The Fuel Characteristics of a Diethyl Ether–Ethanol–Gasoline

Mixture as a Performance and Exhaust Improvement in Matic Spark

Ignition Engine

Gatot Setyono

, Septian Andi Raharjo, Siswadi, Muharom, Slamet Riyadi

, Alfi Nugroho,

Navik Kholili, Wahyu Nugroho, Mochammad Muchid and Dwi Khusna

Study Program of Mechanical Engineering, Wijaya Putra University, Raya Benowo 1-3 Rd, Surabaya, East java, Indonesia

Keywords: Fuel Mixture, Performance, Exhaust Improvement, Matic Spark Ignition Engine.

Abstract: Diethyl ether and ethanol are low-carbon chemical compounds as alternative energy to replace fossil fuels or

commercially. Fuel has optimal calorific and octane values and a high ignition rate. What inspired us to make

diethyl ether and ethanol as a fuel mixture on the 115cc matic Spark Ignition Engine. in research using

experimental methods, performance test equipment using dyno test-chassis with an engine speed of 4000 rpm

to 9000 rpm, the fuel used is diethyl-ether (2%, 5%, 8%, and 10%) and ethanol (5%). The test results show a

significant engine performance increase in all fuel variations. Exhaust gas and engine temperatures decreased

in all variations of fuel. Exhaust emissions of CO and HC decreased significantly above 5%, while CO

increased by 5.2% due to the characteristics of the fuel used.

1 INTRODUCTION

Recently, we have been concerned about increasing

fuel emissions and efficiency in internal combustion

engines such as Compression Ignition (IC) engines

and Spark Ignition (SI) engines. That is why scientists

and the automotive industry collaborate to find

effective alternatives to overcome this. Some

scientists or researchers have recently suggested that

non-fossil fuels can be a good alternative to replace

commercial fuels (Hasan et al., 2021). This research

explores the potential of mixing diethyl ether,

ethanol, and gasoline. It aims to produce a

homogeneous fuel mixture to have a perfect

combustion effect and reduce the level of spark

ignition engine (SI) pollution without reducing

engine quality characteristics. This research will

quantitatively test the performance with different test

fuel mixtures and compare it with commercial fuels

with the anticipated increase in engine performance

and reduced emissions (Okoronkwo et al., 2017;

Zapata-Mina et al., 2022).

The main point of this research focuses on testing

engine characteristics using diethyl ether (DEE) as an

oxygenated additive in cottonseed oil fuel mixtures.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9032-1171

The experimental results indicate that the average

effective pressure decreased by 17.39%, while the

specific fuel consumption increased by 29.15% at a

10% diethyl ether fuel mixture. Diethyl ether can be

considered a favorable aspect as an alternative fuel.

In this study, it can be underlined that the DEE

blending up to 10% (by vol.) can be considered a

prospective step in efficiently utilizing the fuel

mixture in the engine without its modification

(Yesilyurt & Aydin, 2020). The combination of slow-

reacting ethanol (EtOH) and binary fast-reacting

diethyl ether (DEE) is beneficial as a substitute for

fossil energy for today's machines. Measurement of

ignition delay in the temperature range of 550-1000

K, 0.5-1 equivalence ratio and 20-40 bar pressure.

Ignition step reactions have been identified by the

kinetic analysis method. The test results on the

DME/EtOH and DEE/EtOH showed that the DME

oxidation was influenced by formaldehyde, while the

DEE mixture was influenced by acetaldehyde

(Issayev et al., 2020).

The principle of two-phase heat transfer to

increase the performance of machines controlled

using a reactivity system. Difference in the diethyl

ether-ethanol fuel mixing ratio (0%-40% diethyl ether

226

Setyono, G., Raharjo, S., Siswadi, ., Muharom, ., Riyadi, S., Nugroho, A., Kholili, N., Nugroho, W., Muchid, M. and Khusna, D.

The Fuel Characteristics of a Diethyl Ether–Ethanol–Gasoline Mixture as a Performance and Exhaust Improvement in Matic Spark Ignition Engine.

DOI: 10.5220/0012117600003680

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Advanced Engineering and Technology (ICATECH 2023), pages 226-232

ISBN: 978-989-758-663-7; ISSN: 2975-948X

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

and 70% mixture ratio) applied to medium capacity

engines. The average effective pressure increased by

14% with the addition of 40%-diethyl ether fuel. The

highly reactive effect of diethyl ether can increase the

oxidation of hydrocarbons and reduce the level of

hydrocarbon emissions. Increased volatility and a

more effective fuel collaboration process will have an

impact on improving the combustion process and

reducing the level of particulate exhaust emissions

(Mohebbi et al., 2018). The experimental

investigation using an SI engine fueled by gasoline

mixed with Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE). The

study's results identified that a mixture of 5.4%

ethanol with engine conditions at 1500 rpm resulted

in a thermal efficiency of 28%. On the other hand,

when mixing 5% ethanol with an engine speed of

2254 rpm, the resulting thermal efficiency is 30%

(Zhao, Huang, et al., 2022).

Ethanol fuel has a higher oxygen quantity and a

faster laminar ignition. The use of the EGR system

cannot reduce the level of losses to the pump, but it

can significantly improve pump power performance,

reduce fuel consumption and reduce exhaust

emissions in the engine (Zhao, Yu, et al., 2022). The

main focus of this research is the use of alternative

fuels that have the characteristics of density, pour

point, cloud point, and kinematic viscosity (Venu &

Madhavan, 2017). This study uses a fuel variation of

2% diethyl ether and 10% ethanol. The pilot injection

angle implemented is 8° to 18° BTDC. The results of

this investigation indicate that increasing the injection

angle on the fuel pilot has an impact on increasing

engine performance. Thermal efficiency increased by

13.36% at an injection angle of 16° BTDC (Bhowmik

et al., 2022). A mixture of ethanol and diethyl ether

has a very significant impact on the increase in

volumetric efficiency, thermal efficiency, and output

power, while the increase in these values is 7%, 9%,

and 8.2%, the same thing happened to the specific

fuel consumption which decreased by 2.4 % of

commercial fuel consumption. Adding diethyl ether-

ethanol to commercial fuels can shorten the ignition

and spark time of the spark plugs (Dhanapal et al.,

2016).

Fuel mixtures of diethyl ether and alcohol with 4

different combinations, including combination 1 (5%

DEE-10%E-85%P), combination 2 (5% DEE-15%E-

80%P), combination 3 (10% DEE-15%E-75%P) and

combination 4 (15% DEE-25%E-60%P). gasoline is

used as a reference fuel for comparison during

experiments. The experimental results identify that

the power that occurs in the combination of the two

does not experience a significant increase. The output

power increases when the engine speed is low by

22.4% (Maciej Serda et al., 2016). Diethyl ether and

ethanol are unleaded fuels that can be used to improve

SI engine performance. The effect of mixing ethanol-

diethyl ether is an increase in engine performance.

The high octane number of diethyl ether and ethanol

impacts the faster combustion process, so the

complete combustion process in the combustion

chamber will be realized (Awad et al., 2018; Balaji et

al., 2016; Efemwenkiekie et al., 2019; Srinivas Rao et

al., 2019). Diethyl ether has good characteristics as an

alternative fuel. It is shown that the addition of 3%,

6% and 9% diethyl ether in commercial fuels, with

the effect of these additions producing a significant

increase in performance, shows the maximum

increase in the 6% mixture variation (Srihari et al.,

2018).

Research on ethanol-diethyl ether-gasoline fuel is

still being developed by varying the factors that can

affect the performance of the SI engine, including

volatility at average temperatures, low specific

gravity, low flash point, and low price. However, the

results obtained are not as expected. Variations in the

amount of fuel volume will affect the characteristics

of the combustion process. Adding ethanol-diethyl

ether to gasoline is expected to make the combustion

process in the combustion chamber cleaner because

ethanol comes from biomass. With a clean

combustion reaction, combustion can run perfectly

and reduce exhaust emissions. It maximizes the

performance of a single-cylinder injection automatic

engine, and it is necessary to add the appropriate

ethanol-diethyl ether. The correct mixture ratio can

produce better combustion. This study will be

analyzed the effect of variations in the addition of

ethanol (2%, 5%, 8% dan 10% v/v)-diethyl ether (5%

v/v) on performance and exhaust emissions of single

cylinder injection automatic gasoline engines.

2 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

AND MATIC ENGINE-SI

ATTEST

2.1 Fuel Properties

In testing the performance of the SI automatic engine,

3 variations of fuel have been used, namely gasoline,

ethanol and diethyl ether. Table 1 (Maciej Serda et al.,

2016; Okoronkwo et al., 2017; Setyono, 2020;

Setyono & Arifin, 2020; Setyono & Kholili, 2021;

Srihari et al., 2018) shows that the octane value of

gasoline is lower than ethanol and diethyl ether.

However, for the cetane number of diethyl ether,

The Fuel Characteristics of a Diethyl Ether–Ethanol–Gasoline Mixture as a Performance and Exhaust Improvement in Matic Spark Ignition

Engine

227

which is higher than for gasoline and ethanol, the

cetane number is a measure of the delay in burning

the fuel. The calorific value of the fuel affects the

flame character of the fuel. The higher the value, the

smaller the ignition energy and vice versa. The

stoichiometric condition of A/F of ethanol is lower

than diethyl ether and gasoline. The self-ignition

temperature of ethanol is higher than gasoline and

diethyl ether, and it is directly proportional to the low

heating value of the fuel. The flash point value of

ethanol is higher than gasoline and diethyl ether

because the fuel fraction will evaporate and cause fire

when exposed to sparks and then turn off by itself

within a short time. In these conditions, it has been

unable to make the fuel react and produce a

continuous fire. The boiling point of diethyl ether is

lower than that of ethanol and gasoline, and this

occurs when the temperature at the vapour pressure

of a liquid is the same as the external pressure

experienced by the fuel.

2.2 Matic Engine-SI Utilized

This study uses a one-cylinder automatic engine with

a capacity of 115cc single-OHC. The maximum

power of the engine increases when the speed is 8000

rpm. Table 2 shows that the fuel supply system uses

a conventional carburetor with air mixing through the

manifold. The ignition system in the combustion

chamber uses iridium spark plugs. The engine

transmission system uses an automatic timing belt

with an ACC-dry clutch type.

2.3 Performance Testing Engine

There are several stages of performing a performance

test on the chassis dyno test shown in figure 1. First,

the fuel variations have been determined, namely

ethanol (2%, 5%, 8% and 10% v/v) and diethyl ether

(5% v/v). In the second step, a variety of fuel is

supplied to the 115cc automatic engine, and make

sure all hardware (CPU, screen, keyboard) is

functioning on the Dyno test system. The third step,

raise the vehicle to be tested on Dynotest, setup the

fasteners on the front tires, as well as the sides of the

vehicle frame so that when testing the vehicle, it is

safe and stable, Then adjust the position of the rear

wheels on the roller, turn on the vehicle, and apply the

test torque and power by dragging the vehicle's

throttle lever from low to high speed (4000-9000

rpm) on the vehicle. In the fourth step, observe the

results of the test graph reading on the monitor screen.

It will get the results of the vehicle's torque, power

and exhaust emissions.

Table 1:

Characteristics

of the variety of fuels used

Properties Index Ethanol Gasoline

Diethyl

Ether

Chemical term - C

OH C

2n+2

-O-

Octane number

(RON)

Rs 107-111 90 105-123

apor pressure at

58°C

C 0.21 0.8 -

Boiling point

C 78 43-170 34.6

Lower calorific

value

kJ/kg 26880 44100 33900

Stoichiometric

A/F

14.7 11.1

Cetane numbe

Rs 8 8.14 >125

Self-ignition

temperature

C 423 300-450

160

Flash poin

C 13 -43 -45

Molecular

weigh

kg/mol 46 114.2 74.12

Table 2: Details of the

rigs

matic engine-SI.

Description Details Specifications value

Maximum power

(

)

8 kW / 8.000 rpm

CR 8.8 : 1

Weight (kg) 164 kg

Volume of Step (cm

) 4-stroke, 113.7 (SOHC)

Fuel system Carburetto

Coolin

stem Air coolin

Transmission Otomatic, V-Matic

Ignition System Iridium

Coopling ACC Dry Type

Figure 1: Performance

testing

matic engine-SI flow.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The highest maximum power generated on the E10D5

fuel is 8.36 kW at an engine speed of 8000 rpm. The

most undersized maximum power is produced by

E2D5 fuel, with a power of 7.76 kW at 8000 rpm

engine speed. On average, adding 10% ethanol and

5% diethyl ether to RON 90 fuel will increase engine

power by 8.6% compared to RON 90. On the other

ICATECH 2023 - International Conference on Advanced Engineering and Technology

228

hand, adding ethanol with levels of 2%, 5%, 8 %, and

10% can reduce engine power. Figure 2 shows the

lowest power generated by the E2D5 engine, with a

power of 7.76 kW at an engine speed of 8000 rpm.

The addition of Ethanol-diethyl ether can reduce

power compared to using pure premium. It happens

because adding Ethanol-diethyl ether will reduce the

calorific value to too low. With this decrease in

calorific value, the energy that can be released from

the fuel also decreases, so the power produced is also

lower. Another thing happened with the addition of

10% ethanol and 5% diethyl ether (E10D5) which

could increase engine power. The increase is due to

the addition of suitable ethanol-diethyl ether to

produce the right chemical mixture to complete

combustion. It will provide greater power so that the

power generated is more excellent than standard fuel.

In addition, it can also be caused by better fuel

fogging, so fuel atomization becomes better and

produces better combustion.

The highest maximum adequate pressure is

produced on the engine using E10D5 fuel with a

maximum average adequate pressure of 925.54 KPa

at an engine speed of 5000 rpm. The most negligible

maximum adequate pressure produced on E2D5 fuel

is 872.41 kPa. In Figure 3, it can be seen that RON 90

fuel, with the addition of 2%, 5%, 8% and 10%

ethanol and 5% diethyl ether concentrations, has a

decreasing average adequate pressure. It can be seen

that the lowest average adequate engine pressure on

E2D5 fuel is 872.41 kPa at 5000 rpm. The decrease

in the average adequate pressure is caused by adding

2%, 5%, 8% and 10% ethanol, reducing the calorific

value to too low. With this decrease in calorific value,

the energy that can be released from the fuel also

decreases, so the resulting pressure is also lower.

Different things happen in mixing Premium fuel with

10% ethanol. With this addition, the average adequate

pressure of the engine tends to increase. Figure 3

shows the maximum adequate pressure generated by

the engine when using a fuel mixture of 90 RON, 10%

ethanol and 5% diethyl ether, with an average

adequate pressure of 925.54 KPa at an engine speed

of 5000 rpm.

Figure 2: Function of comparison of output power to

engine speed.

Figure 3: Effective pressure comparison function to

engine speed.

Figure 4: Specific fuel comparison function to engine

speed.

Figure 5: Thermal efficiency comparison function

against engine speed.

The Fuel Characteristics of a Diethyl Ether–Ethanol–Gasoline Mixture as a Performance and Exhaust Improvement in Matic Spark Ignition

Engine

229

Figure 4 shows that with the addition of 2%, 5%,

8% and 10% ethanol and diethyl ether 5%, the

specific fuel variation of ethanol-diethyl ether

produced by the engine is higher than using RON 90

fuel. RON 90 fuel, with an optimum value of 0.36

kg/KW.hour at an engine speed of 8000 rpm. Fuel

with the addition of 2%, 5%, 8% and 10% ethanol and

5% diethyl ether will increase the engine's specific

fuel consumption. The increase was caused by adding

ethanol-diethyl ether in RON 90, which would reduce

the calorific value of the fuel so that in order for

combustion to take place more completely, the fuel

supply had to be increased. Figure 5 shows that the

highest optimum efficiency is obtained when the

engine uses RON 90 fuel with the addition of E10D5

of 25.89% at an engine speed of 8000 rpm, while the

lowest optimum efficiency is obtained when the

engine uses RON 90 fuel with the addition of E2D5

of 22.47% at rpm. 8000 rpm engine. On average,

compared to engines using RON 90 fuel, the increase

in thermal efficiency when E10D5 is added is 5.3%,

while the decrease in efficiency due to the addition of

E2D5 is 7.8%. In general, the thermal efficiency tends

to decrease with the addition of ethanol-diethyl ether.

This is because adding ethanol-diethyl ether with this

concentration can reduce the calorific value of the

fuel so that the fuel used for complete combustion is

more than pure Premium. With a low calorific value,

the energy released from fuel tends to decrease, so the

resulting performance also tends to decrease.

Therefore, with a decrease in performance, efficiency

will also decrease.

Figure 6 shows that the highest CO emissions

occur when the engine uses RON 90 fuel. In

comparison, the lowest emissions are produced by

engines using an E10D5 fuel mixture. In general, the

decrease when using the addition of E10D5 is 32%

compared to RON 90. In general, with the addition of

ethanol-diethyl ether, CO exhaust emissions tend to

decrease. This decrease is caused by adding ethanol-

diethyl ether, resulting in better combustion in the

combustion chamber. With this addition, CO

emissions which tend to be high when using pure

Premium, will decrease. In addition, it can also be

caused by adding ethanol, resulting in better fuel

misting, so that fuel atomization becomes better and

produces better combustion. Figure 7 shows that with

a mixture of ethanol-diethyl ether, the HC emissions

produced by exhaust gases tend to decrease. This

decrease is caused by adding ethanol-diethyl ether,

resulting in better combustion in the combustion

chamber so that the exhaust's unburned hydrocarbon

wasted exhaust is reduced by it. With this addition,

the HC emission at high speed, which tends to be high

when using pure Premium, will decrease. In addition,

it can also be caused by adding ethanol, resulting in

better fuel misting, so that fuel atomization becomes

better and produces better combustion. Figure 8

Generally, with the addition of ethanol-diethyl ether,

CO exhaust emissions tend to decrease. This decrease

is caused by adding ethanol-diethyl ether, resulting in

better combustion in the combustion chamber. With

this addition, CO emissions which tend to be high

when using pure Premium, will decrease. In addition,

it can also be caused by adding ethanol, resulting in

better fuel misting so that fuel atomization becomes

better and produces better combustion.

Figure 6: Comparison function of carbon monoxide

to engine speed.

Figure 7: Comparison function of hydrocarbons to

engine speed.

Figure 8: Comparison function of carbon dioxide to

engine speed.

ICATECH 2023 - International Conference on Advanced Engineering and Technology

230

Figure 9: Temperature head comparison function to

engine speed.

Figure 10: Temperature exhaust comparison function

against engine speed.

In Figure 9, the engine temperature with various

compositions of the addition of ethanol-diethyl ether

shows that the highest engine temperature occurs in

the E10D5 fuel mixture. In contrast, the lowest

temperature is produced by it when the engine uses

the E5d5. On average, the temperature increase when

the engine uses the E10D5 fuel mixture is 7%

compared to RON 90. In general, with the addition of

ethanol-diethyl ether to RON 90, the engine

temperature tends to decrease due to the low heating

value of the fuel. Another thing is different in the

composition of E8D5. First, the correct chemical

mixture causes combustion to be complete. With this

composition, the combustion process in the

combustion chamber occurs so that the energy

contained in the fuel can be released more wholly

compared to when using RON 90. In addition, it can

also be caused by adding ethanol-diethyl ether,

resulting in better fuel misting, so that fuel

atomization is better and results in better combustion.

With good combustion, the resulting temperature in

the combustion chamber becomes higher. It can be

proven by the low emission of E8D5 followed by

E10D5. While for E10D5 fuel, although there is

better fogging, the calorific value is much smaller

than E8D5, so the temperature graph drops again.

Figure 10 shows the highest exhaust temperature

when the engine uses a RON 90 fuel mixture.

Meanwhile, the lowest exhaust temperature is

produced by it when the engine uses E8D5 fuel. On

average, there is a decrease of 15% compared to RON

90. In addition, it can be caused by better fuel misting,

so that fuel atomization becomes better and produces

better combustion.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The maximum power increase in the E10D5 fuel

variation is 7.76 kW at 8000 rpm engine speed, so the

percentage increase is 8.6%. Mep experienced a

maximum increase of 925.54 kPa at an engine speed

of 5000 rpm with a percentage increase of 8.7%, Sfc

has an optimum increase of 0.36 kg/kW.hour at an

engine speed of 8000 rpm, and Thermic efficiency

has a maximum increase of 25.89% at an engine

speed of 8000 rpm with a percentage increase of

5.3%. The highest increase in exhaust temperature

occurred in the engine fueled by RON 90. The highest

increase in engine temperature occurred in the E10D5

mixed fuel engine. CO exhaust emissions decreased

by an average of 7.2% for all variations of the fuel

mixture. HC exhaust emissions decreased by an

average of 6.8%. In comparison, CO

exhaust

emissions increased by 5.2% for all variations of the

fuel mixture.We hope you find the information in this

template useful in the preparation of your submission.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

As writers and researchers, we would like to express

our gratitude for the support from the Institution of

Research and Community Services, the engineering

faculty, and the Mechanical Engineering Study

Program Wijaya Putra University through the

development of this research. We hope the

community, industry, and institutions can use this

research to add information on renewable energy

technologies.

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