Developing an ICT-Based Mental Healthcare Service Platform for

Older People (IMPOP)

Euntaek Hong

, Jueun Hwang

, Dawoon Jung

, Yong-Chun Bahk

and Kee-Hong Choi

1,2 e,*

School of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

KU Mind Health Institute, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Keywords: Elderly, Mobile Health Monitoring, Evidence-Based Intervention, Mental Healthcare Platform,

User-Centered Design, Psychological Intervention.

Abstract: Recently mental health issues of older people became a large part of society and the demand for elderly mental

healthcare services is increasing. Non-face-to-face online mental health services are recommended because

they can respond to psychological changes at an initial stage and are highly cost-effective. In Korea, there are

few online services based on psychological evidence and considering the user experience of elderly users.

This paper describes the overall 3-year production process of the ICT-based Mental Healthcare Service

Platform for Older People (IMPOP). After preliminary interviews with practitioners and elderly users, we

identified the primary mental health service demands of the elderly. Therefore, a single service platform

considering the needs of the users and evidence-based tasks is designed. We present a detailed explanation of

the developed modules of IMPOP. In the end, we discuss the implications of IMPOP and suggestions for the

remaining research period.

1 INTRODUCTION

Life expectancy is getting longer worldwide, and the

proportion of the elderly population is also

increasing. The number of people aged 65 or older,

which was 10 percent of the total population in 2022,

is expected to increase to 16 percent by 2050 (United

Nations, 2022). Korea is the fastest-aging country,

with the elderly population exceeding 17% of the

total population (Statistics Korea, 2022). This

increment in the elderly population led to an interest

in the quality of life and mental health of the elderly

population. People in old age are known to have a

high risk of mental health problems such as

depression as well as physical health problems. Late-

life depression (LLD) is the biggest problem in

mental health in old age, especially, with about 7% of

the total elderly population suffering from depression

(WHO, 2017). In Korea, the depression experience

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7738-8769

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3791-9451

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4009-4112

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4216-5076

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7526-3329

*Correspondence: kchoi1@korea.ac.kr

rate of the elderly group was found to be the highest

compared to other age groups (Korea Disease Control

and Prevention Agency, 2019). Since the mental

health problems of the increasing elderly population

generate a lot of socioeconomic costs, prevention and

initial responses to mental health in old age are

becoming more important.

Especially, depressive episodes in older adults

often appear as physical symptoms, which can easily

occur due to other reasons rather than a depressed

mood (Fiske, Wetherell, & Gatz, 2009; Husain-

Krautter & Ellison, 2021). Therefore, depression is

usually under-treated in the elderly. However, if LLD

is not recognized and treated appropriately, it can lead

to a functional disability and reduced quality of life

(Husain-Krautter & Ellison, 2021; Katon, 2003). That

is, continuous monitoring, prevention, and initial

intervention are important for emotional problems in

old age.

186

Hong, E., Hwang, J., Jung, D., Bahk, Y. and Choi, K.

Developing an ICT-Based Mental Healthcare Service Platform for Older People (IMPOP).

DOI: 10.5220/0011972400003476

In Proceedings of the 9th Inter national Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health (ICT4AWE 2023), pages 186-193

ISBN: 978-989-758-645-3; ISSN: 2184-4984

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Interestingly, online mental health service is

suitable for monitoring mood changes and making an

initial intervention. During COVID-19, interest and

demand for non-face-to-face mental health services

have emerged worldwide due to the spread of

infectious diseases and social distancing (Wind,

Rijkeboer, Andersson, & Riper, 2020). According to

the review paper, many online mental health services

have been developed; however, a few applications are

evidence-based interventions (Larsen et al., 2019).

However, online mental health services are not only

helpful in disaster situations such as COVID-19 but

also easy to be provided with high accessibility and

low cost. Especially, it is useful for people who

usually have difficulty accessing mental health

services due to social, economic, or physical reasons

such as older adults (McDonald, Eccles, Fallahkhair,

& Critchley, 2020). Therefore, developing an

evidence-based online mental health care service is an

important task in our society.

In this paper, the overall development process of

a senior mental healthcare service platform is

described. Specifically, this paper presents the points

that the research team considered in the development

process, the advantages of the platform, and the plan

for the rest of the research period.

2 RELATED WORK

2.1 Autobiographical Memory

Training

Autobiographical memory refers to the recollection

of specific events in a person's life, including details

about the time and place in which they occurred, and

the emotions associated with memories (Rubin, 2005).

Less specific autobiographical memories are

associated with increased feelings of depression and

a tendency to engage in ruminative thought patterns

(Lemogne et al., 2006; Kim et al., 2014). Research

has demonstrated that one's ability to recall

autobiographical memories tends to decline with age

(Craik & Park, 2000), however, this can be mitigated

through training.

Encouraging older adults to remember and

discuss their autobiographical memories can improve

their psychological well-being and stimulate

cognitive function through the act of recalling

memories (Yen & Lin, 2018). Reminiscence training

such as autobiographical memory training was

effective for elderly people with mild to moderate

Alzheimer's dementia as well as for elderly people

with depression (Jung, 2022; Raes et al., 2009).

2.2 Cognitive Training

Experts and researchers in various fields such as

medical care, nursing, rehabilitation, elderly welfare,

and social sports have developed various dementia

prevention programs and have had significant

research results so far. However, offline dementia

prevention programs have limitations. A space for the

program is essential, participants must visit there in

person. If they cannot visit there continuously, the

expected effect is lowered, and participation is

limited if the participant has a physical disability.

Therefore, using a smartphone-based dementia

prevention app can be an alternative to compensate

for the limitations of offline prevention programs

(Kim & Choi, 2019). According to Yoon et al. (2014),

the smartphone game application for diagnosis,

prevention, and mitigation of dementia effectively

suppresses brain cell reduction and an initial

symptom of dementia, by performing mental

activities of memory, logic, arithmetic, and spatial

cognitive ability.

The most cognitive training apps are limited in

their ability to evaluate and manage users' progress.

Therefore, there is a need for a cognitive training app

that can be continuously managed and evaluated

based on data. The transfer effect, the degree to which

the cognitive enhancements through the app lead to

actual improvements, is crucial in evaluating the

effectiveness of brain training apps. Studies have

shown that repetitive training within the app may not

always transfer to cognitive abilities in everyday life

(Owen et al., 2010). It is important to consider the

type of training, difficulty level, task context, and

individual cognitive profile when assessing the

transfer effect of a brain training app.

2.3 Mental Health Screening Tools

Screening tools to diagnose mental disorders are

crucial in addressing the significant problem of

mental health among older adults. However, the test

tools currently employed in Korea are frequently used

without undergoing a validation process. They are

often imported by simply translating tools in Korean

which are utilized in foreign countries. Additionally,

since these tools are imported and translated into

Korean, there is a limitation in that they may not

effectively capture the unique characteristics of

depressive symptoms that Koreans experience due to

cultural differences. For this reason, this study used

mental health screening tools for depression disorders

(MHS:D) and mental health screening tools for

anxiety disorders (MHS:A) to identify depression and

Developing an ICT-Based Mental Healthcare Service Platform for Older People (IMPOP)

187

anxiety in the elderly population in Korea, overcome

these limitations, and better reflect population-

specific characteristics (Choi et al., 2019; Park et al.,

2022).

The symptoms of depression were assessed using

the Mental Health Screening Tool for depression

disorders (MHS:D) (Choi et al., 2019; Park et al.,

2022). The MHS:D is a 12-item self-report

questionnaire using a 5-point Likert scale (0 = never;

4 = most of the time). The MHS:D exhibited a good

internal consistency coefficient in this study (α =

0.94). Anxiety symptoms were assessed using the

Mental Health Screening Tool for Anxiety disorders

(MHS:A) (Choi, Lee, & Choi, 2019; Kim et al., 2021;

Kim et al., 2018). The MHS:A is an 11-item self-

report questionnaire using a 5-point Likert scale (0 =

never; 4 = most of the time). The MHS:A exhibited a

good internal consistency coefficient in this study (α

= 0.96).

2.4 Considerations on the App

In designing apps for the elderly, vivid and high-

chromaticity colors are important. Warm colors are

easy for older adults to recognize and increase

readability and distinguishability (Back, 2006). In

addition, older people tend to prefer icons that feature

2-3 calm colors that they are familiar with because

using a variety of colors for small icons can be

perceived as complex or childish (Chung & Kang,

2020). To minimize information processing overload,

the navigation depth of a single screen should not

exceed three steps (Ministry of the Interior, 2017).

Older adults tend to have reduced visual acuity

compared to younger individuals and to stick to

specific content for prolonged periods. When

designing mobile devices, a letter size of 13-19pt is

considered appropriate to ensure readability.

However, seniors who use the Internet relatively well

may not have much trouble with the small font size of

9-13pt (Hwang & Park, 2007).

2.5 Design on the App

The application was developed with careful

consideration of the factors that are important when

designing an application for older people. In this app,

we used green and red, which are preferred by male

and female seniors, respectively. In addition, a

combination of icons and text was used to increase

the ease of recognition. The main function was made

larger than other icons. The UI used an easy and

intuitive one-click indicator, not a double-click or

drag that requires a sophisticated operation. By

creating a design that minimizes the amount of

content displayed on a page, seniors focus only on the

information they need and get confused less.

Therefore, this application used 13pt and San serif

typography to be read easily. In addition, an option

was provided to change the screen font size in

consideration of the elderly with severe vision

deviation.

3 PRELIMINARY INTERVIEW

The team is developing an ICT-based Mental

healthcare service Platform for Older People

(IMPOP) to provide personalized non-face-to-face

mental health services for the elderly in the

community. To apply user-centered design to the

platform, it is necessary to identify the mental health

service demands of the elderly, the main target of

IMPOP. In addition, it is also essential to identify the

service needs of the elderly from the perspective of

social workers who provide the service to older

clients. In the first year of development, in-depth

interviews were conducted with elderly users and

elderly welfare providers.

For the preliminary interview, participants were

recruited through convenience sampling for both

users and workers. The inclusion criteria of the users

were 65+years old and retired seniors who were

members of the welfare center. All interviews were

conducted online (via Zoom) for about 90 minutes.

After a brief explanation of IMPOP, the participants

freely answered the questions about the difficulties of

mental health they had experienced and the elements

that they would like to add to the platform. After

hearing a brief explanation of the study, the

participants provided responses freely about the

mental health service demand of elderly users in the

field and the functions they would like to add to the

platform as case managers.

The mean age of the senior participants was

70.8(SD=4.02) years and the participants consist of 4

females and 2 males. Three were residents of the

retirement village, and three were members of the

senior welfare center. At the beginning of the

interview, questions about the mental health issues

they experienced as they grew older were asked.

About half expressed concerns about the decline in

physical health and cognitive ability that occurs in old

age(“I feel tired and worried because my body gets

sick as I get older”, “I am worried about making

decisions and judgments about things”), and some

participants complained of helplessness and

loneliness after retirement (“There is no one to share

ICT4AWE 2023 - 9th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health

188

honest stories with”, “I become helpless when I have

nothing to work”). To cope with these, participants

actively try to maintain their memory or create new

relationships, but they experience limits (“I learned

various things and got along well, but it's hard to tell

the deep story inside of me”). Next, they were asked

what elements would be good to be added if an

application would be made. The most participants

requested psychological services that emphasize

positive contents such as vitality, laughter, and

memories, rather than dealing with negative issues

such as 'disease' or 'dementia' (“Rather than aiming

at healing disorders, it would be nice to create

programs that find the fun”, “It would be interesting

to participate a program that helps remember good

things rather than bad things”). Also, there was a

participant who said, “We need a program

‘rejuvenating the elderly’, rather than a program

stuck in the stereotype of the elderly”. Participants

stressed the need for an app allowing them to view

information and interventions necessary for old age

all at once.

The interview for practitioners was also

conducted. Two are social workers working at to an

elderly welfare center, and two are workers at an

academy for the elderly. After the explanation of the

platform, opinions were freely expressed about the

service demands of elderly users, and their experience

in the field as case managers.

Regarding the question about the demand for

mental health services in the field, they answered that

users' interests in social relationships and

psychological concerns had grown in the non-face-to-

face situation of COVID-19. However, there was an

absolute lack of reliable mental health information

and psychological experts in the field, so they

highlighted that a platform providing professional

services is needed in the field. They suggested that

assessment programs be created in consideration of

the characteristics of the elderly because it is often

difficult for the elderly to read or understand the texts

of the items. In addition, they emphasized that

education for case managers about supporting elderly

users who find it difficult to use smartphone apps is

needed. Furthermore, in the case of users

experiencing psychological crises, they said a service

that can connect users to a mental health specialist

more quickly is also needed.

To summarize, both elderly users and

practitioners agreed that the demand for psycho-

emotional services was increasing due to the non-

face-to-face situation of COVID-19 and emphasized

the need for mental health information and services

specialized for older people. A notable demand from

older users was that they wanted the platform to focus

on the positive aspects of mental health and reflect

'young' senses to the design. Particularly pointed out

by practitioners were the connection with experts

through the service, and the provision of professional

psychological assessment/intervention. The training

led by practitioners was also emphasized so that users

could use the platform usefully.

4 DEVELOPMENT OF IMPOP

The team IMPOP is developed to provide integrated

psychological services for older people in the

community. It will be provided through a stand-alone

mobile application titled "Spring Again", which will

be developed for use on Android platform. Figure 1

shows the brief information architecture(IA) of

IMPOP.

Figure 1: Brief IA of IMPOP.

The research team designed the platform and

content focusing on the experience of the elderly.

When the texts are presented, voice-support functions

are included so that elderly users with vision

difficulties can easily read the contents. The team

designed a single platform that provides various

psychological services all at once. We included

information and programs that remind one’s

meaningful memories and encourage spontaneous

mental healthcare, which stresses older users’ lively

and cheerful life rather than their physical/cognitive

declines. Below are the specific descriptions of the

platform modules, composed of assessment and

intervention, and methods offering personalized

services.

Developing an ICT-Based Mental Healthcare Service Platform for Older People (IMPOP)

189

4.1 Assessment Module

The emotional assessment module consists of three

submodules: depression, anxiety, and vitality. Each

submodule was created based on screening tools

validated by Korean adult standards, such as MHS:D

(Park et al., 2022) and MHS:A (Kim et al., 2021).

MHS:V (Mental Health Screening Tool: Vitality, its

validation process is in progress) is also included to

measure one’s vitality level, strongly related to

psychological well-being such as satisfaction and

security (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). When users

work on a module for the first time, they are

recommended to complete the whole module so that

they can get the overall report of the emotional

assessments. The cognitive assessment module is

composed of four submodules: verbal memory

(recognition), verbal memory (recall), attention,

working memory, and logical memory. Like the

emotional assessment module, this module is

intended to provide cognitive assessments that can be

conducted without experts.

After the first assessment, users can complete any

submodules they want. According to the assessment,

an easy-to-understand result report is provided so that

users can accurately understand the results without an

expert's explanation. Figure 2 shows the designed

screen of assessments modules, an assessment item,

and a result report.

Figure 2: Screenshots of the assessment module.

4.2 Intervention Plan Model Using

Assessment Results

When the user carries out assessment modules, an

algorithm automatically recommends the order and

difficulty of the module to the user according to the

result of the assessment as illustrated in Figure 3.

Prevention modules are automatically recommended

for users whose results indicate that they are at the

normal level of mental health (Case 1). When the

report finds out that the user is in the mental health

risk group, it is considered that the intervention with

a mental health expert is urgent, and a guide text is

printed so that they can directly get help from online

or offline services (Case 3). For users who are on the

mild to moderate level in one or more mental health

issues, education and intervention modules fit for

one’s weak areas are automatically recommended

(Case 2). For example, for a user whose attention

score is relatively low, a game which is focusing on

attention skills (‘number in order’) is shown on

her/his recommendation list. Its difficulty level is also

set according to the score of the previous assessment.

Figure 3: Summarized plan model of IMPOP.

4.3 Intervention Modules

Various intervention programs have been developed

and included so that users can run customized

programs on their own without the help of mental

health professionals. There are four intervention

modules: psychoeducation, autobiographical memory

training, cognitive training, and non-face-to-face

counselling.

In the psychoeducation module, the materials

include psychological information about the

emotional and cognitive characteristics of the elderly

and a brief introduction to various psychological

services included in IMPOP. Users may be educated

to increase their insight into their psychological

concerns such as depression and anxiety and motivate

them to participate more actively in treatment and

prevention programs on the platform.

The autobiographical memory program module

was developed based on autobiographical memory

training (AMT), a training program proven to

effective in improving depressive symptoms and

cognitive function. Its effect has also been verified for

the elderly. The existing AMT should be conducted

under the guidance of mental health professionals, but

the program in the module was organized so that

people could engage in training on their own without

ICT4AWE 2023 - 9th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health

190

the guidance of an expert. For users to understand the

quality of their autobiographical memories and create

accurate memories, it was designed to calculate

scores on memories recorded by algorithms

developed by the research team. A growth-type

character, which grows as the number of training and

the quality of memory increases, was used for users

to be motivated to repeat the training and experience

a sense of accomplishment. Figure 4 shows the app

screens of the AMT module.

Figure 4: Screenshots of AMT module.

The cognitive training module is based on

evidence-based face-to-face cognitive training. The

program provides instructions on the training and

content with high accessibility so that users can use it

without an expert’s guidance. The cognitive training

program is provided in the form of a game, and users

may carry it out with the level of difficulty suitable

for the previous cognitive assessment/training score.

Like the cognitive assessment, the module consists of

four submodules (attention, working memory, logic

memory, and verbal memory).

For special situations that require non-face-to-

face help from mental health professionals such as

crisis intervention, a non-face-to-face counseling

module (mental health professionals) is provided on

a 1:1 basis, and users can receive help from experts

by linking the module if necessary.

Users may use the modules following the

recommendation algorithm that provides the order of

the modules or may directly select the modules and

run the program that they want.

5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE

WORKS

This paper describes the need for non-face-to-face

psychological services for the elderly and the

development process of IMPOP. The senior user-

experience-oriented design was applied to the entire

platform, and psychological assessment and

intervention modules specialized for the elderly were

loaded into the platform. Development of IMPOP is

underway with a total three-year plan and this is the

end of the second year. In the first year, the team

established the outline of service development, did

preliminary interviews with potential users, and

reviewed the outline. In the second year, detailed

modules and the main platform were developed, and

the preliminary implementation of IMPOP was

carried out. In the final year, the field test of IMPOP

will be conducted, the development of educational

manuals for social and mental health workers, and the

dissemination and utilization of IMPOP will be

carried out.

Implications of the platform are as follows: First,

an age-friendly digital mental health platform is

developed. Now the penetration rate and usage time

of smartphones among the elderly are increasing, but

they are alienated from the digital market due to the

app content/design focused on the younger

generation. IMPOP applies an elderly-friendly design

in the app, and it is expected that an elderly individual

will be able to become an independent user.

Second, IMPOP extends the coverage of the

elderly welfare system by strengthening the mental

health aspect of the existing elderly integrated care

service. To date, welfare services for the elderly have

focused on the immediate problems (physical and

cognitive decline in old age, economic insecurity,

isolation), but they paid less attention to

psychological difficulties (i.e., depression) occurring

in the aftermath of well-known challenges. IMPOP

may be provided in connection with existing welfare

services, thereby meeting the elderly’s needs for

mental health services highlighted due to COVID-19.

Third, the platform is developed as a single

mobile app that can provide personalized

assessment/intervention services at once. Existing

non-face-to-face mental health services provide 'one-

size-fits-all' programs rather than considering

individual characteristics. Many of these lack

evidence and non-evidence-based mental health apps

may cause harm to users (Baumel et al., 2020). Based

on the overall results of users’ assessments, IMPOP

provides personalized and integrated program

combinations tailored to the individual. In addition,

Developing an ICT-Based Mental Healthcare Service Platform for Older People (IMPOP)

191

this platform consists of prevention and intervention

programs based on evidence-based techniques used in

clinical settings. It is expected that elderly users in the

community will be able to use integrated and

specialized mental health services on their own.

Further work includes developing a manual of

IMPOP for welfare providers. The team plans to

provide education to social workers in welfare centers

for the elderly, which explains how to use the

platform and interpret the result of the

emotional/cognitive assessments. We plan to provide

follow-up training on support for community centers

that need additional help or want the connection to

other experts. As a result, the basic understanding of

the provision of psychological services for elderly

welfare-related personnel will be enhanced.

Additionally, we plan to conduct a field test to

verify the effectiveness of IMPOP. The effectiveness

of the online assessments will be checked by

measuring the internal reliability, test-retest

reliability, criterion validity, and construct validity of

each submodule. Based on a recent meta-analysis

study conducted on depressive and anxiety disorders

(Andrews et al., 2018), the size of the therapeutic

effect of online psychological intervention compared

to the control group was reported as g = 0.80.

Considering the effect size of the study, a total of 64

people will be required to participate in the study until

follow-up evaluation.

Lastly, to increase the utilization of services in the

field, specific strategies for disseminating and

utilizing the service in the field should be set out

during the platform development process. We will

establish agreements with various elderly welfare

centers and local governments specialized in senior

caregiving. If the IMPOP service model succeeds to

relate to local governments and carries out integrated

mental healthcare for seniors in the community, it can

be a nationwide non-face-to-face mental health

caregiving model for the elderly.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research was supported by a grant from the

Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the

Korea Health Industry Development Institute

(KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health &

Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant number:

HI21C0268).

REFERENCES

Andrews, G., Basu, A., Cuijpers, P., Craske, M. G.,

McEvoy, P., English, C. L., & Newby, J. M. (2018).

Computer therapy for the anxiety and depression

disorders is effective, acceptable and practical health

care: an updated meta-analysis. Journal of anxiety

disorders, 55, 70-78.

Back, S. M. (2006). A Study on Color Utilization for the

Silver Generation. Journal of Digital Design, 6(1), 123-

131

Baumel, A., Torous, J., Edan, S., & Kane, J. M. (2020).

There is a non-evidence-based app for that: a systematic

review and mixed methods analysis of depression-and

anxiety-related apps that incorporate unrecognized

techniques. Journal of affective disorders, 273, 410-

421.

Choi, K. H., Lee, S. H., & Choi, Y. Y. (2019). Korean

Screening Tool for Depressive Disorders and Korean

Screening Tool for Anxiety Disorders. Unpublished

manual

Chung, K. J. & Kang, Y. A. (2020). Deriving Design

Guidelines to Address Complexity Issues in

eCommerce Apps for the Elderly. Archives of design

research, 33(4), 137-157.

Craik, F. I., & Park, D. (2000). Age-related changes in

human memory. Cognitive Aging: A Primer, 5, 75–92

Fiske, A., Wetherell, J. L., & Gatz, M. (2009). Depression

in older adults. Annual review of clinical psychology, 5,

363. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153621.

Husain-Krautter, S., & Ellison, J. M. (2021). Late life

depression: The essentials and the essential distinctions.

Focus, 19(3), 282-293. doi: 10.1176/appi.focus.

20210006

Hwang, J. A. & Park, Y. S. (2007). A Study on Developing

the Design Guidelines of Senior-Friendly Products

based on Universal Design Principle. Archives of

design research,, 20(4), 79-88.

Jung, J. H. (2022). The Effects of Reminiscence Training

on Cognitive Function in Elderly with Dementia of the

Alzheimer Type: A Systematic Review. Journal of

Business Convergence, 7(3), 17-22.

Katon, W. J. (2003). Clinical and health services

relationships between major depression, depressive

symptoms, and general medical illness. Biological

psychiatry, 54(3), 216-226. doi: 10.1016/S0006-

3223(03)00273-7

Kim, C. H., Sun, J. Y., & Chang, M. S. (2014). The effects

of reduced autobiographical memory specificity and

rumination on geriatric depression. Korean Journal of

Clinical Psychology, 33(1), 173-189.

Kim, H., Hong, J. P., Kang, J. M., Kim, W., Maeng, S., Cho,

S., … Bae, J. N. (2021). Cognitive reserve and the

effects of virtual reality‐based cognitive training on

elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment and

normal cognition. Psychogeriatrics, 21(4), 552–559.

doi:10.1111/psyg.12705

Kim, S. J., & Choi, Y. J. (2019). Predictable Effect and

Usability of Smart-Phone Application for Elderly

ICT4AWE 2023 - 9th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health

192

Dementia Prevention. Journal of Industrial

Convergence. Dae Han Society of Industrial

Management. https://doi.org/10.22678/jic.2019.17.4.

087

Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. Korea

Health Statistics 2019: Korea National Health and

Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES Ⅷ-1).

Retrieved from: https://knhanes.kdca.go.kr/knhanes/

sub04/sub04_04_01.do (Korean).

Larsen, M. E., Huckvale, K., Nicholas, J., Torous, J., Birrell,

L., Li, E., & Reda, B. (2019). Using science to sell apps:

evaluation of mental health app store quality claims.

NPJ digital medicine, 2(1), 1-6. doi: 10.1038/s41746-

019-0093-1

Lemogne, C., Piolino, P., Jouvent, R., Allilaire, J. F., &

Fossati, P. (2006). Mémoire autobiographique

épisodique et dépression [Episodic autobiographical

memory in depression: a review]. L'Encephale, 32(5 Pt

1), 781–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0013-7006

(06)76231-5

McDonald, A., Eccles, J. A., Fallahkhair, S., & Critchley, H.

D. (2020). Online psychotherapy: trailblazing digital

healthcare. BJPsych bulletin, 44(2), 60-66. doi:

10.1192/bjb.2019.66

Ministry of Health and Welfare (2021). 2020 Elderly

Survey Report. https://bit.ly/3tiV6CL, Ministry of

Health and Welfare information/research/investigation/

publishing data. 2022/04/01.

Ministry of the Interior (2017), Guidelines for Application

of User Experience (UX) in Electronic Government

Services. https://url.kr/z8w6al data.2017/01/13.

Owen, A. M., Hampshire, A., Grahn, J. A., Stenton, R.,

Dajani, S., Burns, A. S., Howard, R. J., & Ballard, C. G.

(2010). Putting brain training to the test. Nature,

465(7299), 775–778. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature

09042

Park, K., Yoon, S., Cho, S., Choi, Y., Lee, S. H., & Choi,

K. H. (2022). Final validation of the mental health

screening tool for depressive disorders: A brief online

and offline screening tool for major depressive disorder.

Frontiers in psychology, 13, 992068. https://doi.org/

10.3389/fpsyg.2022.992068

Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Character

strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification

(Vol. 1). Oxford University Press.

Raes, F., Williams, J. M. G., & Hermans, D. (2009).

Reducing cognitive vulnerability to depression: A

preliminary investigation of memory specificity

training (MEST) in inpatients with depressive

symptomatology. Journal of Behavior Therapy and

Experimental Psychiatry, 40(1), 24–38. doi:10.1016/

j.jbtep.2008.03.001

Rubin, D. C. (2005). A Basic-Systems Approach to

Autobiographical Memory. Current Directions in

Psychological Science, 14(2), 79–83. doi:10.1111/

j.0963-7214.2005.00339.x

Statistics Korea. 2022 Statistics on the Aged. Retrived from:

https://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/kor_nw/1/1/index.boar

d?bmode=read&aSeq=420896 (Korean)

United Nations Department of Economic and Social

Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population

Prospects 2022: Summary of Results. UN

DESA/POP/2022/TR/NO. 3.

WHO. (2017). Mental health of older adults. Retrieved

from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/

detail/mental-health-of-older-adults

Wind, T. R., Rijkeboer, M., Andersson, G., & Riper, H.

(2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: The ‘black swan’for

mental health care and a turning point for e-health.

Internet interventions, 20. doi: 10.1016/j.invent.

2020.100317

Yen, H. Y., & Lin, L. J. (2018). A Systematic Review of

Reminiscence Therapy for Older Adults in Taiwan. The

journal of nursing research : JNR, 26(2), 138–150.

https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000233

Yoon, S. M., Choi, H.S., & Cho, M. G. (2014). Integration

of Application Program for Dementia Diagnosis using

Biometric Sensor and Oxygen Chamber Journal of the

Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, 15(5),

2953-2961.

Developing an ICT-Based Mental Healthcare Service Platform for Older People (IMPOP)

193