Impact of COVID-19 on the Factors Inﬂuencing on-Time Software

Project Delivery: An Empirical Study

Mahmudul Islam

, Farhan Khan, Mehedi Hasan, Farzana Sadia and Mahady Hasan

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Independent University, Bangladesh

Keywords:

Empirical Study, COVID-19, Factors, on-Time Software Delivery, SDLC Models.

Abstract:

The objective of this research paper is to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on the factors inﬂuencing on-

time software project delivery in different Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) models such as Agile,

Incremental, Waterfall, and Prototype models. Also to identify the change of crucial factors with respect

to different demographic information that inﬂuences on-time software project delivery. This study has been

conducted using a quantitative approach. We surveyed Software Developers, Project Managers, Software Ar-

chitect, QA Engineer and other roles using a Google form. Python has been used for data analysis purposes.

We received 72 responses from 11 different software companies of Bangladesh, based on that we ﬁnd that At-

tentional Focus, Team Stability, Communication, Team Maturity, and User Involvement are the most important

factors for on-time software project delivery in different SDLC models during COVID-19. On the contrary,

before COVID-19 Team Capabilities, Infrastructure, Team Commitment, Team Stability and Team Maturity

are found as the most crucial factors. Team Maturity and Team Stability are found as common important

factors for both before and during the COVID-19 scenario. We also identiﬁed the change in the impact level

of factors with respect to demographic information such as experience, company size, and different SDLC

models used by participants. Attentional focus is the most important factor for experienced developers while

for freshers all factors are almost equally important. This study ﬁnds that there is a signiﬁcant change among

factors for on-time software project delivery before and during the COVID-19 scenario.

1 INTRODUCTION

One of the main reasons for software project fail-

ure is not choosing the proper methodologies. There

are many Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

models such as Waterfall, Agile, Incremental, Proto-

type, Spiral, etc. Software companies follow different

SDLC models according to their needs and project re-

quirements. Cost overrun and on-time delivery is a

major issue in the software industry and the success

of a project depends on them (Chow and Cao, 2008).

Effort estimation is crucial for any software project

since it helps to deliver on time with the deﬁned con-

straints (Jørgensen, 2004). This study investigates the

impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the crucial fac-

tors that impact on-time software project delivery in

different SDLC models and how the level of impact

of these factors shifted with respect to different de-

mographic information such as company size, devel-

opers’ years of experience and different SDLC mod-

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3270-8877

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9037-0181

els used software professionals.

Covid 19 pandemic has impacted everything in-

cluding the software development paradigm. It was a

challenge for the team to interact properly although

online platforms such as Google meet, Zoom, and

other platforms made the interaction possible but it

was not quite smooth. Several factors impact on-time

delivery (Kula et al., 2021) and during the pandemic,

these factors might be changed to different degrees.

We investigated the research gap and found that no

study has yet been conducted that describes how the

important factors of on-time delivery have changed

over time, especially during COVID-19 in different

SDLC models. This has motivated us to conduct this

research study and measure the impact of COVID-19

on-time software project delivery in different SDLC

models. Previous studies were mostly Agile model

related therefore we cover different SDLC models in

this study. In another previous study, the success fac-

tors are stated (Tam et al., 2020) for Agile software

development but it is not determined how these fac-

tors inﬂuence on-time software delivery.

554

Islam, M., Khan, F., Hasan, M., Sadia, F. and Hasan, M.

Impact of COVID-19 on the Factors Inﬂuencing on-Time Software Project Delivery: An Empirical Study.

DOI: 10.5220/0011969000003464

In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Evaluation of Novel Approaches to Software Engineering (ENASE 2023), pages 554-561

ISBN: 978-989-758-647-7; ISSN: 2184-4895

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

The main contributions of this paper are:

• An overview of the impact of COVID-19 on-time

software project delivery in different SDLC mod-

els.

• Identiﬁcation of the top factors which are respon-

sible for on-time software project delivery in dif-

ferent SDLC models before and during COVID-

19.

• Identiﬁcation the change of impact level of im-

portant factors for on-time software project deliv-

ery with respect to different demographic infor-

mation.

The rest of this paper is structured as follows. Re-

lated works have been described in Section 2. In Sec-

tion 3 research survey design has been explained. De-

tailed survey results have been presented in section 4.

Finally, conclusions have been discussed in section 5.

2 RELATED WORKS

(Chiyangwa and Mnkandla, 2017) investigated the

critical success factors (CSFs) of the Agile software

development model and found six different CSFs.

(Dhir et al., 2019) investigated both success and fail-

ure factors that impact project Implementation using

Agile methods. (Ram et al., 2019) surveyed two soft-

ware companies through semi-structured interviews

for evaluating process metrics in Agile software de-

velopment. (Ghayyur et al., 2018) reviewed previ-

ous studies and extracted 25 common motivators and

14 common demotivators factors. (Srivastava et al.,

2020) evaluated the Agile success factors.

(Marques et al., 2017) found that most of the fail-

ure factors had a direct impact on the project deliv-

ery. (Butt and Jamal, 2017) found that frequent re-

quest changes made by clients have a negative effect

on on-time delivery and cost. (Bergmann and Kar-

wowski, 2018) reviewed the previous studies and di-

vided project success factors into 6 main categories

such as management, process, project, organizational,

people, and technical factors. (Hujainah et al., 2018)

performed a systematic literature review to under-

stand and list newly developed Requirement Prior-

itization techniques. (Edison et al., 2021) investi-

gated how the implementation of a hybrid methodol-

ogy will enhance software project success and found

hybrid models are ﬂexible and adaptable. This study

(Hussain et al., 2018) identiﬁed ﬁve motivator factors

for Agile adoption. (Kamal et al., 2020) explained

the beneﬁts of Agile methods. (Arcos-Medina and

Mauricio, 2019) did a systematic literature review on

different SDLC models and discussed pros and cons

of each methods.

3 RESEARCH DESIGN

This research work is designed through the study of

various previous research papers. This helped us

to identify the research gap and design the research

questionnaires for this study. Previous studies fo-

cused particularly on Agile software development.

After identifying the research gap, in this study, we

explored how different factors affect on-time software

delivery in different SDLC models over the time, es-

pecially during COVID-19.

3.1 Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study is to analyze and quantify

the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and other vari-

ables on the timely completion of software projects

in different SDLC models. In this study, we focused

on the following research questions (RQs) and these

questions have been adopted from this (Kula et al.,

2021) study, we have modiﬁed the questions with the

concept of COVID-19.

• RQ1: How much does each of the following fac-

tors inﬂuence on-time software project delivery

[Before and During COVID-19] ?

• RQ2: Do any other factors or certain types of cir-

cumstances, need to be added to ensure on-time

software project delivery?

There were 25 questions under RQ1 adopted from

(Kula et al., 2021; Tam et al., 2020; Chiyangwa and

Mnkandla, 2017).

• DQ1: Which of the following best describes your

role at your company?

• DQ2: How many years of work experience do

you have in the software development industry?

• DQ3: What is the size of your company?

• DQ4: Which software development life cycle

model has been practiced or followed by you ?

3.2 Research Method

This research study was conducted on different IT

professionals such as Project Manager, Software De-

veloper, Software Architect, QA Engineer, DevOps

from 11 different software companies in Bangladesh.

An extensive literature review was performed before

conducting this research study which helped us to

Impact of COVID-19 on the Factors Inﬂuencing on-Time Software Project Delivery: An Empirical Study

555

get a solid idea about the topic and identify research

gap. In this study, quantitative method in 4 point lik-

ert scale format has been used to collect data (Harpe,

2015). Python has been used in data analysis step.

We studied the previous literature (Laitinen, 2018)

and found that Net Promoter Score (NPS) is a metric

which is used to measure how likely people suggest a

thing to others. In this study, NPS along with mode

and mean have been calculated. The methodology in

Figure 1, represents the ﬂow of research method that

was developed in four stages: Research Design, Data

Collection, Data Analysis and Final Result.

3.3 Data Collection Method

In this study, purposive sampling methods were used.

IT professionals who were involved in the software

project deliverable were included in the sample’s in-

clusion criteria. The individuals who possessed pri-

mary features for selection criteria were ﬁltered and

addressed with proper instructions. The question-

naires were organized in two sections that addressed

the demographics and factors impacting on-time soft-

ware project delivery before and during Covid-19

pandemic.

Most of the questions were designed as close-

ended in a 4-point Likert scale format such as no im-

pact, small, moderate, and large impact. The factors

were presented in a random order to the survey partic-

ipants to reduce ordering bias and a short description

was included to explain the factors to participants. Af-

ter the design of questionnaires and selection of par-

ticipants, a pilot test was conducted before the initi-

ation of the data collection process. It ensured that

the interview questions were understandable to the IT

professionals. Therefore, after the successful identi-

ﬁcation of misinterpretations and corrections of ques-

tions in the pilot test, quantitative data collection was

initiated via Google form.

3.4 Data Analysis Method

After the completion of the data collection phase, an

in-depth data analysis was performed using Python.

Then, different statistical parameters such as NPS,

Mode, Mean were calculated. NPS calculation al-

lows to determine the most impactful factors while

the calculation of Mode help to identify the central

tendency. The factors were assessed from the ob-

tained data where respondents revealed their approach

to software deliverables before and during COVID-

19 and their correlation with on-time software project

delivery. As a result, taking these factors into account

improved the generalizability of the ﬁndings.

4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS

In this study, 72 responses have been received from

different roles such as Software Developer, Soft-

ware Architect, Project Manager, QA Engineer, De-

vOps, etc from 11 different software companies in

Bangladesh. In this section, we will describe the ﬁnd-

ings of this study regarding the impact of COVID-19

on-time software project delivery and the change of

impact level of factors with respect to different pa-

rameters.

4.1 Demographics

Role: The survey participants were asked questions

regarding their role in the software company. ques-

tion DQ1 make sure that the participants are in the

target population. Figure 2 depicts the role of the re-

spondents in the software company. People working

in different roles at software companies participated

in this survey. The majority of the respondents were

Software Developers and Project Managers. Software

Architects, QA Engineers, and DevOps also partici-

pated in this survey as all of them play a role in on-

time software delivery.

Work Experience in Software Industry: Work ex-

perience in the software industry is important demo-

graphic information for our study. We asked ques-

tion DQ2 which reveals the work experience of par-

ticipants. Results are shown in ﬁgure 3, most of the

participants in this study have a software industry ex-

perience of one to ﬁve years while the least of partici-

pants have ten to twenty years of industry experience.

Company Size: Question DQ3 had been asked to the

participants to know the software company size. In

this study, we ﬁnd that the level of impact of factors

for on-time software project delivery changes with re-

spect to company size which has been described in

detail later. Figure 4 shows the company size of the

survey respondents.

Use of Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Models: We asked participants question DQ4 to

know about their followed SDLC models during soft-

ware developments. Participants in this study re-

sponded that they follow mainly four SDLC models

Agile, Incremental, Waterfall and Prototype Models.

Results shown in ﬁgure 5 describe the use of SDLC

models by survey participants. The Agile model is

followed by most of the participants while the Proto-

type model is practiced or followed by the least of the

participants during software development.

ENASE 2023 - 18th International Conference on Evaluation of Novel Approaches to Software Engineering

556

Figure 1: Research Methodology.

Figure 2: Survey Respondents’ Role in the Software Com-

pany.

Figure 3: Survey Respondents’ Work Experience in the

Software Industry.

4.2 Impact of COVID-19 on-Time

Software Project Delivery

In this research survey, we identiﬁed the top factors

which inﬂuenced on-time software delivery before

and during COVID-19. Data have been collected on

a 4-point Likert scale. In this study, the collected data

have been mapped using table 1. Quantitative analy-

sis has been applied to the survey data based on the

mapping. We identiﬁed the top factors that impact

on-time software project delivery during and before

COVID-19. We also identiﬁed changes in the level

Figure 4: Survey Respondents’ Company Size.

Figure 5: Use of SDLC Models by Survey Respondents.

of impact of factors with respect to different parame-

ters such as respondents’ company size and software

industry experience. Net Promoter Score (NPS) has

been used to identify the top factors (Laitinen, 2018).

Mode and Mean are also calculated.

NPS = ( Count of Promoters - Count of Detractors

) / Total Participants

Inﬂuential Factors for On-Time Software Project

Delivery During COVID-19: Figure 6 represents

identiﬁed top 5 factors during COVID-19 that have

the highest NPS which means they have the highest

impact or inﬂuence on-time software project delivery

during COVID-19 according to survey participants.

The mode and mean of those factors have also been

Impact of COVID-19 on the Factors Inﬂuencing on-Time Software Project Delivery: An Empirical Study

557

Table 1: Likert Scale Data Mapping.

Text Rating Quantitative Rating Type

No Impact 1 Detractors

Small Impact 3 Neutral

Medium Impact 5 Neutral

Large Impact 7 Promoters

calculated. Attentional focus was the most inﬂuen-

tial factor for on-time software project delivery during

COVID-19. Team Stability, Communication, Team

Maturity, and User Involvement were also signiﬁcant

factors for on-time software project delivery respec-

tively. The identiﬁed factors are described below.

Figure 6: Top Five Factors for On-Time Software Project

Delivery During COVID-19.

Attentional Focus: In software development, Atten-

tional Focus is an essential key element to accomplish

the assigned task. Attentional Focus is to concen-

trate dedicatedly on a speciﬁc task or increased fo-

cus on a speciﬁc task which helps to achieve the task.

Our ﬁndings in ﬁgure 6 from this study indicate that

the most important factor impacting on-time software

project delivery is Attentional Focus.

Team Stability: In software development, Team Sta-

bility is a major factor for a company’s success as well

as to deliver software projects timely to the clients

onmez et al., 2016). Results of this study are

presented in ﬁgure 6 where team stability has been

deemed as the second most important factor.

Communication: In software development, proper

communication is a major criteria to understand the

user requirements and deliver quality software prod-

ucts(Rasheed et al., 2021). Figure 6 shows that Com-

munication is perceived as the third most important

factor for on-time software project delivery during

COVID-19.

Team Maturity: Team Maturity or Group Maturity

is signiﬁcant for the efﬁciency of the software devel-

opment team (Ram

ırez-Mora et al., 2020). Figure 6

demonstrates that during COVID-19, Team Maturity

was considered as the fourth most crucial factor for

timely software project delivery.

User Involvement: In software development, User

Involvement is a key factor for successful project

completion (Bano et al., 2018). User Involvement

helps to understand the user requirements and deliver

proper software products which eventually leads to

user satisfaction.

Inﬂuential Factors for On-Time Software Project

Delivery Before COVID-19: In this survey, we also

investigated the inﬂuential factors which were re-

sponsible for on-time software project delivery be-

fore COVID-19. The higher NPS value of a fac-

tor means the higher impact of that factor on-time

software project delivery according to survey partic-

ipants who were Software Developers, Software Ar-

chitects, Project Managers, QA Engineers, and De-

vOps. Figure 7 represents the top ﬁve factors that

have the highest impact on-time software project de-

livery before COVID-19, they are Team Capabili-

ties, Infrastructure, Team Commitment, Team Stabil-

ity, and Team Maturity. Team Stability and Team Ma-

turity are found as common important factors both be-

fore and during COVID-19.

Figure 7: Top Five Factors for On-Time Software Project

Delivery Before Covid-19.

Team Capabilities: In software development, Team

Capabilities is the expertise or skills of the software

development team’s members which is a crucial fac-

tor for successful project delivery (Vishnubhotla et al.,

2018). In this survey we ﬁnd Team Capabilities was

the most important factor for on-time software project

delivery before COVID-19. Results are shown in ﬁg-

ure 7.

Infrastructure: Infrastructure is essential for soft-

ware development, testing, and maintenance. Un-

availability of Infrastructure leads to late delivery of

software projects to the clients(Harter and Slaughter,

2003). Figure 7 shows that Infrastructure was a ma-

jor factor for on-time software project delivery before

COVID-19.

Team Commitment: Team Commitment is the ded-

ENASE 2023 - 18th International Conference on Evaluation of Novel Approaches to Software Engineering

558

ication of the team member to the timely delivery of

the product and their concentration on attaining the

team’s goal. Team Commitment is an important fac-

tor for on-time delivery (Moe et al., 2009). In this

survey, Team commitment is also found as a major

factor for on-time delivery of the software project be-

fore COVID-19 as shown in ﬁgure 7.

Comparison of Factors Before & During COVID-

19: The comparison in table 2 shows that during

COVID-19 the most important factor for on-time

project delivery was Attentional Focus while before

COVID-19 Team Capabilities was the most important

factor. Team Stability and Team Maturity were impor-

tant for on-time software project delivery both before

and during COVID-19. The results are shown in Ta-

ble 2 and it is clear that there is a change of factors

that are responsible for on-time software project de-

livery during and before COVID-19. Before COVID-

19 most important factors were Team Capabilities, In-

frastructure and Team Commitment. Whereas during

COVID-19, these factors did not play any signiﬁcant

role.

Table 2: Comparison of factors before and during COVID-

19.

Top 5 factors during COVID-19 Top 5 factors before COVID-19

Factors Mode Mean NPS Factors Mode Mean NPS

Attentional

Focus

7 4.97 32.84

Team

Capabilities

5 3.82 7.46

Team

Stability

5 4.68 22.39 Infrastructure 5 3.54 4.48

Communication 5 4.6 20.9

Team

Commitment

5 3.89 2.98

Team Maturity 5 4.66 19.4

Team

Stability

5 3.76 1.49

User

Involvement

5 4.58 19.4

Team

Maturity

5 3.79 1.49

Change of Impact Level of Factors with Respect to

Employee Experience: We have already identiﬁed

the top ﬁve factors for on-time software project de-

livery both before and during COVID-19. In the sec-

ond level of analysis, we investigated how the impact

level of these identiﬁed factors changes with respect

to different demographic information. The Mode has

almost same value for factors and NPS has already

been calculated to determine the factors. In the sec-

ond level of analysis, The Mean value of these fac-

tors with respect to employee experience and com-

pany size has been calculated and presented in ﬁgure

8,9,10, and 11 respectively.

Figure 8 depicts change of impact level of identi-

ﬁed top factors with respect to software professionals’

experience during COVID-19. These factors do not

have the same level of impact on the different levels

of experienced people. In ﬁgure 8, results show that

more experienced software professionals (5-10 years

of experience) voted for Attentional Focus more. For

fresh graduates or software professionals (0-1 years

of experience) all the factors have a similar type of

impact.

Figure 8: Change of Impact Level of Factors with Respect

to Professionals’ Experience.

In ﬁgure 9, two patterns or trends of factors with

respect to software professionals’ experience have

been presented. There are two ﬁgures side by side

in ﬁgure 9 where the left ﬁgure shows that Atten-

tional Focus and Team Stability are increasing as ex-

perience increases. This means that these two factors

were more signiﬁcant during COVID-19 for experi-

enced software professionals compared to less expe-

rienced software professionals for delivering software

projects timely. On the other hand, the right ﬁgure

shows that Communication, Team Maturity, and User

Involvement have dropped for 1 to 5 years of experi-

enced software professionals but increased again for

5 to 10 years of experienced software professionals.

Change of Impact Level of Factors with Respect to

Company Size: In ﬁgure 10, results show that more

emphasis is placed on Attentional Focus in large soft-

ware companies. However, Team Stability becomes

more crucial in mid-sized (100-500) companies. Fig-

ure 11 shows that the trend of all the factors upward

for large software companies (Over 500).

Change of Impact Level of Factors with Respect to

Different SDLC Models: In this study, we ﬁnd that

the impact level of factors is not the same in differ-

ent SDLC models. Figure 12 shows that Attentional

Focus and Team Maturity were most signiﬁcant for

Agile practitioners during COVID-19. For Waterfall

practitioners, User Involvement was less signiﬁcant

and this is perceptible as in the waterfall model re-

quirements are deﬁned at the beginning, and in the

whole development process, users do not get involve-

ment.

Impact of COVID-19 on the Factors Inﬂuencing on-Time Software Project Delivery: An Empirical Study

559

Figure 9: Change of Impact Level of Factors with Respect to Professionals’ Experience.

Figure 10: Change of Impact Level of Factors with Respect

to Company Size.

Figure 11: Change of Impact Level of Factors with Respect

to Company Size.

5 CONCLUSION

In this paper, we investigated the impact of COVID-

19 on the factors which are inﬂuencing on-time soft-

ware project delivery. For our inquiry, we used

quantitative methods. Based on 72 responses from

11 different software companies of Bangladesh, we

conclude that User Involvement, Attentional Focus,

Team Stability, Communication, and Team Maturity

were the most important factors for on-time software

Figure 12: Change of Impact Level of Factors with Respect

to different SDLC.

project delivery in during COVID-19. On the con-

trary, Team Capabilities, Infrastructure, Team Com-

mitment, Team Stability, and Team Maturity were the

most important factors prior to COVID-19.

Team Stability and Team Maturity found as com-

mon factors both before and during COVID-19. We

also looked into the impact level change of these iden-

tiﬁed factors with respect to company size, software

professionals’ experience and use of SDLC models

by software professionals. For experienced develop-

ers, Attentional Focus was found as the most signif-

icant factor, however, for new developers, all factors

are almost equally important. For large software com-

panies, Attentional Focus was crucial whereas Team

Stability for mid-sized software companies. Atten-

tional Focus and Team Maturity were most crucial for

the developers who follow Agile. On the other hand,

as requirements are established at the beginning of

the waterfall model and users are not involved dur-

ing the entire development process, user engagement

was less important in the Waterfall development. This

study will help software companies to make strate-

gic decisions regarding on-time software project de-

livery based on the crucial identiﬁed factors. Collect-

ing data from software professionals was the great-

est challenge in this study. Therefore, conducting this

ENASE 2023 - 18th International Conference on Evaluation of Novel Approaches to Software Engineering

560

study on a large population in the future will help to

reveal more insights.

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