![](bg6.png)
and user experience. It is important to address the ac-
cessibility of the system and provide clear interfaces
with informative feedback to ensure user understand-
ing and engagement (Council of Europe, 2021b).
Certification Processes: Further exploration of cer-
tification processes for e-voting systems is needed.
Current EU recommendations allow member states to
define their own certification procedures, so the sys-
tem should be designed with the goal of meeting cer-
tification requirements and addressing relevant tech-
nological aspects (Council of Europe, 2021a).
Cross-Chain Technologies: Investigating the use of
cross-chain technologies, such as light-clients or ad-
hoc chains
5
, can contribute to a more versatile and
generic protocol. Considerations can also be made
for managing fees associated with the system’s oper-
ations (Yang, 2020).
By addressing these aspects, the proposed design
can evolve into a more comprehensive and certified
e-voting system.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was partially supported by project SER-
ICS (PE00000014) under the NRRP MUR program
funded by the EU-NGEU.
REFERENCES
Adida, B. (2008). Helios: Web-based open-audit voting. In
USENIX security symposium, volume 17, pages 335–
348.
Algorand (2023). Algorand - https://algorand.com.
Anane, R., Freeland, R., and Theodoropoulos, G. (2007). E-
voting requirements and implementation. In The 9th
IEEE International Conference on E-Commerce Tech-
nology and The 4th IEEE International Conference on
Enterprise Computing, E-Commerce and E-Services
(CEC-EEE 2007), pages 382–392. IEEE.
Benaloh, J. (2006). Simple Verifiable Elections. EVT, 6:10.
Benaloh, J., Rivest, R., Ryan, P. Y. A., Stark, P., Teague,
V., and Vora, P. (2015). End-to-end verifiability.
arXiv:1504.03778 [cs].
Bungale, P. P. and Sridhar, S. (2013). Requirements for
an Electronic Voting System. Unplublished Thesis,
Department of Computer Science, The Johns Hopkins
University, page 2.
Caltech and MIT (2001). Voting - What Is, What Could Be.
Technical report.
Chen, J. and Micali, S. (2016). Algorand. arXiv preprint
arXiv:1607.01341.
5
Algorand Co-Chains properties are described at https:
//www.algorand.com/resources/blog/algorand-co-chains
Chen, J. J., Gorbunov, S., Micali, S., and Vlachos, G.
(2018). ALGORAND AGREEMENT: Super Fast and
Partition Resilient Byzantine Agreement. IACR Cryp-
tol. ePrint Arch., 2018:377.
Cortellessa, C. M. (2020). Il voto elettronico tra stan-
dard europei e principi costituzionali. Prime rifles-
sioni sulle difficolt
`
a di implementazione dell’e-voting
nell’ordinamento costituzionale italiano.
Council of Europe (2021a). Certification of e-voting sys-
tems. Technical report, Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (2021b). List of reference standards of
the Council of Europe in the field of elections - Portal
- publi.coe.int.
Demuro, J. (2018). Here are the 10 sectors that blockchain
will disrupt forever.
Gibson, J. P., Krimmer, R., Teague, V., and Pomares, J.
(2016). A review of e-voting: the past, present and fu-
ture. Annals of Telecommunications, 71(7):279–286.
Publisher: Springer.
He, O. and Su, Z. (1998). A new practical secure e-voting
scheme. na.
Hjalmarsson, F. P., Hreioarsson, G. K., Hamdaqa, M., and
Hjalmtysson, G. (2018). Blockchain-Based E-Voting
System. 2018 IEEE 11th International Conference on
Cloud Computing (CLOUD), pages 983–986.
Jamroga, W., Roenne, P. B., Ryan, P. Y. A., and Stark, P. B.
(2019). Risk-Limiting Tallies. arXiv:1908.04947 [cs,
stat].
Kohno, T., Stubblefield, A., Rubin, A. D., and Wallach,
D. S. (2004). Analysis of an electronic voting system.
In IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 2004.
Proceedings. 2004, pages 27–40. IEEE.
Kshetri, N. and Voas, J. (2018). Blockchain-enabled e-
voting. IEEE Software, 35(4):95–99. Publisher:
IEEE.
Lee, K., James, J., Ejeta, T., and Kim, H. (2016). Electronic
voting service using block-chain. Journal of Digital
Forensics, Security and Law, 11(2).
Perez, A. J. and Ceesay, E. N. (2018). Improving End-to-
End Verifiable Voting Systems with Blockchain Tech-
nologies. In 2018 IEEE International Conference on
Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Comput-
ing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cy-
ber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and
IEEE Smart Data (SmartData), pages 1108–1115.
Rivest, R. L. (2000). Electronic Voting.
Rivest, R. L. and Stark, P. B. (2017). When Is an Election
Verifiable? IEEE Security & Privacy, 15(3):48–50.
Rubin, A. (2001). Security Considerations for Remote Elec-
tronic Voting over the Internet.
Rubin, A., Halderman, J. A., Adida, B., and Teague, V.
(2020). The 2020 Election: Remote Voting, Disin-
formation, and Audit. USENIX Association.
Soldavini, P. (2018). In Sierra Leone le prime elezioni al
mondo garantite da blockchain.
Wang, K.-H., Mondal, S. K., Chan, K., and Xie, X. (2017).
A review of contemporary e-voting: Requirements,
technology, systems and usability. Data Science and
Pattern Recognition, 1(1):31–47.
Yang, J. (2020). Blockchain Light Client.
Toward a Compliant Token-Based e-Voting System with SSI-Granted Eligibility
757