An Exploratory Analysis of the Use of ETL in Transparency Portals*

Marcus Vinicius Santana Poletti

, Methanias Colaço Junior

and

André Vinicius Rodrigues P. Nascimento

Federal University of Sergipe, Avenida Marechal Rondon S/N Caixa Postal 49,100-000 São Cristovão, SE, Brazil

Keywords: Open Data, e-Government, Public Transparency, ETL, Data Pipeline.

Abstract: Context: Government transparency portals are built based on ETL (Extract, Transform and Load) processes,

which increase the quality and interoperability of data, making a critical subsystem for these applications,

subject to evaluative research for improvements. Objective: To analyze publications on the use of ETL in

transparency portals, in order to characterize them in relation to their scenarios, impacts, empirical methods

and general bibliometric data. Method: Using the PICO strategy (Population, Intervention, Comparison and

Outcome), a systematic mapping of the literature was performed. Summary of Results: In a total of 204

publications researched, 25 works were selected, of which 40% present, as the main impact for the portals,

the availability of support for the construction of loads through a graphical interface, followed by the

possibility of connectivity between bases of heterogeneous data (27%) and the ability to monitor loads (22%).

Regarding the real automation of loads and their quality control, respectively, only 8% and 3% of the works

discussed the impacts of these characteristics. Conclusion: The research showed that the use of ETLs in

transparency portals still lacks comparative and feasibility studies. In this sense, an existing challenge is the

lack of research that carries out replications to consolidate and validate the works already published,

evidenced by the scarcity of controlled experiments in the area. Finally, analyzes on the quality control of

loads was an important gap identified.

1 INTRODUCTION

Although Brazil has adopted an open data policy

since 2011, in accordance with the provisions of Law

No. 12,527 - Law on Access to Information (LAI)

(Brazil, 2011), access to transparency portals in the

26 Brazilian states, and Federal, shows that theory

and practice are at different stages. LAI establishes

that every municipality with more than ten thousand

inhabitants must make government data available on

a transparency portal (Brazil, 2011). For greater

effectiveness, data must be made available following

the principles of the Open Government Data (OGD)

standard, proposed by the World Wide Web

Consortium (W3C) (Transparency International,

2020).

The predominance in transparency portals of

Brazilian capitals and states is the data availability in

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9047-5995

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4811-1477

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4219-3704

*Postgraduate Program in Computer Science – PROCC

formats that do not follow the OGD principles,

resulting in a lack of interoperability (Eberhardte &

Silveira, 2018; Oliveira & Silveira, 2018; Bachtiar,

Suhardi & Muhamad, 2020; Cenci, Fillotrani &

Ardenghi, 2017). There are also inadequacies

regarding the completeness, primacy, opportunity,

and accessibility of the data available on these portals

(Oliveira & Silveira, 2018). This is a problem that

deserves attention, as the reuse of this data, in

initiatives that promote population engagement,

becomes a major technological challenge (Bachtiar,

Suhardi & Muhamad, 2020; Muller, Gil-Garcia &

Tirelli, 2018; Dahbi, Lamharhar & Chiadmi, 2018).

In December 2020, the Federal Government's Anti-

Corruption Plan was published, bringing the

implementation of 142 actions distributed among

prevention, detection, and accountability mechanisms

(Tian et al., 2021). These actions also aim to improve

public transparency and promote population

Poletti, M., Colaço Junior, M. and Nascimento, A.

An Exploratory Analysis of the Use of ETL in Transparency Portals.

DOI: 10.5220/0011655000003467

In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems (ICEIS 2023) - Volume 1, pages 91-98

ISBN: 978-989-758-648-4; ISSN: 2184-4992

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

engagement. However, it is a necessary technological

structure that makes possible their executions.

In this context, one of the critical points for these

transparency portals creation is the data loading, in

large institutions, is usually spread over several

heterogeneous systems with the most varied types of

databases (Pan, Zhang & Qin, 2018). In other words,

the data need to be Extracted (E) from these source

systems, Transformed (T), and Loaded (Load – L) in

integrated databases that will be accessed by the

portals (Sun & Lan, 2012). These three tasks gave

names to the systems that perform them, they are the

ETL Systems (Extract, Transform, and Load) (Sun &

Lan, 2012).

Portals need to build and/or acquire these

systems, considering impacts such as connectivity to

all types of bases, ease and agility of use through a

graphical interface, control and data quality

assurance, automation, and monitoring of loads

(Sreemathy, Infant Joseph, Nisha, Chaaru & Gokula,

2020). In addition, ETL systems are also directly

involved with creating metadata, publishing data and

metadata on the web, as well as creating appropriate

catalog records (Saranya et al., 2021).

Given this need, in this article, we present a

systematic mapping to characterize articles in relation

to the performance of ETL tools in transparency

portals, identifying impacts, approaches, scenarios,

research methods, and general bibliometric data. The

rest of this article is organized as follows: Section 2

describes how the systematic mapping was designed.

Section 3 presents how the systematic mapping was

conducted. In section 4, the results obtained during

the study are presented. Section 5 presents a

discussion of the results. Section 6 presents the threats

to validity found and, finally, in section 7, the

conclusion is presented.

2 SYSTEMATIC MAPPING

PLANNING

2.1 Objective

This mapping had as its principal objective to identify

and characterize the impacts caused by the ETL

Systems in transparency portals use.

2.2 Research Questions

The research questions were developed to present an

area overview, highlighting fundamental aspects of

primary studies (Kitchenham, 2004; Petersen,

Vakkalanka & Kuzniarz, 2015). They were prepared

based on the PICO model (Bergin & Wraight, 2006;

Santos, Pimenta & Nobre, 2007), to highlight the

effects of an intervention in a given population and

structure the research into four fundamental elements:

Population, Intervention, Control, and "Outcomes"

(Results). These elements, according to (Santos,

Pimenta & Nobre, 2007), can be used to build

research questions of different natures. Table 1

illustrates the PICO model used in this work.

Table 1: PICO model for research question compliance.

cronym Category Description

P Population Publications that directly address

government transparency port-

als, with or without open data.

I Intervention Development and/or application

of ETL tools to optimize the

process of Extraction, Transfor-

mation, and Loading of portals.

Control Articles on Transparency Portals

that do not use tools developed

specifically for ETL processes.

Articles that fit the

intervention:

LinkedPipes ETL in use:

Practical publication and consu

mption of Linked Data (Klímek

& Skoda, 2017);

A Content-

Driven ETL Processes for Open

Data (Berro & Teste, 2015).

Control article:

Analysis of the energy service in

non-interconnected zones of

Colombia using business

intelligence (Colmenares-

Quintero, 2021

)

O Result Automation, scheduling,

orchestration, and monitoring of

ETL processes, prioritizing

quality through clean and

accurate data, as well as ease

throu

hical interfaces.

Thus, from the PICO model definition, research

questions were elaborated, based on the guidelines of

the Systematic Literature Mapping protocol observed

in (Kitchenham, 2004; Petersen, Vakkalanka &

Kuzniarz, 2015). They are: Q1: What methods are

used in research on ETLs that deal with transparency

portals?; Q2: What are the approaches used for ETL?;

Q3: What are the most used data extraction,

transformation, and loading tools within the

transparency portals scope?; Q4: What are the portal

ownership scenarios (see table 6)?; Q5: What

publication types or forums have addressed the ETL

issue in the public transparency context?; Q6: Which

ICEIS 2023 - 25th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems

countries have the most researchers who have

published in this area?; Q7: Which years had the most

publications in this area?; Q8: What are the impacts

of using ETL on Transparency Portals?

2.3 Search and Selection Strategy

To search for articles, the databases responsible for

publishing the main journals in the Computer Science

field were selected, namely, ACM Digital Library

(ACM), IEEE Xplore (IEEE), SCOPUS, and Science

WEB. The searches were carried out using the

filtering tools available in each database, considering

the searches: title, abstract, and keywords. Access to

the databases was performed through the CAPES

journal portal (Capes, 2021) using an institutional

subscription without any article restrictions.

For digital databases search, a search string was

defined and composed of English terms and

synonyms, associated with transparency portals and

advantages of the applying ETL. The identified terms

from the papers of the PICO model and the control

articles are defined in Table 1, and later refined and

adapted for better string use. Table 2 presents the

terms before refinement.

Table 2: Terms before refinement.

Cate

Descri

tion

Population

Open government data portals, open

government, e-government, public sector

information, OGD, OGD portals, open

government data, digital government, e-

services, government data, transparency,

government accountability, government

transparency, open government data

ecosystem, open data platforms, open data

Intervention

Extraction, transformation, and loading;

ETL; Extract, transform, load; Load

Procedures; Extraction Procedures; Load

Software; Extraction Software; Load

Pro

ram; Extraction Pro

ram.

Control -

Result

Automation; Orchestration; Scheduling;

Quality;

Connectivity; Graphic Interface;

Graphical User

Interface; User Interface;

Ease; Facilitate; Monitoring; Alerts;

Broadcastin

After refinement, the adjusted terms were used to

build the search string, which is described in Table 3.

Table 3: Strings chosen after refinement.

Search string term

opulation

Intervention

Result

open data,

open government,

e-government,

digital

government,

public

transparency,

government

transparent,

electronic

governmeny,

government

accountability

extraction,

transformation and

loading,

etl,

extract, transform

and load

Orchestr*,

gui,

graphical user

interface,

eas*,

facilit*,

monitor*,

alert*,

warn*,

connectivity,

schedul*,

quality

From the terms highlighted above, the following

search string was created:

TITLE-ABS-KEY((“open government” OR “open

data” OR “e-government” OR “digital government”

OR “public transparency” OR “government

transparency” OR “electronic government” OR

“government accountability”) AND (“extraction,

transformation and loading” OR “etl” OR “extract,

transform and load”) AND (“orchestr*” OR “gui”

OR “graphical user interface” OR “eas*” OR

“facilit*” OR “monitor*” OR “alert*” OR “warn*”

OR “connectivity”OR “schedul*” OR “quality”))

2.4 Source Selection Criteria

Inclusion and exclusion criteria were established to

filter articles relevant to systematic mapping. Only

the studies selected for evaluation, which passed the

inclusion and exclusion criteria, were counted.

The inclusion criteria are presented below:

1. Articles that are available online and in

digital libraries;

2. Articles that contain the search String in the

title, abstract, or keywords;

3. Articles that identify and characterize

existing studies on the use of ETL tools in

transparency portals;

4. The articles must have a publication date

between the years 2011 and 2022. This period,

significant and above 10 years, was chosen based on

Law No. 12,527 - Law on Access to Brazilian

Information (LAI), of 2011;

5. Articles written in English.

The exclusion criteria were:

1. Duplicate studies;

2. Surveys;

3. Systematic review;

4. Preliminary studies;

An Exploratory Analysis of the Use of ETL in Transparency Portals

5. Short Papers.

2.5 Information Extraction Strategy

To assess the work quality and answer the research

questions set out in section 2.2, tables 4, 5, and 6 were

designed, which served as a guide for researchers to

have no doubts about the data to be extracted for each

article read in the whole. According to (Kitchenham,

2004), data extraction forms should be designed to

collect all the information necessary to address the

questions and quality criteria of the study.

Table 4: Impacts identified and extracted from the articles.

Table 5: Classification of Extracted Approaches.

Approach Description

Market ETL

Ready and commercially available

open-source or closed-source ETL

tools.

Developed ETL

ETL tool developed especially for

the

ect.

Not Specified

The article did not provide details

about the Tool.

3 SYSTEMATIC MAPPING

CONDUCTION

Responsible for publishing the major journals in the

Computer Science field, the Scopus database (Yu et

al., 2019) was chosen as the basis for defining and

refining the search string. This base also includes

articles from distinct scientific databases, such as

IEEE, ACM, and Web of Science. After being

defined, refined, and judged adequate, the string was

translated to the other search engines used in this

work, which were: IEEE. ACM and Web of Science.

In total, 204 works were returned, 24 (12%) from

Scopus, 15 (7%) from Web of Science, 22 (11%)

from IEEE, and 143 (70%) from ACM. The data are

represented in Figure 1.

After searching the articles in the databases, the

filtering process began based on the selection criteria

defined in section 2.4. Each paper was classified as

accepted or rejected. Of the 204 analyzed

publications, 149 (73.04% of the total) were in

accordance with the exclusion criteria. After

removing these articles, the remaining works were

read completely, 55 publications, 26.96% in relation

to the total of publications. After being analyzed,

following the inclusion criteria, 25 publications were

selected, that is, 12.25% of the total will be analyzed.

Figure 1 shows the summary of this step.

Figure 1: Systematic Mapping Conduction.

4 DATA SYNTHESIS AND

RESULT PRESENTATION

In this section, the systematic mapping result will be

presented according to the extracting process of the

obtained articles and answering the research

questions according to the extracted data.

4.1 What Methods Are Used in

Research on ETLs Dealing with

Transfer Portals?

Figure 2 presents the methods used in research on

ETLs dealing with transparency portals. The

highlight goes to Exploratory Studies, with 56% of

the works.

Exclusio

Reevalu

ated

Accepte

Percente

73,04% 26,96% 12,25%

73,04%

26,96%

12,25%

0,00%

10,00%

20,00%

30,00%

40,00%

50,00%

60,00%

70,00%

80,00%

Systematic Mapping Conduction

Impacts Definition

Connectivity

Providing connectivity to

unstructured data and cloud data

sources.

Ease of use

through

Graphical

Interface

Resource savings with developers

through an intuitive, code-free

environment for extracting,

transforming, and loading data.

Quality

Quality control, to determine the data

consistenc

, accurac

, and control.

Automation

Automation capabilities with task

schedulin

and

rocess orchestration.

Monitoring

Process metadata storage, such as, for

example, the load time and the

number of records loaded, issuing

alerts and warnings about deviations

and the failure or success of loads to

stakeholders, as well as providing a

monitorin

anel.

ICEIS 2023 - 25th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems

Figure 2: Works selected by Research Methods.

4.2 What Are the Approaches Used for

ETL?

Figure 3 presents the approaches used. We can

see that 60% of the works use the ETL tools on

the market.

Figure 3: Approaches used in ETLs.

4.3 What Are the Most Used Data

Extraction, Transformation, and

Loading Tools within the Scope of

Transparency Portals?

Among the works analyzed, 28% did not specify the

tool used. The instrument most cited in the works was

Kettle, from the open-source software Pentaho, used

in 32% of the analyzed papers. The second most

quoted tool was Talend Open Studio, used in 16% of

the analyzed works. The third most cited tool, with

12%, was Linked Pipes ETL. The other most

representative were ODET (4%), Cylon (4%), and

SpatialETL (4%).

4.4 What Are the Portal Ownership

Scenarios?

Of the scenarios found in the works, 52% of them are

independent portals, that is, they can be portals for

universities and NGOs (Non-Governmental

Organizations) but use government data. We present

the scenarios found in the works in percentages in

figure 4.

Figure 4: Scenarios found in the analyzed works.

4.5 What Publication Types or Forums

Have Addressed the ETL Issue in

the Context of Public Transparency?

Figure 5: Works selected by Publication Type.

4.6 Which Countries Have Published

the Most in This Area?

Figure 6 shows the countries where the analyzed

works were published. The United States appears

with 48% of published works, being the country with

Survey

Case Study

36%

Controlled

Experiment

Feasibility

study

Exploratory

Study

56%

Comparison

RESEARCH METHODS

Survey

Case Study

Controlled

Experiment

Feasibility

study

Exploratory

Study

Comparison

0 5 10 15

Developed ETL

Market ETL

Not Specified

Approaches used in ETLs

Government

Portals

48%

Independent

Portals

52%

Portal Scenarios

Government Portals

Independent Portals

0 5 10 15 20 25

Journal

Conference

Works by Publication Type

An Exploratory Analysis of the Use of ETL in Transparency Portals

the most publications in the area, followed by Spain,

with 12%, and Macedonia, with 8%.

Figure 6: Countries with more published works.

4.7 Which Years Had the Most

Publications in This Area?

As shown in Figure 7, the year in which more works

were published was 2019, with six publications.

Figure 7: The years with the most publications.

4.8 What Are the Impacts of Using

ETL on Transparency Portals?

Figure 8 shows the most evident impacts in the works.

Ease of use through a Graphical Interface was the

most obvious impact, representing 40% of the

analyzed papers.

Figure 8: Impacts of using ETL.

5 NARRATIVE SYNTHESIS

In this section, the main aspects found and lessons

learned in the analyzed articles will be discussed.

Most articles published on the topic occurred in 2019,

which indicates that the research area is still young.

The results also show that publications related to the

matter are present in several countries, which shows

that the search for solutions for ETL usage in

transparency portals is expanding.

The evidence on ETL quality control and

assurance was addressed in only 3% of the studies

studied. It denotes the need for research on how data

transformations are carried out, the data amount that

is rejected and not validated in approval processes,

source codes generated, and how these transformed

value validations are carried out, especially before the

portal starts production.

The analysis of the publications also highlighted

the absence of evaluations and experiments with

closed source tools, such as Microsoft's Integration

Services and Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Data

Integration, both among themselves and against open-

source tools

Finally, Controlled Experiments represent only

8% of the works, in addition, the comparison methods

and feasibility study were not identified in the papers.

It demonstrates a lack of research that performs

replications for work consolidation and validation

and the experimental study scarcity with more

rigorous protocols that allow these replications. A

knowledge base on ETLs and effective transparency

portals will depend on directing research toward the

effective application of the aforementioned scientific

method.

0 5 10 15

United States

Spain

Macedonia

Brazil

Peru

Korea

Colombia

Morocco

Poland

China

India

Quantities of works analyzed

countries

Countries with the most publications

2011

2013

2014

2015

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

123456789

Years that had the most publications

Impacts of using ETL

ICEIS 2023 - 25th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems

6 THREATS TO VALIDITY

Threats to validity may limit the ability to interpret

and/or describe data results obtained in a study

(Chapetta, 2006). Therefore, some threats should be

taken into account:

• Construct Validity: The search string and

elaborated research questions span the entire

related studies area. To mitigate this threat, an

attempt was made to develop a string based on

identified and refined terms with the help of

control articles guided by the PICO model.

• Internal Validity: To mitigate data extraction

and characterization problems, forms were

designed to be filled in by the publication

analysis and each analysis and extraction were

reviewed by two researchers.

7 CONCLUSION

This work carried out a systematic mapping with the

objective of identifying the ETLs usage in

transparency portals, analyzing and highlighting the

most relevant works in the area. Of the 204 studies

retrieved from the scientific databases, 25 were

accepted by the inclusion criteria, of which 24% were

published only in 2019. This fact reveals the trend in

the area, with recent attention from more researchers

to the problem. Among the principal means of

publication, conferences stood out, with 23 (92%)

works, while journals were represented by only 2

articles (8%).

As identified gaps, the need for more studies on

the quality process of ETLs was highlighted, as well

as the absence of benchmarks with closed source

tools widely used in the market. From a

methodological point of view,

An existing challenge is the lack of research that

carries out replications to consolidate and validate the

works already published, as well as the scarcity of

well-formatted experiments, which allow these

replications. On the other hand, the results obtained

in this research demonstrate that the application of

ETLs in transparency portals is researched in several

countries, allowing adaptations to the different

contexts of governance and transparency. Finally, it

is believed that this work presents relevant results to

the academy, providing a source of consultation of the

main gaps and trends in the use of ETLs in

transparency portals.

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ICEIS 2023 - 25th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems