Look at the Horizon: Evaluation of a Software Solution Against

Cyber Sickness in Virtual Reality Applications

Jonathan Harth

, Christian-Norbert Zimmer

and Michaela Zupanic

Chair of Sociology, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany

Mixed Reality and Visualization (MIREVI),

University of Applied Sciences Duesseldorf, 40233 Düsseldorf, Germany

Interprofessional and Collaborative Didactics in Medical and Health Professions, Witten/Herdecke University,

58455 Witten, Germany

Keywords: Cyber Sickness, Virtual Reality, Mixed Methods, Software Layer, Evaluation Study.

Abstract: Cyber sickness (CS), a symptom that occurs in 30-80% of users when using virtual environments, is still

considered an obstacle to the spread of virtual reality (VR). The aim of this study is to investigate whether

symptoms of CS can be minimised by software adaptation. A prototype of a layer based on the "Seetroën

Glasses" was used for this purpose. 80 students participated in the study with virtual roller coaster rides. The

results show that the group with the layer was able to increase its performance and that the layer was able to

delay the exit of the participants for about 2 laps. The layer does not provide immunity to CS, but it does delay

the onset of symptoms. The study shows that the virtual test environment is suitable for investigating CS and

that the prototype of the layer may be promising for reducing symptoms of CS.

1 INTRODUCTION

Immersive interfaces such as simulators or virtual

environments enable impressive interactions and

compelling user experiences, but they carry the risk

of severely compromising subjective well-being

(Chang et al. 2021; Mayor et al. 2021). The problem

is known by many names, e.g., simulator sickness or

cyber sickness (Dennison/Krum 2019), and it is an

open debate whether these refer to the same or closely

related aspects of motion sickness (see

David/Nesbitt/Naivaikko 2014; Gavgani et al. 2018;

Zupanic 1993). Modern simulation systems such as

the use of virtual reality (VR) can also trigger the

above-mentioned complaints. However, as long as

these negative effects in the use of virtual reality

cannot be reliably avoided, they will continue to be a

major obstacle to the growth of the VR medium.

Cyber sickness is a condition that can occur

during or after exposure to virtual environments.

Symptoms include headaches, eye strain, nausea or

even vomiting in extreme cases (LaViola 2000). It is

estimated that some degree of cyber sickness occurs

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8433-0896

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7166-5160

in about 30% to 80% of all users (cf.

Rebenitsch/Owen 2016).

Cyber sickness is therefore considered a major

obstacle to the spread of the medium of virtual reality

(VR). Although the phenomenon has been known for

a long time under the names of simulator sickness or

motion sickness and is attributed to conflicts between

the visual and vestibular systems

(Stanney/Kennedy/Drexler 1997), there is still no

generally recognised solution for the prevention of

the disease that is suitable for everyday use

(Saredakis et al. 2020; Yildirim 2020).

2 RELATED WORKS

A large body of research on cyber sickness aims at a

better understanding of the symptoms of the disease

and the factors of its cause (see for an overview

Duzmanska 2018 and Rebenitsch/Owen 2016).

According to the theory of "sensory mismatch", the

most likely cause of cyber sickness is a mismatch

between visual stimuli and the corresponding

vestibular or proprioceptive feedback (see Gavgani et

Harth, J., Zimmer, C. and Zupanic, M.

Look at the Horizon: Evaluation of a Software Solution Against Cyber Sickness in Virtual Reality Applications.

DOI: 10.5220/0012049900003541

In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Data Science, Technology and Applications (DATA 2023), pages 13-21

ISBN: 978-989-758-664-4; ISSN: 2184-285X

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

al. 2018). In addition, other factors can also contribute

to the occurrence of motion sickness. These factors

can be divided into hardware-dependent categories

(e.g., tracking problems or input/output delays,

refresh rate of displays, as well as screen tearing) or

content-related categories (such as the visual

representation of the direction of motion or the

presence of linear or angular accelerations).

In addition, the processing of perceptions varies

between people. Field dependence describes the

tendency to which the perception of one's own body

position in space is influenced by contextual

information (Witkin et al. 1954). Individuals with

higher levels of field dependence rely more heavily

on external cues (e.g., reference frames, background

objects), while field-independent individuals rely

more heavily on internal cues (e.g., vestibular,

proprioceptive) to perceive body position. Field

independence is more common in men and associated

with lower susceptibility to motion sickness (Bendall

et al. 2016). Field dependence can affect the

perception of vection (illusory self-motion) in virtual

space when a visual frame is missing and the vertical

of the earth is not clearly displayed (Keshararz et al.

2016).

An innovative and promising solution against the

occurrence of motion sickness while travelling by car

or train has been presented by the car manufacturer

Citroën. The so-called "Seetroën Glasses" (Figure 1)

add a variable horizon to the peripheral field of vision

of the wearer. According to the manufacturer, this

leads to a peripheral and stable focus of the

surroundings, which suppresses the symptoms of

motion sickness (cf. Picot/Wright 2016). The

manufacturer of the glasses advertises a success rate

of 95 %. In addition, the Seetroën glasses are said to

take effect in only 10-12 minutes even if motion

sickness is present and could even be taken off again

afterwards (cf. Citroën 2020). Unfortunately, we

could not find any independent research or evidence

for the effectiveness of these glasses.

Figure 1: Seetroën Glasses (cf. Citroën 2020).

The aim of this study was to investigate whether

and to what extent discomfort in the use of virtual

applications can be minimized by a software-based

adaptation from the motion sickness domain.

3 METHODS

Both the layer and the application were created from

scratch in the Unity Engine for this study. For the

conception of the virtual layer, we adapted the

principle of the "Seetroën glasses" (Figure 1) of the

car manufacturer Citroën. In principle, the layer

should also be easy to use in any VR application. To

test the effect of the layer, we therefore created an

application that can induce cyber sickness in the first

place.

For this purpose, a prototype was developed

together with the University of Applied Sciences

Düsseldorf, which provides the user with peripheral

fixed points in the head-mounted display (HMD) in

the style of the "Seetroën Glasses" (see Figures 2, 3).

The application was realised in the Unity engine

and shows the following features:

 Roller coaster ride with a duration of 70

seconds per lap,

 Activation / deactivation of endless rides,

 Activation / deactivation of VR layer,

 Additional offset for layer (0-1),

 Options for the virtual distance of the

layer to the user's POV (2m, 1m, 50cm,

30cm, 20cm, 10 cm).

The test environment of the study consists of a

virtual roller coaster ride that goes through a looping

and several steep curves and slopes. The aim of the

design of the roller coaster was to create a suitable

environment that can lead to cyber sickness.

Overhead rides as well as tight curves while travelling

fast are considered good conditions for generating the

symptoms under investigation (Islam et al. 2020).

The Hardware Setup for the study consisted of a

capable VR computer (AMD Ryzen 5600, GeForce

RTX 3080, 32 GB RAM) and a suitable VR Headset

(Valve Index).

By means of a virtual visual layer, which is

modelled on these glasses, the visual-vestibular

conflicts of the users should be eliminated. The main

research question was to what extent the principles of

the anti-motion sickness glasses "Seetroën Glasses"

by the car manufacturer Citroën can be transferred to

the use of VR headsets and to what extent the layer

can help against the symptoms of cyber sickness.

DATA 2023 - 12th International Conference on Data Science, Technology and Applications

Figure 2: Rollercoaster with activated layer.

Figure 3: Dynamic adaptation of the layer to the virtual

horizon.

3.1 Participants

Eighty students (49 female, 31 male) with an average

age of 23.51 ± 5.89 years (minimum 18, maximum 45

years) participated in the study and were randomly

assigned to one of the two groups: control or layer.

The extent of field dependence was measured with

three visual perception subtests by summing the

individual raw scores and classifying them as norm

scores (c.f., LPS-2; Kreuzpointner/Lukesch/Horn

2013). The average norm score for performance in the

LPS-2 Visual Perception was 101.50 ± 14.73

(minimum 74, maximum 139).

Table 1: Quasi experimental design with perception style

and viewing conditions.

Intervention

with layer

Control

without laye

Field dependence

low

N=20

(11 f., 9 m.)

N=21

(10 f., 11 m.)

Field dependence

N=20

(

15 f., 5 m.

)

N=19

(

13 f., 6 m.

)

After median dichotomization of performance in

the LPS-2 Visual Perception, participants with a score

below the median of 100 were classified as field

dependent, and participants with a score above 100

were classified as field independent. Considering the

perceptual style and the viewing conditions, the

results of the participants are grouped in a quasi-

experimental design (see Table 1.). Female (f.) and

male (m.) participants are evenly distributed across

the four groups.

The participants' experience with motion

stimulation was also asked. About one third of the

sample (N=25, 31.3 %) said they had never ridden a

roller coaster or only once, 25 % (N=20) up to ten

times and most participants (N=35, 43.8 %) more

than ten times. When asked how often they played

computer games, half (N=42, 52.5 %) said they never

played, followed by at least once a month (N=19, 23.8

%), at least once a week (N=15, 18.8 %) and daily

(N=4, 5 %). Only 4 participants (5 %) use VR at least

once a month. The rating of the subjective sensitivity

to motion on a scale of 0-10 resulted in an average

value of 4.18 ± 2.34 (minimum 0, maximum 9) for

the sample. The distribution is right skewed

(skewness = .736) and flattened (kurtosis = -.493),

with many small values. The participants thus tend to

describe themselves as insensitive to motion (Figure

4).

Figure 4: Ratings of subjective sensitivity to motion

(N=80).

3.2 Materials and Procedures

In a mixed methods approach, we conducted a quasi-

experimental study with a questionnaire survey, static

ataxia tests and a subsequent evaluation by qualitative

interviews. While the questionnaires establish

objectifiable coherence between the level of cyber

sickness and the different prototypes, the interviews

primarily served as a subjective assessment and

articulation of the experiences from the subjects'

point of view. Conditions for participation were a

Look at the Horizon: Evaluation of a Software Solution Against Cyber Sickness in Virtual Reality Applications

minimum age of 18 years and the exclusion of serious

illnesses (e.g., epilepsy, serious cardiovascular

diseases, diseases of the hearing organ), a pacemaker

or other implanted medical devices as well as acute or

chronic mental illnesses.

The study received a positive vote from the Ethics

Committee of Witten/Herdecke University (S-

142/2021). In addition, the subjects had the option of

discontinuing their participation in the study at any

time, which is pointed out to them in a consent form.

Furthermore, the study complies with the Code of

Conduct on the Ethical Use of Virtual Reality in

Research (cf. Madary/Metzinger 2016).

The Cyber Sickness Questionnaire (CSQ) was

developed based on the Simulator Sickness

Questionnaire (cf. Kennedy 1993; Bimberg et al.

2020) and the Virtual Reality Sickness Questionnaire

(cf. Kim 2018; Sevinc/Berkman 2020). It serves as a

quantifiable survey form and consists of a total of 24

items, with six demographic items (age, gender,

previous VR experience) and nine items on symptoms

of cyber sickness, e.g., nausea, headaches, dizziness.

The CSQ is presented to the test subjects before and

after the roller coaster ride to enable a pre/post

comparison.

The static ataxia tests were also conducted in a

pre/post design to measure possible balance disorders

(disequilibrium; cf. Litleskare 2021) of the subjects

that could be caused by the roller coaster ride. In the

static ataxia tests, a body posture is to be maintained

for a certain duration (30 seconds), first with open and

then with closed eyes. The performance in the tests

SPLEO (stand on preferred leg eyes open) and

SPLEC (stand on preferred leg eyes closed) as well as

SNPEO (stand on non-preferred leg eyes open) and

SNPEC (stand on non-preferred leg eyes closed) is

recorded before and after the roller coaster ride.

The perceptual style field dependence was

recorded with the three subtests of the performance

test system (LPS-2; Kreuzpointner/Lukesch/Horn

2013) for visual perception: Subtest 6: mental

rotation, Subtest 7: area count and Subtest 8: line

pattern (see Table 2). In total, the performance test

system 2 contains eleven subtests in the four factors

crystalline intelligence, fluid intelligence, visual

perception, and cognitive speed. The good to very

good internal consistency of the three subtests is α =

.86 (subtest 7), α =.90 (subtest 8) and α =.93 (subtest

6).

In addition, we applied the Fast Motion Scale

(FMS) during the subject's immersion. The procedure

is as follows: Acquisition of a self-measured,

subjective measure of cyber sickness, which is

continuously queried by the study leader during the

immersion (McHugh et al. 2019). In the FMS, the

subject is asked to verbally communicate the measure

of cyber sickness, e.g., on a scale of 0-20

(Keshavarz/Hecht 2011) or 1-10 (Bock/Oman 1982).

From this, a running chart or graph of the subject's

subjective well-being can be created. This can

identify sections of an application or process that

cause increased levels of cyber sickness (McHugh et

al. 2019). In our approach, the current well-being of

the test subjects was recorded after each lap on a scale

of 0-10.

Total duration time for every single participant in

the study was about one hour.

4 RESULTS

The results of the study include both the basic

technical creation and programming of the virtual

layer in virtual reality inspired by the Seetroën glasses

as well as the test application itself and the evaluation

of the prototype in a randomised control trial.

The creation of the prototype based on the

"Seetroën Glasses" could be carried out successfully.

In VR, a layer could be activated over the visible

image in the options menu. In this way, the test

subjects could be divided into two groups: while the

control group rode the roller coaster without a layer,

the experimental group saw the layer to be tested in

their field of vision.

4.1 Cyber Sickness Questionnaire

(CSQ)

The test-theoretical examination of the questionnaire

is carried out with item analyses in which the mean

value, standard deviation and discriminatory power of

all items are calculated. According to Lienert/Raatz

(1994), the coefficient of selectivity is the correlation

of the item response with the sum value of the scale

and is the characteristic value for the extent to which

the differentiation of the persons by the item

corresponds with that by the scale.

After the intervention, the items 1 (Do you suffer

from nausea?), 4 (Do you suffer from dizziness when

your eyes are closed?) and 7 (Does your head feel

heavy or full?) have the highest agreement in the post-

CSQ, with mean values of M = 2.20, 1.73 and 1.73

respectively. The discriminatory power of the items

in the post-CSQ is in no case below the critical value

of .20, and many are in a good to very good range (r

.60).

To test the scale of the CSQ, the reliability is

calculated according to Cronbach's Alpha. This

DATA 2023 - 12th International Conference on Data Science, Technology and Applications

model of internal consistency is based on the average

inter-item correlation. Characteristic values of the

CSQ scales are the scale mean (M), standard

deviations (SD) and the homogeneity coefficients (α).

As expected, the higher agreement is found in the

Post-CSQ_sum scale (1.57 ± 0.40) vs. the Pre-CSQ-

sum (1.13 ± 0.22). Both scales show a high internal

consistency, which can be rated as satisfactory to

good (α > .700).

Statistical testing of differences in the CSQ scales

between the study groups (control vs. intervention,

field-independent vs. field-dependent, quasi-

experimental design) revealed no significant

differences.

Table 2: Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation)

for the Post-CSQ_sum scale in the study groups (N = 80

participants).

Intervention

with la

Control

without la

Field dependence

low

1.54 ± 0.35 1.61 ± 0.39

Field dependence

high

1.54 ± 0.33 1.58 ± 0.53

4.2 Ataxia Tests

The ataxia tests, as well as the CSQ, were performed

before and after the roller coaster for a maximum of

30 seconds. The performance of the participants in the

two tests SOPLEC (stand on preferred leg eyes

closed) and SONPLEC (stand on non-preferred leg

eyes closed) is documented in table 3.

Table 3: Descriptive statistics for performance in the ataxia

tests (N = 80 participants).

Ataxia Tests M SD

SOPLEC

13.99 8.97

Post

SOPLEC

13.07 9.19

SONPLEC

13.46 8.81

Post

SONPLEC

13.31 8.12

Statistical testing revealed a significant

difference. While in the control group the

performance in the ataxia test SOPLEC was

significantly less favorable after the roller coaster ride

than in the pre-test, the group with the layer was able

to increase its performance (F = 4.55, p = .036).

4.3 Fast Motion Scale

The Fast Motion Scale (FMS) is an assessment of the

subjective measure of cyber sickness during the

immersion, in this case during the 15 laps of the roller

Figure 5: Error bars for performance in the pre and post

SOPLEC ataxia test before and after the intervention

(N=80).

coaster ride. Participants had the option to end the

immersion early, so only the first two laps were

completed by all. Overall, the FMS shows a large

spread of values (response scale 1 - 10). The average

number of laps is 9.20 ± 4.78 (minimum 2, maximum

15).

Table 4: Descriptive statistics for FMS items in 15 laps (N

= 80).

Fast Motion

Scale (FMS)

M SD

FMS

1.83 2.11

FMS

2.63 2.53

FMS

3.29 2.53

FMS

3.54 2.44

FMS

3.67 2.51

FMS

3.76 2.50

FMS

3.70 2.41

FMS

4.07 2.66

FMS

4.09 2.71

FMS

3.81 2.67

FMS

3.66 2.76

FMS

3.07 2.16

FMS

3.25 2.27

FMS

3.41 2.37

FMS

3.19 2.28

The rapid reduction of the sample is evident in the

survival function (Figure 5) of the Kaplan-Meier

analysis, while the 1-survival function (see Figure 6)

illustrates the growth of cyber sickness over time

described in the literature.

The first third of dropouts are up to lap 5 (N=26,

32.5 %), the middle third up to almost the last lap

(N=28, 35 %) and only one third of participants (N =

26, 32.5 %) complete the intervention with all 15 laps.

Control(N=40) Layer(N=40)

Pre_SOPLEC_sum Post_SOPLEC_sum

Look at the Horizon: Evaluation of a Software Solution Against Cyber Sickness in Virtual Reality Applications

Figure 6: Survival function for the number of laps in the

roller coaster ride (N=80).

Figure 7: 1-Survival function for the onset of cyber sickness

in the roller coaster ride (N=80).

These three groups differ significantly not only in

the number of laps, but also in gender, subjective

sensitivity to exercise and in the Cyber Sickness

Questionnaire (post-CSQ) after the intervention.

There are significantly more females (N = 20) than

males (N = 6) in the early dropout group (Chi-Square

= 6.73, p = .035), who have significantly less

experience with computer games (Chi-Square =

17.24, p < .001) and describe their subjective

sensitivity to exercise at a higher level (Mann-

Whitney-U = 211, p = .018). In the Post_CSQ, the

highest expression in comparison is found in item 1

(Do you suffer from nausea?) with 2.62 ± 0.64

(Kruskal-Wallis-H = 26.21, p = .001) for this group.

In the middle group with a dropout between the

5th - 15th lap, on the other hand, a different symptom

profile emerges. Here, the highest expression in the

Post_CSQ is item 2 (Do you suffer from headaches?)

with 1.64 ± 0.73 (Kruskal-Wallis-H = 10.82, p = .004)

and item 6 (Does your head feel heavy or full?) with

1.96 ± 0.64 (Kruskal-Wallis-H = 13.49, p = .001). The

sum of the CSQ after the intervention shows clear

differences between the three groups (Kruskal-

Wallis-H = 21.72, p < .001).

Figure 8: Results in the Cyber Sickness Questionnaire

(CSQ) after the intervention (N=80).

To better understand these effects statistically, we

formed an FMS score from the sum of the individual

FMS values divided by the number of laps ridden

(transformation to scale). The FMS score is on

average 3.95 ± 1.90 (minimum 0, maximum 8) and

differentiates significantly between the control and

layer groups (Mann-Whitney: U = 566, p = .021),

with less favorable average values for the control

(4.37 ± 1.98) compared to the layer (3.52 ± 1.75).

The difference between the genders is even more

marked (Mann-Whitney: U = 487, p = .007), with

higher scores for females (4.38 ± 2.06) than for males

(3.27 ± 1.39). There is no difference in field

dependence.

5 CONCLUSIONS

Overall, the application is a very suitable test

environment for the emergence of cyber sickness.

Figures 5 and 6 clearly show how the onset of cyber

sickness steadily increases over time (or over the

duration of the roller coaster ride) and how more and

more test subjects abandon the ride. In addition, a

clear three-way division of the test subjects can be

made in our sample: while a third of the subjects

already quit by lap five, another third manages to ride

until lap 10 before quitting. The last third seems to

have no difficulty in spending the entire time in VR.

A more detailed analysis shows that the sensitive

group consists mainly of female participants who

have little experience with computer games.

This finding is consistent with the state of the

research (see Curry 2019), but not only Saredakis et

al. (2020) summarize that more research is needed to

0,5

1,5

Early

dropout

(N=26)

Middle

dropout

(N=28)

Latedropout

(N=26)

DATA 2023 - 12th International Conference on Data Science, Technology and Applications

better identify and understand the prevalence of cyber

sickness due to gender differences or other individual

factors regarding immersive technology (Harth et al.

2018). Currently, the discrepancies identified appear

to be best explained by a complex combination of

various individual factors and uncontrolled

experimental variables (Grassini/Laumann 2020).

The main question of this study was whether the

activation of the layer makes a difference in the

occurrence of cyber sickness. However, this technical

evaluation turned out to be more difficult than

expected. The results of our study seem to be

determined by at least two limitations in their

informative value:

The transferability of our results to a

generalization is limited by the underlying sample.

Firstly, it consists of a rather young sample, and

secondly, it is very different in terms of previous

experience with digital games and virtual reality

experiences. Here, an experimental design would be

advisable for a follow-up study that is oriented

towards both the separation of genders and the

separation of computer game experience.

The methodologically determined limitation

concerns the generous offer of a possible exit at any

time during the experiment. With this, we generated

ethically valuable, but less meaningful data. This is

because it can be assumed that the test persons

terminated the experiment before the actual

occurrence of severe cyber sickness. In the case of the

sensitive subjects, this probably happened even

earlier. In a further series of experiments, we would

therefore not offer a self-chosen exit (proactively) at

any time, but rather wait for the individual wish to

quit. Therefore, a more rigid procedure, which was

not considered mainly for ethical reasons, would

probably have led to significantly higher numbers of

laps, higher scores in the FMS and more significant

differences in the post-CSQ.

Nevertheless, a clear tendency for the effect of the

layer can be seen with the data we collected. Thus,

our results are in line with the literature regarding

technical solutions against cyber sickness (cf.

Pico/Wright 2016). A direct comparison of the exit

times between the two experimental groups

with/without the layer shows that the layer can delay

the exit of the test persons by about 2 laps (see Figure

8). Although the layer does not provide immunity, it

does delay the onset of cyber sickness.

In light of our findings, it is possible that the layer

could also be utilized in other virtual reality

environments, extending its applicability beyond the

roller coaster test scenarios. Further research would

Figure 9: Comparison of the cumulative exit points during

15 rounds of rollercoaster (with layer = blue; without layer

= red; N=80).

be required to investigate the efficacy of the layer in

different settings and to determine whether its

positive effects on reducing cyber sickness symptoms

remain consistent across a wider range of

applications.

Another aspect to consider is user acceptance of

the layer. Although our study did not specifically

focus on evaluating user satisfaction, it is crucial to

explore whether users perceive the layer as a helpful

and acceptable solution in their virtual reality

experiences. Investigating the optimal transparency

levels for the layer and examining how it could be

adjusted to accommodate individual preferences and

needs would provide valuable insights for enhancing

user experience.

The layer may prove particularly useful during the

initial training phases of virtual reality applications,

akin to how astronauts undergo training to mitigate

the effects of motion sickness. By using the layer to

cushion the impact of cyber sickness during early

exposure to virtual environments, users may be able

to gradually acclimate to the VR experience,

eventually reducing their reliance on the layer. This

approach would position the layer as a temporary

solution for easing the transition into VR usage, rather

than a permanent fixture.

In conclusion, our study presents a promising first

step in exploring the potential of the layer as a means

of reducing cyber sickness symptoms. While it does

not provide complete immunity to cyber sickness, it

delays the onset of symptoms and may offer valuable

benefits for users, particularly during the initial stages

of virtual reality exposure. Further research is needed

to refine the layer's application, assess user

acceptance, and evaluate its efficacy in a broader

range of virtual environments.

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

123456789101112131415

withLayer w/oLayer

Look at the Horizon: Evaluation of a Software Solution Against Cyber Sickness in Virtual Reality Applications

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank the Internal Research Grant

of the Faculty of Health at Witten/Herdecke

University for funding this study.

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