Hypermediation Functionalities in Digital Platforms for

Collaborative and Social Interaction

Eliza R. Oliveira

, Oksana Tymoshchuck

, Eveline R. Sacramento

, André C. Branco

Daniel Carvalho

, Luis Pedro

, Maria Antunes

, Ana Almeida

and Fernando Ramos

DigitalMedia and Interaction Research Centre, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

Institute of Ethnomusicology - Center for Studies in Music and Dance, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

Keywords: Hypermediation, Digital Platform, Mobile Application, Community-Based Innovation, Social Interaction.

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to identify how Mobile Apps/Platforms have promoted Hypermediation

Processes, establishing functionalities that enhance hypermediation. This determines how it improves

interactions and audience engagement with online media content, allowing the user to not only be a passive

spectator but also actively participate through the interaction provided by the system. Considering that the

hypermediation concept is still not widely established, a theoretical introduction is presented, aiming to define

it. To map the hypermediation traits, we conducted a systematic literature review to identify functionalities

that enhance hypermediation in current mobile apps/platforms. It comprises articles from Scopus and Web of

Science databases, published between 2016 and 2021. Further, the research strategy used keywords in English

and Spanish, and it was made in accordance with the PRISMA Statement. A total of 29 articles were analysed

to identify hypermediation functionalities that play a relevant role in fostering communication and

engagement in collaborative and social interaction contexts. Simultaneously, this article discusses how

hypermediation can be understood in the CeNTER platform scope as an example of a digital platform for

community-led initiatives. This study's results made it possible to identify the functionalities of

hypermediation that are essential to promote community initiatives and local development.

1 INTRODUCTION

The development of mobile apps/platforms has led to

new forms of social interaction and sharing of

collaborating spaces, which promote the production,

distribution, and aggregation of information in online

environments (Stuckey & Arkell, 2006). In this sense,

apps/platforms allow the dissemination of

information through connections between individuals

with common interests, promoting the collaborative

construction of knowledge and community-based

innovation (Gunawardena et al., 2009).

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3518-3447

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8054-8014

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0839-4537

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6493-6938

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0108-8887

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1763-8433

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7819-4103

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7349-457X

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3405-6953

In this context, Scolari (2008) proposes the

concept of "hypermediation" that seeks to broaden the

notion of mediation beyond the relationship between

subjects and the media, including the digital

environments’ new configurations, which is an

extension of the mediation presented by Martín-

Barbéro (1987). According to the author,

hypermediation does not consist of a medium but of

exchange, production, and symbolic consumption in

a technologically interconnected environment,

characterized by many subjects, media, and

languages (Scolari, 2008). Scolari (2015) still

mentions that new communication is created through

320

Oliveira, E., Tymoshchuck, O., Sacramento, E., Branco, A., Carvalho, D., Pedro, L., Antunes, M., Almeida, A. and Ramos, F.

Hypermediation Functionalities in Digital Platforms for Collaborative and Social Interaction.

DOI: 10.5220/0011965900003467

In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems (ICEIS 2023) - Volume 2, pages 320-327

ISBN: 978-989-758-648-4; ISSN: 2184-4992

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

hypermediation, which generates innovative

connection conditions in digital media, allowing a

new use or additions to the language used, and new

social or communicative practices, in new scenarios.

Distinct works (López & Masjuan, 2019;

Martínez-Rolán, 2019) used the following definition

coined by Scolari (2008), which is generally

recognized as a set of socio-technological processes

and experiences. These authors emphasize the

transdisciplinary character of hypermediation and

highlight that hypermediation is a new condition of

communication and interaction in digital media. In

addition, some pivotal hypermediation features and

characteristics of hypermediation are digitalization,

user-generated content, multimedia, interactive user-

interface, reticularity, hypertext, prosumer, and

transmedia (Scolari, 2008, 2015).

Thus, digital communication trends can provide

the ideal conditions to promote connectivity

participation producing changes in the social context

(Silva, 2017). Hypermediation processes enhance

communication and collaboration between people,

community-led initiatives, entities and provide

innovative solutions that promote the territory's

development (Carvalho et al., 202l; Branco et al.,

2022).

As part of this study, a prototype of a CeNTER

mobile app was developed, which aims to facilitate

communication and collaboration between different

agents (citizens, community-led initiatives, public

and private entities) involved in the innovation

processes of the territory (Oliveira et al.,

2022).Within the scope of this study, community-led

initiatives are defined as “(...) a group of people who

share affinities and, voluntarily, develop joint actions,

in a physical and/or virtual environment, in the

context of a territory and produce, repurpose and

share information relevant to the development of that

territory” (Silva et al., 2020 p. 48).

The project team sought to understand how

hypermediation can be applied in the context of

community-led initiatives and what functionalities

are recommended to promote these initiatives. For

this purpose, the team carried out a systematic review

to understand how apps/platforms implemented

features to promote hypermediation processes

(Oliveira et al., 2021). Moreover, this article presents

how hypermediation is included in the scope of the

CeNTER platform, providing a concrete example of

this concept

2 METHOD

The systematic review focuses on exploring the

practical concept of “hypermediation”. It was

conducted using Scopus and Web of Science

databases, since they offer the highest coverage of

studies within the field of Social Sciences (Mongeon

& Paul-Hus, 2016). The research strategy used

keywords, both in English and Spanish and was made

in accordance with the PRISMA Statement (Liberati

et al., 2009).

To identify eligible studies, this systematic review

was conducted in the category of multidisciplinary

sciences of technologies, business, and social

sciences. Articles should be written in English and

Spanish and published in the last five years, i.e.,

between 2016 and 2021. This choice was justified

because it was intended to study the most recent

apps/platforms. The investigation was carried out

through the Scopus and Web of Science databases,

using the following keywords: ("app " OR

"application" OR "software" OR "platform" OR

"system") AND ("hypermediation" OR "mediation")

AND ("consumer" OR "producer" OR "prosumer").

Three researchers participated in this process. A total

of 4 cycles of searches were made between January

and March of 2021 (Figure 1).

Figure 1: PRISMA flow diagram of hypermediation

promoting mobile apps/platforms.

The inclusion criteria for the eligible studies were as

follows: (i) articles or book chapters (blogs, entire

books, and abstracts were excluded); (ii) being open

access articles or book chapters; (iii) being published

between 2016 and 2021; (iv) presented as original

Hypermediation Functionalities in Digital Platforms for Collaborative and Social Interaction

321

documents; (v) approach implementation of app

functionalities that provide and enhance

hypermediation processes; (vi) have expressions

“mobile platforms” or “applications”.

All articles that did not address the previously

mentioned keywords were excluded from this review.

This study selection proceeded as a final refinement,

to find results that make it possible to answer the

following questions: i) What mobile apps/platforms

were found in this review? ii) What types of mobile

apps/platforms were found? iii) In which fields of

activity, they were applied to? iv) What are the main

found functionalities that promote hypermediation?

v) Considering the review findings, how is the

hypermediation process reflected in the scope of the

CeNTER platform? All studies that were not

available for review or that were in duplicate were

excluded.

This systematic review was made with the support

of WebQDA (https://www.webqda.net/). The data

collected from the manuscripts was organized and

summarized using different descriptors in the

software.

3 RESULTS

The presentation of results is organized according to

the research questions addressed in the previous

section. For the systematic review, an appendix has

been published with tables and a tree of codes, which

can be found in the following URL:

https://zenodo.org/record/7545004#.Y8bFfOzP0Wo.

From the research, 1348 potentially eligible

articles were found, with 228 results obtained in

Scopus and 1120 in the Web of Science. After

filtering the data according to the date range, subject

area, and keywords, it was possible to obtain 231

results, 130 from Scopus and 101 from Web of

Science. After removing duplicates (three articles),

results not addressing hypermediation,

apps/platforms have been discarded (162 articles),

remaining 69 articles. To conclude this refinement

process, all the results that address mediation

processes, but do not promote hypermediation, were

excluded (40 articles), obtaining 29 articles

addressing apps/platforms that can facilitate

communication, interaction, and collaboration in

contexts of community-led initiatives. The

refinement process for obtaining the mentioned

results can be seen in Figure 1.

A tree of codes of the hypermediation categories

was created in Appendix 1 from the research

questions. The following subsections show the main

findings transcribed from the researched table and

summarized for this review (Appendix 2). Those

articles fundamentally address apps/platforms that

have functionalities to promote hypermediation.

3.1 Mobile Apps/Platforms with

Hypermediation Functions

In the first phase of the analysis, all mobile

apps/platforms that appear in the selected papers were

identified. The objective of this phase was to identify

in which apps/platforms the phenomenon of

hypermediation occurs, considering the definition of

the term by Scolari (2015). Table 1 shows the names

of the apps and platforms found and the number of

selected articles mentioning each. According to Table

1, 49 results were found in 29 articles. Thus, some

articles addressed more than one app/platform.

Facebook (mentioned in 10 articles, i.e., n=10),

Twitter (n=7), WeChat (n=5), WeiBo (n=4), and

Amazon (n=4) were the most frequently mentioned

apps/platforms in the selected articles. These

apps/platforms are mentioned frequently due to their

popularity, with an emphasis on social media.

Table 1: Names of mobile apps/platforms and number of

occurrences among the articles.

Application/Platform name

QTY

Faceboo

Twitte

WeCha

Amazon 4

Weibo 4

Google/ Google Play

Airbnb

Apple/ iTunes

Instagram

Netflix

YouTube

Others (38)*

*= AlertaBlu, Bestcreativity, Bird, BlaBlaCars, Blue Bikers,

DianPing, Dodgeball, eBay, Fitbit, Gopillar, Grindr, GrubHub,

Happn, Home Away, Hulu, JD, Lyft, ODR, Onde tem tiroteio

(OTT), PCW, QQ, Rent the Runway, Seamless, Shout, Spotify,

Starbytes, Swarm, Taobao, Tinder, TripAdvisor, Turo, Twago,

Uber, WeWork, Witao, Xiaozhu, Yik Yak, and Zoopa.

Kim (2019) addresses the rapid growth of users of

social media around the world, with two-thirds or

more adult internet users or smartphone owners using

social networking websites. The same author also

reinforces the popularity of social media through the

facilitation of the consumption, production, and

sharing of information, which grew in user-generated

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digital content, and led to an increase in digital

prosumers, i.e., users who simultaneously produce

and consume digital content. Pan (2020) mentions

that many governments have integrated social media

accounts to interact with the population, even in

China (WeChat, Weibo). In the remaining findings,

38 apps/platforms were found, each mentioned by

only one article. These less frequently mentioned

apps/platforms present different functions and

utilities than the most frequent findings, such as

Facebook or Twitter. This can be seen, for example,

in the study by Rise et al. (2019), which addresses

platforms such as Zoopa, Twago, Starbytes,

Bestcreativity, and Gopillar, which are used only for

crowdsourcing, allowing the connection among

people with the specific skills.

The papers helped to identify apps/platforms with

hypermediation functionalities that play a relevant

role in fostering communication and engagement in

collaborative and social interaction contexts. For

instance, platforms such as Facebook, Youtube,

Instagram, and Twitter provide means for

communities to articulate and exchange ideas to

promote local events and services, fostering the

process of territorially based innovation

(Drakopoulou, 2017; Kim, 2019). Other platforms

(e.g., Airbnb, Weibo, Uber, eBay, and Amazon) boost

property and services advertising, helping to promote

tourism and the economy in various locations (Levy

& Gvili, 2020; Morewedge et al., 2021).

3.2 Classification of Mobile

Apps/Platforms with

Hypermediation Functions

The research team identified eight app/platform

types: i) marketplace for e-commerce websites or

sales between consumers; ii) SNS for social network

websites that incorporate hypermediation functions;

iii) message service for apps/platforms that provide

exchange messages for users as the leading service,

but also with other additional services; iv)

apps/platforms for research purposes with tailor-

made software; v) apps/platforms of streaming

services that offer on-demand online content; vi)

customer opinion sites with word-of-mouth via

consumer-opinion (identified seven times); vii)

crowdsourcing as sourcing for goods or services; and

viii) territorial customization for apps/platforms

(Bezerra, 2017; Xie, 2021; Yin, 2020).

Table 2 presents the app/platform classification,

13 articles focus on social network sites, nine are

related to customer opinion sites, seven studies talk

about marketplaces, another four focus on message

services, and four papers are about streaming

services. The greatest number of social network

occurrences, as Scolari (2015) said, demonstrates a

profound mutation process since the diffusion of the

WWW, with the explosive combination of social

networks and mobile devices, as well as the

emergence of new cultural production/consumption

practices. Mobile apps/platforms regarding

crowdsourcing, territorial customization, and

research purposes have been less reported.

Table 2: Classification of mobile apps/platforms and

number of occurrences.

lication/Platform classification QTY

Social network sites 13

Customer o

inion sites 9

Marketplace 7

Message services 4

Streaming services 4

Develo

ed for research

oses 1

Crowdsourcin

Territorial customization a

latfor

3.3 Fields of Activities of Mobile

Apps/Platforms

Considering the types of apps/platforms found, it is

important to understand in which activity fields they

are applied (Table 3). Some articles highlighted

Marketing platforms that facilitate sharing

information among small shoppers, thereby

generating electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM),

which drives social commerce online (Levy & Gvili,

2020; Pan, 2020).

Table 3: Activity fields and the number of occurrences.

Activit

fiel

QTY

Marketin

Politics 6

Entrepreneurship / Business 6

Touris

Health and Well-

ein

Culture 1

Smart Cities 1

In the Entrepreneurship/Business field, for

example, the authors Li and Wang (2020) discuss the

relevance of trust mechanisms in the sharing

economy, like the peer‐to‐peer accommodation

models used by Airbnb and Xiaozh. Hu et al. (2018)

presented how online vendors and consumers are

learning from each other, and how online reviews,

prices, and sales interact among each other.

Hypermediation Functionalities in Digital Platforms for Collaborative and Social Interaction

323

3.4 Main Functionalities in Mobile

Apps/Platforms

Table 4 presents the apps' hypermediation

functionalities implemented, as well as how many

selected articles mentioned each functionality. It is

highlighted that the users of these apps/platforms

mainly resort to functionalities that promote the

creation and sharing of content (n=14). Those

functionalities work as visible stimuli to users that act

as content generators, consumers, i.e., prosumers.

Another functionality that also had several

occurrences was the possibility to post or comment

on a topic in social apps/platforms (n=12 incidences),

also highlighting the act of repost, so the user shares

content from the creation of others. From the set of

functionalities, the ones with the fewest occurrences

were the voting polls, the number of views/users, and

the algorithms for grouping content (n=2) which,

despite their relevance for quantifying and valuing

contents (e.g., a video is popular if it has many

''views''), were not identified as the most cited. Thus,

these hypermediation functionalities allow people to

effectively connect, determining matchings based on

objective criteria, like the interests or the participants'

location.

Table 4: Functionalities found in mobile apps/platforms and

number of occurrences.

Functionalities in mobile apps/platforms QTY

Create and share content

(

from a content creator or b

someone else

)

(

)

Postin

/comment 12

Scoring/rating (inc. number of likes/retweets) 10

Recommendations/suggestions 9

Collaboration functions - Social groups,

events, etc

Chat 6

Review 4

Algorithm to filter and display information

according to the users’ preferences

Algorithm to group content (e.g., hashtag) 2

Number of views/users 2

Votin

Polls 2

Others

(

)

* 1

*Others: each one of the 9 functionalities were mentioned in only

one article: Form, wizard, or other filling process; "order by"

function; third-party promotion (e.g., avatar creation and slogan

insertion); ease of use to write a message; micro target messages to

specific individuals; filtering content to reach non attentive

audiences; display of tracked/motivational information; profile

creation notification and bookmarking.

Furthermore, hypermediation functionalities

facilitate the processes of exchange of

information/resources and collaborative construction

of new knowledge, being pivotal for the promotion of

innovation processes.

These functionalities have also

the potential to boost commercial exchanges as, for

instance, improving direct/indirect communication,

providing product/services recommendations,

collaboration with the creation of events/initiatives,

and allowing the sharing of those experiences (Li &

Wang, 2020; Mathmann et al., 2017). The

functionalities constitute more concrete

implementations of the hypermediation concept

defined by Scolari (2008), playing a relevant role in

promoting communication, participation, and

collaboration in community initiatives.

4 DISCUSSION

This systematic review sought to find studies

exploring the functionalities that promote

hypermediation through apps/platforms that play a

relevant role in fostering communication and

engagement in collaborative and social interaction

contexts. Furthermore, this review allowed us to

understand that recent articles have been studying

concrete and specific hypermediation functionalities,

such as Sharing content, Scoring/rating, or Algorithm

to group content (e.g., hashtag). The presence of

several features common among the different

apps/platforms confirms the transversal and

transdisciplinary character of the hypermediation

process coined by Scolari. Some examples of these

similar features are Networks/Reticularity,

Multimedia, Hypertext, and User-generated content,

among others (Scolari, 2015).

Moreover, hypermediation functionalities are

often used in recent apps/platforms, such as Airbnb,

Uber, and Lyft, which present characteristics that

allow users’ involvement in the creation, sharing,

evaluation of content, and presence in voting pools.

In this sense, the users experience immediate and

personalized responses, which is determinant to

provide them to feel emotionally connected, resulting

in a higher social presence in the online environment

(Tang & Hew, 2019).

Therefore, the functionalities identified in

apps/platforms constitute implementations of

Scolari's hypermediation functionalities. For

instance, the Prosumer functionality, proposed by

Scolari (2008), is related with creating and sharing

content, identified on some apps/platforms (Kim,

2019; Drakopoulou, 2017; Yin, 2020; Morewedge et

al., 2021). In this case, the user actively participates

in the creation of texts, consumption, and production

sharing. Although not mentioned by Scolari, these

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functionalities play an important role in

hypermediation, as they contribute to a complex

network of social processes of production, exchange,

and consumption. Additionally, the high incidence of

articles that mention recommendation algorithms,

which are widely used by apps/platforms that

recommend content according to the user’s

preferences, reveal that the evolution of digital

technologies provides an increasing availability of

functionalities used as hypermediation enhancers

(Yin, 2020; Bezerra, 2017).

This review was crucial to expand our knowledge

about the concept of hypermediation, enabling the

verification that hypermedia is ubiquitous in people's

lives daily. Hypermediation contributes decisively to

interpersonal communication and the construction of

social relationships, as it is the key factor through

which language exchanges and constructions take

place, through different media and in a network

format, fostering new realities in several areas of life

(López & Masjuan, 2019). Mobile apps/platforms

that use functionalities that enhance hypermediation

have an impact on the development of local

economies, to also promote community initiatives.

Furthermore, apps/platforms on the scope of the

sharing economy mobile (Airbnb, Uber, Lyft, etc.)

benefit themselves with several hypermediation

functionalities, such as user comments and feedback

between apps/platforms or inside social networks

(Morewedge et al., 2021), showing how intensive is

the use of hypermediation on the consumer market.

This study also clarified the intense and increased

use of hypermediation functionalities in current

apps/platforms, mostly used to enhance human-

machine interaction and make their relationship easy,

useful, and valuable for human beings. The synthesis

of all the information obtained in this study allowed

us to understand that hypermediation functionalities

facilitate the sharing of information and resources;

increase the visibility of initiatives and entities;

promote interaction, cooperation, and collaboration

among different users. Therefore, hypermediation has

the potential to promote networks that benefit

populations' involvement and innovation processes in

society, contributing to a region's innovation.

5 THE CENTER MOBILE APP

Figure 2 presents some examples of the CeNTER

mobile app interface. Its main screen has a grid with

six primary tabs: Initiatives, Events, Entities,

Volunteers, Resources, and Highlights, which act as

starting points to the app. When opening a tab, the

user finds the information in a carousel mode, with

cards representing the different content units.

These cards have essential information (e.g.,

image, date and time, location) and can be

manipulated with gestures such as swiping (e.g., to

discard or to save as favorites). Furthermore, the

interface footer includes other feature options, such

as profile, ideas, saved, notifications, and new content

creation. The first image refers to the main screens of

the prototype, with the event tab being expanded and

presenting the options to see the location on the map,

add a new event and search for a particular event. The

CeNTER app prototype presents an organized

modular structure based on local development agents

and on initiatives that carry out specific activities,

interconnected by hypermediation dynamics.

In the CeNTER app context, hypermediation

functionalities provide the app with dynamic

elements, for example, sending useful notifications to

its users that encourage its utilization, boosting a

greater interaction with the platform.

Figure 2: Screen samples of the

CeNTER prototype app:

(a) main screen, (b) map screen with a notification banner,

and (c) screen suggesting the creation of an initiative based

on an idea (from left to right).

Notifications are constituted by messages, alerts, and

warnings sent by the app to its users considering their

interests and option settings (Figure 2). Further,

proactive parameters are also encouraged, such as the

“Ideas” section, which proposes the birth and

publications of innovative ideas for local community

development. The option to create and share the

users’ contents, not only in the CeNTER app, but also

among different social networks, consolidates the

prosumer proposal identified as one of the

hypermediation features by Scolari (2008, 2015).

Recommendations are sent by the app to its users

and can be content-based (implicitly captured by user

clicks, by user profile configuration, etc.) or

Hypermediation Functionalities in Digital Platforms for Collaborative and Social Interaction

325

collaboration-based (explicitly captured by user

feedback scoring or rating, etc.). Recommendations

and suggestions are determined by Algorithms, as

well as the users’ preferences are based on the

analysis of the entities/users’ profile, and history of

participation in similar events. Such hypermediation

functionalities may occur proactively, providing

suggestions on participation in events nearby the user

location. Other hypermediation functionalities

presented are collaboration, content creation and

sharing, and scoring/rating functions.

These can

promote the generation of networks among different

users. In addition, hypermediation functionalities

related to the prosumer category will encourage

people to share their content/ideas, evaluate their

experiences participating in an event, evaluate

volunteers' work, etc.

In addition, the CeNTER app does not seek to

replace existing digital platforms but to facilitate easy

connection with them. For example, the app will

allow the users to share their initiatives and events on

social networks, such as Facebook, Instagram, and

other existing apps, through an internal link that

enables the association among different networks to

foster and facilitate the prosumer actions and sharing

processes. to promote interactions among local

development agents, facilitate communication and

collaboration, benefit from existing mediation

strategies and encourage joint creation of new ideas

and activities. Finally, the wrap up of the CeNTER

apps' hypermediation functionalities allow us to

identify that this platform can promote a network,

social interaction, exchange and consumption

processes that take place in an environment

characterized by a large number of social actors,

media technologies and technological languages.

These functionalities properly match the

hypermediations’ definition and the characteristics

presented by Scolari, consolidating the term and the

hypermediation process at the CeNTER project.

6 CONCLUSIONS

This study's development allowed the project team to

design a proposal for a set of features that must be

present in implementing the CeNTER app to foster

the hypermediation process. It is essential to mention

that the researchers had the specific focus on

hypermediation functions that are crucial to promote

community-led initiatives, encourage interactions,

and involve new agents in the innovation process of

the territory. The project team hopes that these

features will allow the CeNTER app to take a

proactive role in streamlining innovation processes in

the territory.

We can identify some limitations that can

stimulate future work. The review used only two

databases to retrieve potential eligible studies –

Scopus and Web of Science, which may have omitted

relevant research. Another limitation concerns the

time interval. In this study, articles before 2016 were

excluded, which reduced the number of achieved

functionalities. This choice was justified because it

was intended to study the most recent apps/platforms.

We hope this paper provides a better understanding

of the strategic potential of hypermedia's

functionalities for developing digital solutions aimed

at community-based initiatives.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work is financially supported by national funds

through FCT – Foundation for Science and

Technology, I.P., under the project

UIDB/05460/2020 and the Research Program

“CeNTER” (CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000002),

funded by Programa Operacional Regional do Centro

(CENTRO 2020), PT2020.

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APPENDIX

An appendix has been published with tables and

categories trees of codes, which can be found in the

following URL: https://zenodo.org/record/754500

4#.Y8bFfOzP0Wo.

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