On-Grid Study of Rooftop Solar PV Energy Production System with

Four Different Faces

Alfin Sahrin

1,2*

, Imam Abadi

and Ali Musyafa

Politeknik Energi dan Mineral Akamigas, Cepu, Indonesia

Department of Engineering Physics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia

Keywords: On-Grid System, Rooftop Solar PV, Power Production Solar PV.

Abstract: In an effort to achieve net-zero emissions by 2060 and a 23% renewable energy mix by 2025, the Indonesian

government has implemented rooftop solar PV as one of their strategies. However, optimal power production

from a solar PV rooftop is influenced by azimuth, declination, and slope angles, among other factors. This

study aims to compare the power production generated by rooftop solar PV with four faces with an on-grid

system. This research was carried out at the coordinates -7.1475S, 111.590E, and time zone 07, with a tilt

angle of 12° azimuth 0° north. The installation of a solar PV rooftop is permanent and not obstructed by any

shading. The power gain on the north face is 3.64 kWh/kWp/day, the east face is 3.55 kWh/kWp/day, the

south face is 3.44 kWh/kWp/day, and the west face is 3.52 kWh/kWp/day. The east and west faces have the

advantage of getting irradiance when the sunshine and sunset are earlier and about one hour later than the

north and south faces. This study can be used as a recommendation to install a solar PV rooftop in the same

place and can be developed in other areas.

1 INTRODUCTION

The energy transition is a shift away from fossil fuels

and toward greater use of renewable energy. With the

reduction of fossil energy and the need to be more

environmentally friendly, it is necessary to encourage

the use of renewable energy in various sectors. The

potential for mixed energy is abundant in Indonesia,

ranging from solar, hydropower, wind, and

geothermal energy. Indonesia has set a target of 23%

renewable energy mix by 2025. The government has

made a number of efforts to accelerate the

implementation of renewable energy projects on a

small to large scale. Regulations that have been issued

by the Indonesian government through the Ministry

of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) regarding

rooftop solar power plants have strongly encouraged

consumers to take advantage of rooftop solar

installations (Tasrif, 2021).

Indonesia is a tropical area with two seasons: dry

and rainy. The potential for rooftop solar PV that can

be developed in Indonesia is up to 32.5 GW. The

utilization is used for several sectors, including social

(4.6 GW), government (0.3 GW), households (19.8

GW), business (5.9 GW), and industry (1.9 GW).

Rooftop solar PV aims to reduce electricity bills from

grid sources, obtain electricity from renewable energy

sources, and contribute to reducing greenhouse gas

emissions. Standardization, operating patterns,

equipment, and supervision are needed for the rooftop

solar PV system to maintain its system's reliability

(Widodo, 2017). In the technical installation of

rooftop solar PV, there are many ways and

technologies for the installation to be optimal.

Knowledge of the weather is needed to predict solar

PV production (Malvoni et al., 2017). It explains the

differences between on-grid and off-grid rooftop

solar PV systems so you can weigh the benefits and

drawbacks (Kumar et al., 2018) (Naqvi et al., 2021).

The tilt and azimuth position factors will also affect

the performance of rooftop solar PV (Singh et al.,

2016). In addition, the influence of shadows will

optimize the absorption of sunlight to be converted

into electrical energy (Abdelaziz et al., 2021).

On-grid and off-grid systems are widely used in

rooftop solar PV applications. The on-grid system is

connected to the distribution network, and the off-

grid system is not connected to the distribution

network but uses batteries (U. Hassan et al., 2021).

The shadow factor must be a concern because it can

affect the instability of the resulting power gain.

Shadows affect how much solar PV can absorb

186

Sahrin, A., Abadi, I. and Musyafa, A.

On-Grid Study of Rooftop Solar PV Energy Production System with Four Different Faces.

DOI: 10.5220/0012110200003680

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Advanced Engineering and Technology (ICATECH 2023), pages 186-194

ISBN: 978-989-758-663-7; ISSN: 2975-948X

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

radiation (Bernadette et al., 2021). The effect of tilt

angle and azimuth is significant for energy balance

production in solar PV systems. To optimize the tilt

and azimuth angles, the researchers used a lot of solar

trackers (Božiková et al., 2021). The solar tracker is

built with a single-axis and a double-axis tracker

(Mohaimin et al., 2018). Other researchers compared

solar PV to fixed systems using a solar tracker. The

results of this study indicate that solar PV with a

tracking system produces a more optimal output

power than the fixed system (Nguyen et al., 2017).

Solar PV tracker components consist of

mechanical and electrical components, which will

increase the cost to build. This case will add to the

increasingly complex system, which will cause new

problems. Problems will arise when the drive system

requires a power supply. If the solar PV system has a

small capacity, more energy will be used to drive the

tracker system. A more serious issue can arise if the

driver is manuvering the system and abruptly stops,

resulting in an incorrect position of the solar PV and

a loss of solar PV production (Matius et al., 2021).

This paper is a study of the performance and

production capacity of solar PV on four faces, namely

north, east, south, and west. This study needs to be

done because the rooftop solar PV installation follows

the fixed roof's position and direction. This study is

expected to find the optimal face position for

obtaining solar PV production according to the

building coordinates.

2 LITERATUR REVIEW

2.1 Position and Trajectory of the Sun

On the amount of solar irradiation (Al Garni et al.,

2018). In addition, the maximum output of solar PV

is influenced by several factors, namely the tilt angle

and the orientation of the PV module, which need to

be considered when installing solar PV. The amount

of light intensity is influenced by geographical

location (latitude and longitude), season, landscape,

and weather. Figure 1 shows the solar time and angle

and shows that the latitude of the earth is limited by

the equator at the 0° position. Earth will experience

tropical conditions if it is in the region of 23.45° to -

23.45°, which is the angle of the sun's position during

the solar noon, depending on the date and day.

Based on horizontal coordinates, the direction of

the sun's motion is influenced by the zenith angle,

azimuth, and altitude (Soulayman & Hammoud,

2016).

Figure 1: Solar declination angle.

The angle of the sun falling on the solar PV

surface affects the light intensity per square. The

more perpendicular the sun’s fall angle, the greater

the intensity of light on the surface of the solar PV.

Parameters to show the sun's fall angles are azimuth

and altitude. Azimuth is the sun's declination based

on the north direction. Azimuth is the angle formed

by the direction from north to the point of projection

of the sun to the horizon. The determination of the

angle begins with a clockwise direction from north to

east, south, west, and back north. Azimuth ranging

from 0º to 360º degrees. Altitude is the angle formed

between the observer's imaginary line and the sun's

horizontal projection point with the vertical position

of the sun. Altitude is often also called the height of

the sun. Zenith is the perpendicular angle between the

h observer's horizontal plane and the vertical plane for

illustration as in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Illustration of zenith, azimuth and altitude angle.

2.2 Solar Cell Operating

Characteristics

Solar cell performance can be characterized by the

photocurrent-voltage curve (I-V). The measurement

results of the I-V curve will produce several essential

On-Grid Study of Rooftop Solar PV Energy Production System with Four Different Faces

187

parameters for open-circuit photovoltage (Voc) and

short-circuit photocurrent (Isc).

2.2.1 I-V Curve

A simple model to produce an I-V curve is to use a

variable resistor. Measurements were made by

irradiating the solar cells at a measured intensity (the

standard test value of 1000 W/m2 at a temperature of

25 °C) under the standard test conditions. The results

of the I-V curve for temperature changes can be seen

in Figure 3.

Figure 3: I-V curve with temperature variation (Mizard et

al., 2019).

2.2.2 Solar Irradiation Variation

The intensity of light will affect the acquisition of

solar energy. The rise and fall of light intensity will

also affect the size of the output from the solar cell

shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Solar irradiation variation.

2.3 Ongrid-Connected Solar PV

System

Solar PV systems connected to the available utility

lines are called "on-grid" systems. This study added

an on-grid PV system with a battery for smoothing.

Solar PV systems and utility grids serve as sources of

electrical energy, and batteries serve as

complementary energy storage systems to maintain

stable output power. This system is connected to the

utility network as a voltage and frequency reference.

This system will stop operating when there is no

connection to the utility network.

Figure 5 shows an on-grid solar PV system

equipped with a battery. In this study, solar PV will

be placed on four faces: north, east, south, and west.

The four different positions will be examined for

performance at the same time. The same solar PV

capacity will produce different performances and

characteristics in each direction. This performance

will affect the load supply even with the same solar

PV capacitance, weather conditions, and time.

Figure 5: On-grid solar PV system.

2.4 Technical Analysis

The angle of declination is the angle of the sun when

the sun is directly above the local position of an area

for the equator. Positive value when for when the sun

is in the north 23,45° 𝛿23,45°. The angle

of declination can be given in equation 1.

𝛿23,45° 𝑠𝑖𝑛

𝑁284

365

𝑥 360°

(1)

where N is the number of days in a year. 23.45 is the

angle between the north and south latitudes. The

angle is between 23.45° (north) and -23.45° (south).

In addition, the earth's surface is also divided into

latitude and longitude lines. The 0° latitude angle is

on the Equator, and the 0° longitude angle is on the

ICATECH 2023 - International Conference on Advanced Engineering and Technology

188

Greenwich line. With 24 hours per day, 60 minutes

per hour, and 1440 minutes per day, passing one-

degree longitude takes 4 minutes.

Based on Figure 2, the angle of the solar PV is

facing the southwest (0< α2 < 90° and β2 > 0°). β2 is

a measure of the angle between the solar surface and

the ground. θ is the angle between the sun and the

normal reflection of the solar PV surface. The solar

PV surface angle can be calculated by the radian

angle in equation 2.

Cos θ = sin(β

)cos(β

) + cos(β

)sin(β

)cos(α

-α

)

(2)

It is critical to understand energy consumption

when designing a solar PV system. Energy

consumption, usually referred to as "load," describes

energy consumption every hour, daily, monthly, and

yearly. The calculation of energy consumption must

be careful because it will affect the balance between

supply and demand. In order to meet demand, the

capacity of on-grid solar PV (𝑃𝑉



), the PV number

capacity requirement (𝑁



), and the number of

inverter capacities (𝐼𝑁𝑉



) required for use in a solar

PV system must be calculated. Battery requirements

are also calculated to determine the number of

batteries needed. The number of batteries needs to be

considered between variations in load power

requirements and the energy generated by solar PV at

a certain time. Accurate battery calculations are

expected to absorb and supply these variations. The

battery position between the solar PV and the load is

integrated with the inverter. The following equation

can be used to calculate:

𝐸



∑





 



 









𝑘𝑊ℎ (3)

𝑃𝑉







()





(/²/)  (%)

𝑘𝑊 (4)

𝑁







()





()

(5)

𝐼𝑁𝑉



= 130% 𝑥 𝑃



(

𝑘𝑊

)

𝑘𝑊

(6)

𝑁





 







 



 

(7)

𝐸



is a load of electrical energy needs (kWh), i is the

load type as a lamp, the motor, etc. 𝑢



is the number

of hours per day on a device. 𝑝



is powering each

device. 𝑛



is a number of devices.𝑆



is the average of

the matter radiation (kWh/m²/day), 𝑑𝑓 is the landing

factor with a magnitude (80%), 𝑃



is the PV output

power (Wp), and the power peak (𝑃



) is the highest

electrical power consumption (Jasuan et al., 2018).

For the battery equation (

𝑁



) is the number of

batteries required, (

𝐸



) is daily consumed energy,

(



) is the number of days required to reserve power,

(𝑉



) is the battery voltage rating, 𝐼



is the ampere-

hour rating, and (

𝐷𝑂𝐷) is deep of charge from the

battery.

The design must consider several aspects to

produce optimal energy and not have a lot of losses.

The energy generated from solar PV flows to the load

and is influenced by the PV output, inverter output,

AC cable, and DC cable used.

Solar PV installation must also be considered in

order to receive optimal sunlight. To maximize the

amount of solar irradiation captured by solar PV, the

face, direction, and tilt angle of the solar PV must be

carefully considered. In addition, solar PV must be

free from the shadows of objects.

The battery is an important component in this

computer system. The battery is mounted on an on-

grid system for smoothing purposes. The energy

storage system is operating; the battery inverter acts

as a load follower with the charge-discharge

operation. When shading occurs in a PV system and

causes the network frequency to drop, the battery will

quickly replace power to stabilize the frequency as

long as the battery's state of charge (SoC) is still

above the minimum SoC. When the network

frequency increases, excess energy from PV can be

stored in the battery as long as the battery SoC is still

below the maximum SoC. If the frequency is still not

stable, the supply of solar PV will be reduced until the

frequency becomes stable. In conditions of increasing

or decreasing frequency, the utility company operates

separately from the solar PV system because the

battery response is faster than the generators on the

utility grid.

3 MATERIAL AND

METODOLOGY

Designing an on-grid solar PV system is very crucial.

The determination of the selected material will affect

the performance. The required energy consumption

needs to be designed and calculated so the system can

supply the load optimally. The materials selected in

this study include the selection of solar PV modules,

inverters, batteries, and loads. The following are

some of the materials used:

3.1.1 Energy Consumption

The need for load consumption is calculated from the

number of devices that work every day for 24 hours.

Each device has a power capacity multiplied by the

On-Grid Study of Rooftop Solar PV Energy Production System with Four Different Faces

189

number of hours of daily energy consumption. The

energy consumption of this system can be seen in

Table 1.

Table 1: Energy consumption.

No Appliance Power

(W)

Daily use

(h/day)

Daily

energy

(

)

1 Lam

(

LED/fluo

)

10 10 600

2 Rece

tacle 175 10.5 913

3 Freeze

800 24 799

4 Pump 150 2 300

5 Com

resso

200 2 400

6 Char

station 100 5 500

3.1.2 Solar PV Modules

This system uses 16 modules with a total design

capacity of 3.5 kWp. Each module has a capacity of

250 Wp, arranged in a series of 8 pieces and 2 in

parallel. The performance of the solar module system

with a nominal PV power of 4.0 kWp, a maximum PV

power of 3.8 kWDC, a nominal AC ratio of kWAC,

and a Pnom ratio of 1.143 Installation requires an area

of 26 m². Maximum operating voltage of 208 volts and

a maximum current of 17.2 amps. The specifications

and performance of the solar PV module system can

be seen in Figure 6 and Table 2.

Figure 6: I-V curve performance characteristics.

Table 2: Solar PV module specification.

Parameters Specification

PV module Pol

stalline

Peak

ower ca

acit

250 W

Max. Volta

(

Vmax

)

30.95 V

Open circuit voltage (Voc) 37.89 V

Maximum current (Imax) 8.08 A

Short circuit current (Isc) 8.6 A

Size 1661 x 991 x 37

Efficienc

17.13%

3.1.3 Inverter

In this system, the inverter used is a hybrid-type

inverter. The inverter has a capacity of 3.5 kW with a

single-phase system that operates at a voltage of 195

to 550 volts with a frequency of 50 Hz. The number

of inverters used is one that can be integrated with the

grid line at a voltage level of 220 volts and a battery

with a voltage of 48 volts. The specifications of the

inverter used can be seen in Table 3.

Table 3: Inverter specification.

Parameters S

ecification

Phase 1 Phase

DC power input maximum 3.70 kW

DC voltage input maximum 550 V

Grid volta

e 230 V

ower out

ut nominal 3.5 kW

AC current output

maximum

19 A

Fre

uenc

50 Hz

Efficienc

95.3%

Table 4: Battery specification.

Parameters Specification

Material Lea

-aci

Volta

e 12 V

acit

100 Ah

Seri 4

Parallel 3

DOD 80%

3.1.4 Battery

When the solar PV system produces too much energy,

the battery is used to store it. The number of batteries

used in this system is 12 units, with a combination of

4 batteries in series and 3 in parallel. Each battery has

a capacity of 300 Ah and a voltage of 12 V. The type

of battery used is lead-acid, with an efficiency of up

to 95.3%. The specifications of the battery used can

be seen in Table 4.

3.1.5 Method

In this study, PVSys software was used to simulate

the design results. The design includes the energy

plan, solar PV power requirements, determining

inverter capacity, and battery capacity. The capacity

of the solar PV system in this study is 4.0 kWp, and

the inverter capacity is 4.0 kWp. From this design, it

is then deployed on software, including entering

available geographic and climate data as shown in

Table 5. This study was conducted at the latitude of -

7.1475 S and longitude of 111.5906 E in a time zone

ICATECH 2023 - International Conference on Advanced Engineering and Technology

190

07, located in Cepu, Central Java. At that location,

you will get power generated by the solar PV system

when facing the north, east, south, and west cardinal

directions. Figure 7 shows the flowchart simulation.

Figure 7: Flowchart.

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Based on this study, the simulation results that had

been carried out produce several parameters for solar

rooftop PV installed in different directions. The PV

array system is placed on the rooftop in a fixed

position at a tilt angle of 12° azimuth and 0° north.

Solar rooftop PV systems have the same capability,

from the total PV capacity to the installed load.

As shown in Figure 8, solar PV is deployed on the

four faces. The rooftop position is fixed at a tilt angle

of 12° according to the optimum tilt solar module data

from the global solar atlas. Solar PV is exposed in

different directions, facing north, east, south, and

west. Power results on solar PV will be compared

between positions. The power generated will vary

according to the amount of solar irradiation captured

by solar PV on different faces according to the

trajectory of the sun at the declination angle. Different

positions will be subject to shading according to the

rooftop position and slope angle. Shading caused by

the shape of the roof will affect the start and end of

the time the solar PV generates power. The power

generated by each face difference affects the

performance ratio (PR). The performance ratio is

defined as the ratio between the AC electrical energy

produced by the generator and the results of

theoretical calculations that will be produced by the

generator if the module converts the received

irradiance into electrical energy based on the

generator capacity.

Based on Figure 9, depicts a shading diagram with

various solar PV faces arranged differently. The

diagram shows solar PV getting solar irradiation

throughout the year, from January to December. In

the north-facing position, the sun shines from March

to September, not behind the horizon. Sun exposure

can start at an azimuth angle of -70° to -90° with a

sun height of 0° before 06.00. At sunset, it can also be

optimal at an azimuth angle of 70° to 90° with a sun

height of 0° around 18.00. In January, February,

October, November, and December, the irradiation

starts at the point of sunset behind the plane at an

azimuth angle of -90° to -110° with a sun height of 5°

before 06.00. at the time of sunset at an azimuth angle

of 90° to 110° with a sun height of 5° before 18.00.

On the east face, when the sun shines, there is no

disturbance throughout the month from January to

December. Irradiation starts at an azimuth angle of -

70° to -110° with a sun height of 0° at 05.00. At

sunset, it will accelerate at an azimuth angle of -70°

to 110° with a sun height of 15° at 17.00. The south

face is the opposite of the north face; from March to

September, the sun's radiation is affected by the

behind-the-plane effect at an azimuth angle of -70° to

-90° with a sun height of 5° at 5.20. Sunset occurs at

an angle of 70° to 90° with a sun height of 5° at 17.20.

However, they do not experience it behind the plane

when the sun or sunset starts in January, February,

October, November, and December. The west-facing

position is also the opposite of the east-facing

position. The behind-the-plane problem occurs when

the sunny conditions begin. From January to

December, irradiation is obtained at an azimuth angle

of -70° to -110° with a sun height of 15° at 06.00. At

sunset, it can be maximized at an azimuth angle of

70° to 110° with a sun height of 0° at 18.00.

On-Grid Study of Rooftop Solar PV Energy Production System with Four Different Faces

191

Table 5: Geographic and climate parameters.

Month GlobHor

kWh/m²

DiffHor

kWh/m²

Temperature

°C

Wind velocity

m/s

Linke turbidity

[-]

Relative

humidity

Januar

124.9 75.9 27.6 1.80 4.331 80.6

Februar

119.5 81.7 27.3 2.30 4.409 81.9

March 146.7 92.5 27.7 1.29 4.576 80.8

April 144.8 71.8 28.2 1.39 4.676 78.9

May 159.6 70.9 28.6 1.71 4.350 74.7

June 154.6 56.1 27.8 1.90 4.251 73.9

Jul

162.5 62.4 27.8 2.19 4.142 69.6

ust 173.0 72.5 27.9 2.39 4.449 67.0

Septembe

174.2 79.5 28.3 2.29 4.795 67.5

Octobe

173.5 95.1 29.2 2.00 6.025 68.5

Novembe

184.9 86.3 28.5 1.39 6.326 75.7

Decembe

137.3 84.9 28.0 1.29 5.064 78.8

Yea

1855.5 929.6 28.1 1.8 4.783 74.8

a. North face.

. East face. c. South face. d. West face.

Figure 8: Face solar PV.

a. North face.

. East face. c. South face. d. West face.

Figure 9: Shading diagram.

a. North face.

. Eas

face.

c. South face. d. Wes

face.

Figure 10: Power production and performance ratio.

Based on Figure 10, a graph of power production

and performance ratio has been shown on each face.

The graph shows data per year, starting from January

to December. On the north face, the production used

ICATECH 2023 - International Conference on Advanced Engineering and Technology

192

is 3.64 kWh/kWp/day, with losses in the PV array and

inverter of 1.26 kWh/kWp/day and 0.27

kWh/kWp/day. The lowest performance ratio was in

September, with a value of 0.703. On the east face,

the production used is 3.55 kWh/kWp/day, with

losses in the PV array and inverter of 1.23

kWh/kWp/day and 0.26 kWh/kWp/day. The lowest

performance ratio was in September, with a value of

0.704. On the south face, the production used is 3.44

kWh/kWp/day, with losses in the PV array and

inverter of 1.18 kWh/kWp/day and 0.25

kWh/kWp/day. performance ratio with a value of

0.706 and the lowest occurring in September. On the

west face, the production used is 3.52 kWh/kWp/day,

with losses in the PV array and inverter of 1.23

kWh/kWp/day and 0.27 kWh/kWp/day. performance

ratio with a value of 0.706 and the lowest occurring

in September.

5 CONCLUSIONS

This study shows a comparison of four different ways

of laying solar PV on different rooftops with the same

tilt angle. Based on the simulation and analysis

results, there are interesting things for further study.

From the results of the analysis, the north face had the

largest production at 3.64 kWh/kWp/day, followed

by the east face at 3.55 kWh/kWp/day, the west face

at 3.52 kWh/kWp/day, and the south face at 3.44

kWh/kWp/day. The east and west faces have the

advantage of getting irradiance when the sunshine

and sunset are earlier and about one hour later than

the north and south faces. The highest performance

ratio is 0.706 on the south face, and the lowest is

0.702 on the west face. On each face, the monthly low

occurs in September.

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