Study of Carbon Dioxide (CO

) Emissions Load from Transportation

Sources in Sukorejo Village Gresik

Maritha Nilam Kusuma

, Rachmanu Eko Handriyono

, Nafilah El Hafizah

and Tamara Via Damayanti

Department of Environmental Engineering, ITATS, Jalan Arief Rachman Hakim 100 Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia

Department of Civil Engineering, ITATS, Jalan Arief Rachman Hakim 100 Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia

Keywords: CO

Emission, Energy Consumption, Transportation Source.

Abstract: Carbon dioxide (CO

) emissions are gases that come out of the combustion of compounds that contain carbon.

The location of Sukorejo Village, Kebomas District, Gresik Regency which borders the City of Surabaya and

based on the provisions of the Gresik Regency Spatial Plan which states the coast of Kebomas District as an

industrial and port area resulting in dense population so that there are many community activities and high

transportation mobility. Energy consumption from transportation activities in Sukorejo Village, Gresik,

produces exhaust emissions in the form of CO

. The purpose of this research is to analyze carbon dioxide

(CO

) emissions from the transportation sector by vehicle type. The method used in this research is field

observation for the transportation sector by counting which is carried out at two points for two weeks on active

days, namely Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Sundays. The results of this study found that the total value

of carbon dioxide (CO

) emissions in the transportation sector was 132.83 tons/year

1 INTRODUCTION

Air pollution is the entry of substances, energy, or

other components into the surrounding air through

human activities, thereby reducing air quality to a

certain level and damaging air quality (PP RI Number

22 of 2021). One of the ongoing air quality problems

is the release of carbon dioxide (CO

) which is a

fundamental part of ozone-depleting substances that

make up 50% of complete ozone-depleting

substances (GHG) and significantly affects the

increase in temperature throughout the earth. In

recent years, air pollution has become an urgency due

to the rapid increase of gas every day. Air pollution is

a serious urgency because it has a fatal impact on the

environment and human health (Ji et al. 2020). Air

pollution is one of the main factors in decreasing air

quality, and the occurrence of air pollution, air in

conditions of dangerous levels of gas, dust, smoke or

odors (Khan et al. 2020). Pollution from CO

emissions comes from two activities, namely natural

(natural) and human (artificial). CO

emissions from

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6063-043X

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9636-5017

human activities, transportation, waste and the use of

household electrical energy are relatively high, thus

disrupting the air balance system and endangering the

environment and human welfare. The transportation

sector plays a major role as a potential air pollution

sector (Ni’am et al. 2021, Handriyono et al. 2020).

Big cities contribute 60% to 70% of the source of CO

released from vehicle exhaust.

The increase in modes of transportation is directly

proportional to energy consumption in the form of

fossil materials (Jiang and Li, 2022). Increased

energy consumption can cause large amounts of

greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Li et al. 2021).

Energy consumption contributes to pollution across

low, middle and high income groups. To overcome

the environmental threat from electricity

consumption, it is necessary to add renewable energy

to reduce dependence on fossil fuels (Danis et al.

2019). The transportation sector is a major

contributor to increased energy consumption and

carbon emissions in recent decades (Chen et al.

2023). Several studies show that CO

emissions have

increased significantly in the transportation sector

Kusuma, M., Handriyono, R., El Haﬁzah, N. and Damayanti, T.

Study of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions Load from Transportation Sources in Sukorejo Village Gresik.

DOI: 10.5220/0012100800003680

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Advanced Engineering and Technology (ICATECH 2023), pages 117-123

ISBN: 978-989-758-663-7; ISSN: 2975-948X

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

117

(Zam-zam. 2020, Setyo, 2021, Hou et al. 2022).

Carbon dioxide emissions have increased by around

30 percent in recent years, and 25 percent comes from

urban transportation carbon emissions (Zhang, 2022).

Carbon dioxide (CO

) is a substance consisting of

one carbon atom (C) and two oxygen atoms (O

Carbon dioxide is one of the many gases that make up

the earth's atmosphere, including nitrogen, oxygen,

and argon (Subkhan, 2017). Carbon dioxide gas

accounts for 50% of all Greenhouse Gases. CO

emission is the emission or release of CO

gas into the

atmosphere. CO

emissions are expressed in tonnes of

equivalent. CO

emissions are the number one

cause of global warming followed by methane gas

(CH

). More than 75% of the composition of

Greenhouse Gases (GHG) in the atmosphere is

carbon dioxide (Rawung, 2015). Carbon dioxide is a

greenhouse gas (GHG) that has a major impact on

increasing global average temperatures

(Rachmayanti, 2020). The greenhouse effect occurs

when greenhouse gases absorb the sun's heat and then

reflect it back to the earth's surface (Zubair et al.

2023). Greenhouse gases are continuously increasing

and have implications for climate change (Godil et al.

2021). The increase in CO

emissions is in line with

the increase in population and daily energy use

activities (Fitri, 2020). In addition, increased CO

emissions not only threaten the health of biophysical

ecosystems but also have a major impact on human

health (Liu et al. 2020a). However, good economic

governance can significantly reduce CO

emissions

and pollution levels (Liu et al. 2020b).

Sukorejo Village, Kebomas District, Gresik

Regency located on the banks of Lamong River,

which is located on the border between Gresik and

Surabaya in accordance with the Gresik Regency

Spatial Plan where the coastal area of Kebomas

District is designated as an industrial and port area.

The location of Sukorejo Village, Kebomas District,

Gresik Regency which borders the City of Surabaya

so that it is one of the factors where many community

activities, transportation and industry contribute to

emissions. This research was conducted because

Sukorejo Village, Kebomas District, Gresik Regency

itself is in the middle of the industry where right, left,

front is one of the large industries with transportation

operations from industry and high workers and

Sukorejo Village, Kebomas District, Gresik Regency

is a village with a high population density.

2 METHODS

In this research, the method applied is descriptive

quantitative. Quantitative descriptive is a method that

describes, describes and or explains a condition that

occurs factually, systematically and accurately with

numbers or numeric. The initial stage of this research

is to study literature from journals and thesis reports,

field surveys, collect primary data in the form of

transportation sector data with traffic counting to find

vehicle type data. Primary data collection from the

transportation sector is carried out through traffic

counting at 2 points for 2 weeks on 16 May 2022 - 29

May 2022 Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Sunday.

The selection of the day and time of measurement is

carried out so that the value validation is more

accurate with the average concentration every 1 hour,

the average concentration of active days and the

average concentration of holidays and is based on

high mobility on active days, namely Monday,

Wednesday and Friday and the selection of holidays

is the week where mobility is estimated to be in

Sukorejo Village and or to the Kali Lamong

Mangrove Ecotourism. Measurements were carried

out at the busiest hours, namely in the morning from

07.00-08.00 WIB, in the afternoon at 16.00-17.00

WIB and in the evening at 20.00-21.00. The tools

used are cellphone cameras and traffic counting

applications. Traffic counting The types of vehicles

that are calculated are 2-wheeled vehicles, 4-wheeled

vehicles, trucks and buses. This study has the

limitation that it does not distinguish between types

of trucks

The Calculation of CO

emission load of the

transportation sector can be done with the following

equation (1) (Suharto, 2017). Table 1 is The CO

emission factor value based on the type of vehicle

(Kondorura, 2018). Then Table 2 is values for

calculating motorized fuel consumption from the

calculation of emission factors.



emission = n x FE x K x L (1)

Description :

n = Number of vehicles (unit/hour)

FE = Emission factor (g/L)

K = Fuel consumption (L/100 km)

L = road length (km)

Table 1: CO

Emission Factor Value.

Type of Vehicle CO

(g/L)

2 Wheels 2597,86

4 Wheels 2597,86

Truck 2924,90

Bus 2924,90

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118

Table 2: Value of Motor Fuel Consumption.

Type of vehicle

Energy Consumption

(L/100 km)

2 Wheels 2,66

4 Wheels 11,79

Truck 15,15

Bus 13,04

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

In this study, measurements were also carried out in

the transportation sector by way of traffic counting to

calculate the volume of traffic vehicles.

Measurements were carried out at 2 location points

with the location of the first point, namely at the

entrance to Sukorejo Village where the location of the

first point is one of the access roads to enter Sukorejo

Village and the second point is on the main road of

Sukorejo Village (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Sampling Point Location for Transportation

Sector.

Coordinate Point:

Point 1: 7°11'29.02"S, 112°38'9.10"E

Point 2: 7°11'23.83"S, 112°38'9.45"E

3.1 Counting Traffic Volume Data

Point 1

Point counting 1 traffic volume is at the entrance to

Sukorejo Village. The only access road to the

settlement of Sukorejo Village is through point

counting 1, this has resulted in a lot of vehicle

mobility, both local residents and non-local residents

who carry out daily activities such as commuting to

work, traveling and other activities. The location of

the counting point 1 is at latitude 7°11'29.02"S

longitude 112°38'9.10"E.

Figure 2: Average vehicle volume per hour of traffic at

counting point 1 in week 1.

Figure 3: Average vehicle volume per hour of traffic at

counting point 1 in week 2.

Based on Figure 2, it can be seen that the average

total number of vehicles on active days, i.e Monday,

Wednesday, and Friday, is more than on holidays, i.e

Sundays. In the first week, the average active day is

243 units/hour with the average number of vehicles

passing the most on Wednesday and Friday at as

much as 250 units/hour and the average number of

vehicles passing the least occurring on Monday as

many as 230 units/hour while in the first week the

average holiday is 207 units/hour. In the second

week, the average active day is 281 units/hour with

the average number of vehicles passing the most on

Monday as much as 288 units/hour, and the average

number of vehicles crossing slightly occurring on

Wednesday being 274 units/hour. hours while in the

second week the average holiday is 289 units/hour.

Holidays at point 1 week 1 and week 2 have the least

average value compared to active days because the

most transportation mobility is due to work activities.

The average number of vehicles that pass on

active days in week 1 and week 2 is more than the

average number of holidays in week 1 and week 2

Study of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions Load from Transportation Sources in Sukorejo Village Gresik

119

because Sukorejo Village itself is in an industrial area

so More vehicle mobility on active days, i.e Mondays,

Wednesdays, and Fridays. 2-wheeled vehicles have

decreased on holidays, i.e Sundays, because on

Friday, workers as residents of non-original

residences in Sukorejo Village travel back to their

place of origin, while 4-wheeled vehicles increase on

holidays, namely Sundays due to the natives of the

village. Sukorejo chooses to take a vacation and there

are tourists who visit the Kali Lamong Mangrove

Ecotourism. The most common types of vehicles in

the first week and second week of counting point 1 are

2-wheeled vehicles and then 4-wheeled vehicles

where the most accessible access to mobility for

access to Sukorejo Village is by using a private

vehicle.

3.2 Counting Traffic Volume Data

Point 2

Counting point 2 is on the Sukorejo Village highway.

This Sukorejo Village highway is one of the busiest

access roads in the eastern part of the industrial area

of Gresik Regency on the border with Surabaya City.

The location of counting point 2 is latitude

7°11'23.83"S longitude 112°38'9.45"E.

Based on Figure 4, it can be seen that the average

total number of vehicles on active days, namely

Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, is more than on

holidays, namely Sundays. In the first week, the

average active day is 2,990 units/hour with the

average number of vehicles crossing the most

occurring on Friday as many as 3,523 units/hour, and

the average number of vehicles passing the least

occurring on Monday being 1,977 units/hour while on

week 1 the average holiday is 1,728 units/hour. In the

second week, the average active day is 3,883

units/hour with the average number of vehicles

passing the most on Friday as much as

3,919 units/hour

and the average number of vehicles

Figure 4: Average vehicle volume per hour of traffic at

counting point 2 in week 1.

passing the least occurring on Wednesday as many as

3,858 units/hour. hours while in the second week the

average holiday is 1,686 units/hour.

Figure 5: Average vehicle volume per hour of traffic at

counting point 2 in week 2.

The average number of types of vehicles that pass

on active days in the first and second week is more

than the average number of holidays in the first and

second week this is because the Sukorejo Village

highway itself is in the area industry so that vehicle

mobility is more on active days, namely Mondays,

Wednesdays, and Fridays. The most types of vehicles

in the measurement of week 1 and week 2 of the

counting point 2 are 2-wheeled vehicles and the least

are buses. The volume of private vehicles and public

vehicles that pass on the Sukorejo Village highway

because this highway is one of the accesses for

tourism, industry, and between districts and cities.

The results of counting the number of vehicles at

points 1 and 2 show that the number of vehicles on

weekdays is greater than on holidays. These results

are due to the fact that people often carry out driving

activities on weekdays compared to holidays.

3.3 Emission CO

Total from

Transportation Sector

Calculation of carbon dioxide (CO

) emissions for

each counting point is needed to determine the total

carbon dioxide (CO

) emissions of the transportation

sector. Calculation of total CO

emissions is

calculated by the total number of each type of vehicle

multiplied by the emission factor multiplied by the

fuel consumption multiplied by the length of the road

when counting by the emission factor and fuel

consumption obtained from IPCC and BPPT in

Kondorura, 2018. Calculation of total CO

emissions

from the transportation sector can be calculated with

equation 1. with the average volume of vehicles in

ICATECH 2023 - International Conference on Advanced Engineering and Technology

120

Figures 1. and 2. and the value of FE in table 1. and

the value of K in table 2.

Figure 6: Total CO

emissions at point 1 and point 2.

Based on Figure 6 above, it can be seen that the

highest total CO

emissions in the transportation

sector are in 2-wheeled vehicles, point 1, 16.15

tons/year, point 2, 68.53 tons/year, totaling 84.68

tons/year and the lowest in buses, totaling 0.98

tons/year which is obtained from point 2. The highest

and lowest values of CO

emissions are based on the

number of vehicles that pass. The highest total CO

emissions in the transportation sector come from 2

wheels because transportation mobility mostly uses 2

wheels and 4 wheels at points 1 and point 2. Truck

transportation mobility is bigger than the bus because

Sukorejo Village itself is in an industrial area that

uses trucks for activities and the mobility of buses is

because the Sukorejo Village highway is one of the

accesses to religious tourism areas in Kebomas

District, Gresik Regency. The total value above is the

total maximum emission contributed from the

transportation sector in Sukorejo Village for 2 weeks

of observation time which is then projected for 1 year.

Based on these results, efforts are needed to

control CO

emissions from transportation sources.

One of the efforts is to increase the number of plants

in private green open space areas. Private green open

space is an important part of the green open space

structure in urban areas. Private green open spaces are

able to provide air circulation systems, regulate

microclimates, produce oxygen, absorb rainwater,

and contaminants in air, water and soil media

(Gunawansyah, 2019). Several combinations of

plants such as trembesi, red snore, ketapang, and

gldogan are able to absorb CO

emissions

significantly (Kusuma et al. 2023). Some of those

plants are classified as large plants that require large

areas of land. Therefore, this study carried out a

simulation using several small plants so that they

could be planted on the residents' private land or in

public facilities in Sukorejo Village, Gresik. Some of

the small plants consist of chinese petai, fir cassowary

feathers, red shoots, and yellow frangipani. There are

2 scenarios used, scenario 1 with 1 type of plant

(Table 3), and scenario 2 with a combination of

several plants (Table 4).

Table 3: Plants needs with 1 type.

Plant type CO

absorption

(ton/ plant/

yr)

Total Plant Scenario 1

A B C D

Chinese

petai

(Leucaena

Leucocephal

0,72 5

- - -

Fir

Cassowary

Feathers

(Casuarina

Sumatrana)

0,20

- 18 - -

Red shoots

(Syzygium

Oleina)

0,04

- - 85 -

Yellow

frangipani

(Plumeria

Acuminata)

0,02

- - - 222

Table 4: Plants needs with several type.

Plant type CO

absorption

(ton/ plant/

yr)

Total Plant

Scenario 2

Chinese petai (Leucaena

Leucoce

hala

)

0,72 1

Fir Cassowary Feathers

(

Casuarina Sumatrana

)

0,20

Red shoots (Syzygium

Oleina

)

0,04

Yellow frangipani (Plumeria

cuminata

)

0,02

The simulation results show that scenario 1

requires 1 type of Chinese petai plant as many as 5,

18 cassowary feathers, 85 red shoots, and 222 yellow

frangipani. 5, 21 red shoots, and 55 yellow frangipani.

These plants are classified as small plants so that later

they can be planted on community private land or

public facilities in Sukorejo Village, Gresik.

The copyright form is located on the authors’

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The form should be completed and signed by one

author on behalf of all the other authors.

4 CONCLUSIONS

This study concludes that the total value of CO

emissions in the transportation sector is 132.83

tons/year which comes from 2 measurement points,

namely the entrance to Sukorejo Village and the

Study of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions Load from Transportation Sources in Sukorejo Village Gresik

121

Sukorejo Village highway. The total value of CO

emissions in the transportation sector is the maximum

load assumption received by Sukorejo Village,

Kebomas District, Gresik Regency.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank the Ministry of

Education, Culture, Research, and Technology,

Government of Indonesia, for funding this research

under the Higher Education Excellence Basic

Research scheme.

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