineering applied to degenerative patholo-

gies of the neuromusculoskeletal system in clinical

and outpatient settings (CER-20211003), CERVERA

Network ﬁnanced by the Spain Ministry of Science

and Innovation through the Center for Industrial Tech-

nological Development (CDTI).

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