Enhancing Game Usability: A Framework for

Small-to-Medium-Sized Game Development Businesses

Sayeda Rahnuma Akthar

, Muhammad Rezaul Islam

, Nabila Islam

, Farzana Sadia

and Mahady Hasan

Department of Computer Science, Independent University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Independent University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia

Keywords: Usability Heuristics, Nielsen Usability Technique, Game Development, Game Usability, Usability Problems.

Abstract: The field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) research has developed numerous procedures and techniques

to ensure high usability when developing software. Usability in video games is also considered to be

important, so it is crucial to ensure that game systems comply with usability standards. However, research has

overlooked software development, specifically the stage of game development. Additionally, large gaming

firms and game developers tend to keep their procedures and techniques secret. Professional reports have

revealed the "ugly face" of the gaming industry. Bangladesh's slowly expanding game development sector

comprises a significant number of small-to-medium-sized businesses and start-ups. These businesses require

practical, developer-centric solutions to guarantee usability as they may lack the funds to engage usability

specialists to oversee it. This article discusses the concept of game usability, including current research on

usability techniques for game production. The study involved conducting polls, heuristic scoring studies, and

speaking with several game developers. Twelve usability heuristics were created based on the Nielsen

usability technique and the stages of game software development, which help in preventing typical usability

problems in games. A preliminary analysis of the heuristics indicates that they can assist in identifying game-

specific usability problems that may otherwise go unnoticed.

1 INTRODUCTION

Video games are electronic games that require user

input devices to generate visual feedback displayed

on video display devices such as TVs, monitors, or

virtual reality headsets. The industry has expanded to

include mobile gaming, virtual reality, and remote

cloud gaming.

The video game industry is rapidly growing, with

revenues projected to reach $197 billion in 2022. The

global video game market was valued at $195.65

billion in 2021 and is expected to increase to $220.79

billion in 2022. During the COVID-19 pandemic,

major gaming companies saw an increase in their

stock values despite criticism of game releases for

https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6049-8182

https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5721-0276

https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2117-8578

https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1895-1044

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9037-0181

bugs and lack of originality. Steam's active user base

also increased by over 20%. (Şener, Yalcin &

Gulseven, 2021). Bangladesh’s gaming market is

currently worth $0.37 billion, but it is predicted to

quadruple by 2026(Islam, 2020). Despite the

industry's potential for growth, there is a lack of

official statistics on game development companies in

Bangladesh, and research on game development

processes has been limited.

A small game developer studio contains as few as

a few staff members or as many as 50, and a medium-

sized studio may have several hundred. The size of a

studio can be influenced by elements like the size of

the projects it accepts, the number of games it

produces annually, and its level of success in the

Akthar, S., Islam, M., Islam, N., Sadia, F. and Hasan, M.

Enhancing Game Usability: A Framework for Small-to-Medium-Sized Game Development Businesses.

DOI: 10.5220/0012086500003538

In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Software Technologies (ICSOFT 2023), pages 385-392

ISBN: 978-989-758-665-1; ISSN: 2184-2833

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

385

market. A company’s size might also change over

time because of expansion, contraction, or mergers

with other businesses.

This study examines the utilization of usability

evaluation heuristics by game developers in

Bangladesh. Game design involves several elements,

including storyline, pacing, and gameplay mechanics,

with usability being a crucial factor due to the

frequent interaction required from players. Poorly

designed game interfaces can hinder player

engagement, leading to reduced game quality and

success. (Fabricatore, 2007).

The goal of this study is to review the concept of

game usability and provide practical, developer-

centric solutions to ensure high usability in game

development, particularly for small-to-medium-sized

businesses and start-ups in the slowly expanding

game development sector in Bangladesh.

This study aims to review current research on

usability techniques for game production, create

usability heuristics based on the Nielsen usability

technique and the stages of game software

development, and evaluate their effectiveness in

identifying game-specific usability problems.

The primary contributions of this paper are:

1. Identify real world usability problems that

provide breadth and depth coverage of the game

design space

2. To make the heuristics simple enough for

individuals with familiarity with usability principles

and some game development experience to

implement.

3. Game developers can use the heuristics to

identify real problems that will affect the usability of

games.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

An extensive literature review was conducted on

related publications in the field, and an analysis of the

most relevant papers have been included. Mylly et al.

designed a new set of usable usability heuristics for

game development based on user satisfaction and

convenience (Mylly, Rajanen, & Iivari, 2020).

Politowski et al. presented insights and

considerations gathered from developers and

literature studies (Politowski, Vargas, Fontoura, &

Foletto, 2016), while Zaidi et al. designed a usability

framework for VR casual game development for non-

gamers (Zaidi, Duthie, Carr & Maksoud, 2018).

Simor et al. proposed usability evaluation methods

for gesture-based games, particularly for older adults

(Simor, Brum, Schmidt & Rieder, 2016). Fatta et al.

developed a model for measuring usability evaluation

specifically for mobile game-based learning

applications (Fatta, Maksom & Zakaria, 2018).

Soomro et al. designed a playability heuristic

evaluation system for application software and games

(Soomro, Ahmad & Sulaiman, 2014), and Desurvire

et al. adapted heuristics from productivity software to

games (Desurvure & Wiberg, 2009). Fernandez et al.

proposed a usability inspection method for model-

driven video game development (Fernandez, Insfran,

Abrahão, Carsi & Montero, 2012), while Smith et al.

proposed a domain-specific heuristic list for virtual-

reality game development (Smith, Granados & Suss,

2019). Parker et al. explored how indie game

developers perceive the benefits and risks of game

streaming (Parker & Perks, 2021). Xenos et al. found

that the perceived usability of a game significantly

impacts learning during gameplay (Xenos,

Papaloukas & Kostaras, 2019), while Hussain et al.

conducted a systematic review of mobile game

usability evaluations (Hussain, Abbas, Abdulwaheed,

Mohammed & Abdulhussein, 2015). Muhanna et al.

developed a list of adapted usability heuristics for

Arabic mobile games (Muhanna, Masoud & Qusef,

2022), Şener et al. investigated the impact of the

Covid-19 pandemic on the game industry (Şener &

Yalçın), Senap et al. proposed a set of evaluation

components for assessing the usability of mobile

educational games (Senap & Ibrahim, 2019), Vieira

et al. proposed a methodology to identify heuristics

applicable for evaluating the usability of educational

games (Vieira, Silveira & Martins, 2019), Halonen et

al. proposed a set of heuristics to evaluate the

usability of games that employ speech recognition

(Halonen, Hyrunsalmi, Kimppa, Knuutila, Smed &

Hakonen, 2012), and Pyae et al. evaluated the

usability and user-friendliness of a Finnish skiing

video game among elderly Japanese participants

(Pyae et al., 2020).

3 METHODOLOGIES

Three research questions were raised to specify this

research.

1.RQ1. What is the nature of specific usability

recommendations for Game Development?

2.RQ2.What Heuristic Method developers follow

to develop a game?

3.RQ3. What are the most common problems

faced by game developers in each process type?

The above questions influenced the key literature

search criteria. Relevant papers were identified by

searching in papers’ metadata (title, abstract,

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keywords), using keyword search queries. The

keywords identified from the research questions were

as follows: usability specialists, game developers,

usability heuristics, Nielsen usability technique,

stages of game development, usability problems,

game-specific usability problems.

Renowned works related to game development

and video game heuristic evaluations were prioritised

from researchers of various countries. Research

works related to the same topic from Bangladesh

were also searched but nothing remarkable was

found. There is not enough research done in

Bangladesh about game development. Many other

countries have done intense research on this topic. As

an alternative measure, articles released by local news

media and interviews or data provided by Bangladesh

ICT Ministry were studied.

This research is done based on the heuristics

provided by Sami Mylly et al. In their research paper

The Quest for Usable Usability Heuristics for Game

Developers in 2020. Also, theoretical concept was

drawn from Kristina Magylaite et al’s “Towards High

Usability in Gamified Systems: A Systematic” in

2022 which is based on Nielsen’s 10 heuristics.

Review of Key Concepts and Approaches.

Game developers prefer to devise their own

usability heuristic lists tailored to each game rather

than using pre-existing lists since they consider them

to be too intricate to use (Mylly, Rajanen, & Iivari,

2020). While Nielsen's usability evaluation heuristics

are widely used for assessing software systems, they

are not always suitable for video games. Therefore,

the authors aimed to develop a set of heuristics that

could be applied throughout all stages of video game

development.

Questionnaires were designed based on the

heuristics proposed by Mylly et al. The game

development process was divided into eight stages,

including Concept, Pre-production, Prototype,

Production, Alpha, Beta, Gold, and Post-release, and

a total of 30 questions were asked across all stages.

The participants were selected randomly from game

developers in Bangladesh, including both employees

and freelancers. Participation in the survey was

voluntary, and anonymity was maintained. The

survey questions were distributed among the

participants through a Google survey form link.

Additionally, interviews were conducted with the

participants to gain further understanding of the game

developing situation of Bangladesh.

4 DATA ANALYSIS & RESULT

In October 2022, a small-scale survey was conducted

among game creators, testers, consumers, and

freelancers in Bangladesh to gauge their views on

game usability, the use of heuristic evaluation in

businesses, and the usefulness of usability heuristics

described in the literature. The survey received

responses from 19 individuals. In addition, interviews

were conducted with a few game testers and

developers who were both employees and

independent contractors. Despite the relatively small

number of game firms in Bangladesh, only 36% of the

developers responded to the survey.

The research on game development in Bangladesh

is inadequate compared to numerous other countries

that have conducted extensive research on the subject.

The results indicate that the chosen papers were

published within the past five years, but the number

of papers was small. Most of the articles were

conference proceedings.

4.1 Usability Testing Method

Employed

The papers that were chosen used a variety of

usability assessment techniques. The Quantitative

and Qualitative approaches used in this paper are (1)

Questionnaires (n=20); (2) "Think Aloud procedure";

(3) Interviews (n=10); and (4) Heuristic Testing

(n=8).

Figure 1: Development Phases. It shows Phases list &

Details about the development phases. (Mylly, Rajanen, &

Iivari, 2020).

The response from the respondents to an inquiry

about what usability meant to them is quite like how

people think of (game) usability: "One of the design

objectives that should be followed during

development is usability, which will help to ensure

Enhancing Game Usability: A Framework for Small-to-Medium-Sized Game Development Businesses

387

that the product's target market has as much access to,

and understanding of, it as possible." This encourages

the inclusion of usability activities in the development

cycle.

There are several ways for the game development

process to resemble the traditional software

development process. (Mylly, Rajanen, & Iivari,

2020)’s paper “The Quest for Usable Usability

Heuristics for Game Developers” said the basic game

development process can be divided into phases in

Table 1.

Table 1: Phases of game development with description.

Developme

nt Phases

Description

Concept The main idea of the game is decided and

describe

Pre-

Production

To define what the game is, how long it

will take, how many people are needed

and how much it will cost to make it

Prototype To test the non-functional requirements

of the game which is difficult to evaluate

ame

Production It’s when the most action happens, most

people work at the same time and most

time is consumed.

Alpha To define when the game is mostly

playable from start to finish and where a

particular build of the game is the first

able version.

Beta In this phase, the goal is to have the game

stabilized and remove most of the errors

and

roblems

Gold The climax of the process where the

game is ready and waiting to be delivered

for the distributors.

Post-

Release

Patching the bugs and issues that were

not found or fixed before the initial

release, without forgetting the upgrades,

4.2 Design of Questionnaires

Based on Eight development phases which are

discussed above, the study is designed with some

Questionnaires to proceed in this research. Some of

the most important questions are given in the list

below as sample:

 During the concept development stage do

you gather all the necessary information and

set them on board?

 When designing the game, do you consider

the target audience?

 Do you make the basic controls and tutorials

easy to learn for new players?

 At beta phase of the development do you

ensure the players receive enough feedback

from their surroundings while progressing

through the

 Do you ensure the game interface/HUD

(skill bar, health indicator, mini-map,

compasses, currency) is informative?

 Do you provide manuals, tutorials so the

player doesn't have to rely on outside

sources for information?

 Does the new content remain consistent with

the old content/base game?

4.3 Participants in the Usability

Testing

Most of the studies (64%, n = 10) had only one type

of user as a participant in usability evaluations, e.g.,

Ten were Freelancer,4 to 5 were Tester or users, and

5 of them were Game Developer means professionals

only. By categorising the data according to the

number of participants according to type of usability

evaluation method.

4.4 Data Analysis

Data extracted from each article were recorded on a

computer worksheet (Excel) to categorise and

compare characteristics. Descriptive statistics, mostly

frequency tables for the categorical variables, were

constructed for the dataset using Excel Sheets for

quantitative analysis. To respond to the research

questions that formed the basis of this study, the study

summarized the results from the chosen papers.

Filtering the survey questionnaire results was done

using cross tabulations.

In table 2, it shows the percentage (%) data

collected from game developers based on their

experience using different parameters of their

development phases.

The research is to ensure if any of the answers

depends on or correlated with each other because of

the usability testing, as the correlation approach is

cited as an important component of game

development.

To have a clearer understanding of this study, if a

developer failed to build a clear concept or prototype

of the game, the game development can be stuck and

further failed to proceed.

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Table 2: This Crossed tabulation shows calculations of

survey questionnaires using development phases

maintaining heuristics in percentage (%).

Developme

nt Phases

(

)

ver

Ofte

Someti

mes

Most

Alwa

Concept 8.3 5.5 33.3 27.8 24.9

Pre-

Production

2.8 9.7 32.0 37.5 18.0

Prototype 4.2 9.7 31.9 37.5 18.0

Production 8.3 25.0 16.7 25.1 34.6

Alpha 4.2 8.3 22.9 24.4 26.4

Beta 0.0 13.3 31.7 28.3 26.7

Gold

11.

20.0 23.2 25.0 24.9

Post-

Release

0.0 5.5 27.6 33.3 25.0

4.5 Comparison of Two Heuristic

Models

In 2022 Magylaitė et al., introduced another set of

Heuristics for game development. To gain a better

understanding of the nature of the recommendations

proposed in the selected papers, the generalised

recommendations namely: Nielsen’s heuristics for

user interface design. Heuristics serve as the most

general usability principles available. There are

several similarities between in this reviewed

heuristics and Nielsen’s heuristics; N1, N4, N5, and

N9 are kind of similar with the concepts so far. The

discussions were with the developers but there are

some variations with their version of heuristic

methods. Each recommendation had to be assigned to

one or more of the following heuristics:

● N1. Visibility of system status.

● N2. Match between system and the real

world.

● N3. User control and freedom.

● N4. Consistency and standards.

● N5. Error prevention.

● N6. Recognition rather than recall.

● N7. Flexibility and efficiency of use.

● N8. Aesthetic and minimalist design.

● N9. Help users recognize, diagnose, and

recover from errors.

● N10. Help and documentation.

Nielsen’s error detection (N9) (N5) is like alpha

and beta phase as Alpha and Beta testing is the user

end’s acceptance testing. This can help to detect bug

from the final product and fix it if needed. The data is

shown here Table 3, here the similarities between two

methods are denoted

by ✔.

Table 3: Similarities between Two Methods.

This also addresses control design, artificial

intelligence, and information on game status.

However, the content and focus of the heuristics are

significantly different. Their heuristics focus on

engagement issues, but ours are strongly oriented

around usability and are augmented by detailed

information on common usability problems.

4.6 Proposed Heuristics

To fulfil two key functions in the game design

process, this study put together a set of game

heuristics. First, heuristics can be utilised as a set of

design guidelines early in the game design and

development process. They can also be used to

conduct usability inspections, where evaluators

utilise them to iteratively critique the design.

This paper's approach is more closely aligned

with that described by Sami Mylly et al., who suggest

that heuristics can be developed using specific

software development phases, as well as by

developing principles that describe the usability

problems that seem to be present in games. Nielsen's

method for defining a new set of general-purpose

heuristics served as the initial motivation for this

method for defining game usability heuristics.

After studying both methods, a set of heuristics

was designed to help game developers in Bangladesh.

Here are the key findings of the analysis:

1. Making long-term goals (end game

objectives) visible and short-term goals (early game

objectives) obvious from the start.

2. Allowing players to customize controls to suit

their preferences and physical limitations.

3. Using consistent and clear visual cues, such as

coloration and words, to convey information.

4. Avoiding lag or delays in the system's

response to user input.

Enhancing Game Usability: A Framework for Small-to-Medium-Sized Game Development Businesses

389

5. Using visual representations, such as maps

and symbols, that are easy to understand and avoiding

jargon.

6. Adding a fictional plot to engage users

emotionally.

7. Providing feedback on progress and how to

move forward.

8. Offering challenges that are rewarding to

overcome, with a ranking or incentive system.

9. Ensuring that user activities are consistent and

relevant, with no distracting or irrelevant options.

10. Giving users badges for achievements or

accomplishments.

11. Allowing users to control the system's speed

and avoiding arbitrary time limits.

12. Providing comprehensive game

documentation to help users understand game

features and visual cues.

Figure 2: Twelve Proposed Heuristics.

By following these heuristics, game developers

can create games that are engaging, intuitive, and

enjoyable for a wide range of players. Users should

have access to comprehensive game documentation

that explains how to interact with game features and

understand visual cues.

Each assessor filled out an open-ended

questionnaire at the end of the trial. Questions were

asked participants to describe the advantages and

disadvantages of using heuristics to evaluate games.

Also, Interviews were taken about any heuristics that

they found particularly helpful and whether they were

challenging to use. Finally, it is learned if they

discovered problems using the heuristics that they

would have ignored in any scenario. The problem

description was examined. Some deleted problems

that by the same evaluator brought up frequently as

well as problems that did not adequately depict actual

usability problems (such as comments regarding

game play, preferred features, etc.). The research

confirmed that the evaluators referred to heuristics

that were pertinent to the noted problems.

5 DISCUSSIONS

The results of the review presented above served as

the input answering the research question RQ1-RQ3.

The key observation is presented below:

QR1. What Is the Nature of Specific Usability

Recommendations for Game Development?

The authors of the chosen papers presented their

findings not just as advice for usability but also as

suggestions for enhancing user experience, increasing

motivation, and improving compliance with humans.

Many of the suggestions fell under the category of

being widely accepted, such as using common jargon,

giving helpful comments, preventing errors,

segmenting information, assuring quick response

times, etc. As an alternative, the writers frequently

suggested employing modality and signalling

principles, making sure that all necessary information

was provided prior to the activity, and including

features for managing fatigue (adaptable time

limitations and speed of work). (Magylaitė, Kapočius,

Butleris & Čeponienė, 2022).

RQ2. What Heuristic Method Developers Follow

to Develop a Game?

Most game developers attempt to create games using

Nielsen's heuristics method. The survey asked if it

would be simple or difficult to implement a particular

heuristic in a current project. However, some recent

studies have alarmingly shown that heuristic

evaluation is not a typical usability evaluation method

in the video game industry and that game developers

would prefer to create their own usability heuristic

lists for each of their games rather than use existing

lists, which they believe to be too cumbersome to use.

Together with "Greater knowledge," it is believed

there is a need for a broader set of heuristics that

covers the entire spectrum of game creation, from

concept to live operations and serving the user base,

as well as a set that explains what and why the

heuristics are. These questions are being addressed by

the heuristics suggested in this study, which also

serves as a foundation for a more in-depth and

comprehensive treatment of game creation. (Mylly,

Rajanen, & Iivari, 2020)

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RQ3. What are the Most Common Problems

Faced by Game Developers in Each Process

Type?

Age is a crucial consideration when deciding how to

create or enhance games, as shown by most of the

papers that were chosen, which (30% and 30%,

respectively), discussed the usability of games

especially geared at either children or adults. Half of

the six publications that offered suggestions for adults

were targeted exclusively at gamers over the age of

sixty. The authors of the remaining 40% of the chosen

publications didn't mention any details about the

target population that their recommendations were

intended for. According to the poll, it appears that

game designers struggle with the choice of whether to

make the game simple for children with few key

actions necessary, or complex for adults with a

variety of activities. Other user qualities, such as user

goals, degree of motivation, education, or IT abilities,

were also cited as factors that frequently have an

impact on usability-related system development

decisions (Magylaitė, Kapočius, Butleris &

Čeponienė, 2022).

After evaluating the pertinent suggestions and

guidelines for gamified systems included in the

selected publications, it was discovered that the

recommendation lists provided by the different

writers substantially overlapped. The terminology

used to express the same concept or piece of advice

by the many authors was the only thing that changed.

Consequently, a preliminary categorization was

carried out to make it simpler to analyze the

recommendations. Moving forward, game makers

will no longer solely rely on the conventional

heuristic technique and will instead set their own

usability tests. To speed up the process, game

developers make their own usability tests as opposed

to constantly employing heuristics. This study

concluded that each game developer adheres to the

industry standard for game creation in their own

distinctive way through interviews with or surveys of

game developers.

The evaluation does not include a thorough

analysis of the heuristics because it is not expected for

any game to necessarily have problems in every area

of coverage. But it does show that the Bangladeshi

Developers were able to understand the heuristics,

and a check at the problem descriptions shows that

they did match the range of coverage specified by the

selected heuristic. This shows that Developers or

testers could apply the heuristics to recognize real

problems, and that they weren't too challenging to

utilise. Bangladeshi game creators tried to

concentrate on engrossing and entertaining the player,

which includes a variety of design factors like plot,

tempo, level of difficulty, and gameplay mechanics.

However, as most games necessitate frequent player

contact, usability issues must be carefully considered

by game designers. They tried to adhere to the

guidelines based on the game's needs. This paper first

reveals the degree of success of the heuristics in

achieving these objectives. With only a handful of the

heuristics, Testers or Developers were able to track

down countless problems and discover numerous

problems.

6 LIMITATIONS

Bangladesh has a limited presence in game

development, resulting in a scarcity of game

production companies and developers. Formal

education and research on this topic are also lacking.

As a result, most developers are self-taught and

passionate individuals who start their careers as

independent game creators. However, due to

corporate policies and privacy concerns, both

independent and company developers are hesitant to

share information or participate in interviews. This is

a pattern that was also observed in other papers

(Mylly, Rajanen, & Iivari, 2020).

7 CONCLUSIONS

In this study essay, the usability of game development

is the main topic. Bangladesh has gradually entered

the gaming industry. The game development process

should find it easier to follow accepted software

development procedures if heuristics are maintained.

Games may be created using these process models.

Nielsen’s heuristics aid consumers' cognitive load,

especially their memory power. Because it's easier for

them, it's essential to think about how to emphasise

opportunities and useful attributes.

With the use of heuristics, there are some sets

proposed in this research, which present a fresh

method to modifying usability inspections for games,

allowing developers to assess both mock-ups and

functioning prototypes. In this study, usability

problems in software were found and a set of design

principles for game creation were presented. This

broad methodology, which is a novel approach, can

be used by researchers to understand design problems

in different kinds of speciality software. This study

points that this method can be applied to further

development studies and that it can be used to create

Enhancing Game Usability: A Framework for Small-to-Medium-Sized Game Development Businesses

391

new heuristics on involvement and for multiplayer

games in Bangladesh.

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