Alisher Navoi Author’s Corpus: Value, Necessity and Significance

Manzura Abjalova

and Nargiza Gulomova

†

Tashkent State University of Uzbek Language and Literature named after Alisher Navoi, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Keywords: Alisher Navoi, Devon (Collection), Author Corpus, Gazel, Interface, Representation, Metadata.

Abstract: The author’s corpus of authorship is a system comprised of a set of texts belonging to a specific author. It is

an electronic database grounded on the semantic classification and research of the author’s writing style,

language and text features using information technologies. The article offers insights on the importance of

Alisher Navoi’s author corpus in the educational process, the necessity for its creation, the information

contained in the corpus’ semantic base, and the distinct features of semantic tagging of 650 gazels in the

“Badoye’ ul-wasat” collection written by Navoi.

1 INTRODUCTION

An author's corpus is a system that consists of a set of

texts belonging to a specific author. It is basically an

electronic database based on the semantic

classification and research of the writer’s writing

style, language and text features in his works using

information technologies. The author’s corpus differs

from other corpora in that its base collects the works

of a certain author, processes the texts, tags them

grammatically and semantically, determines the

necessary information and linguistic expressions

from the materials related to the author through the

search system, provides statistical information based

on the texts, and clear metadata information is

provided. Thus, the author’s corpus has a wide-

ranging search system. It is an electronic database that

covers all types and genres of works created by the

author. It allows for searches based on special

parameters, isn't limited by size, and enables easy and

quick access to resources related to the author and

their work.

Today, the creation and development of author

corpora has become one of the most advanced

directions of modern corpus linguistics. Corpora of

authorship can be used to identify the authors of even

anonymous works of art.

In the Decree № PF-5850, issued by the President of

the Republic of Uzbekistan, Sh.Mirziyoyev, on

October 21, 2019, titled "On measures to

fundamentally increase the prestige and position of

Corresponding author

the Uzbek language as a state language", defined to

the role of Uzbek language in the social life of our

people and tasks such as fundamentally increase its

reputation at the international level, to increase the

position and prestige of the state language at the

international level, to ensure that the Uzbek language

occupies a significant place in the information and

communication technologies, particularly on the

Internet and within the global information network.

As a part of this, the creation of Uzbek language

computer programmes has been defined as a priority.

"Concept of Uzbek language development and

improvement of language policy in 2020-2030"

approved by the President of the Republic of

Uzbekistan with the Decree of October 20, 2020 "On

measures to further develop the Uzbek language and

improve the language policy in our country", was a

big responsibility for specialists, with the assignment

of tasks such as creation of a large electronic resource

that includes all scientific, theoretical and practical

information on the Uzbek language in the direction of

ensuring the active integration of the state language

into modern information technologies and

communications, as defined in the concept, and the

Uzbek language Internet world information

popularization in the network, the tasks of ensuring

that it occupies a worthy place in it.

To ensure the implementation of these tasks and to

develop the oral and written speech of students,

researchers conducting scientific research,

pedagogues working in educational institutions,

178

Abjalova, M. and Gulomova, N.

Alisher Navoi Author’s Corpus: Value, Necessity and Signiﬁcance.

DOI: 10.5220/0012481400003792

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 1st Pamir Transboundary Conference for Sustainable Societies (PAMIR 2023), pages 178-182

ISBN: 978-989-758-687-3

revealing the rich linguistic layer of the 15

century

Uzbek language can open up linguistic possibilities,

promote the creative heritage of Alisher Navoi on a

global scale, and to achieve broader use of our

national heritage in the modern information and

communication system. Efforts to promote the works

of our ancestors among young people, and to present

examples of classic literature in a readable and

understandable way is an important task to create

philological corpora, including Alisher Navoi’s

authorship corpus. To accomplish this, semantic

tagging of Navoi’s creative heritage is imperative.

Therefore, in the first step, since the most of the

educational literature issued for secondary education

was created based on the "Khazayin ul-Maani"

collection of "Badoye’ ul-wasat" devon of the of

Alisher Navoi, to enable students to read, understand,

and familiarise themselves with the works of Alisher

Navoi, Alisher Navoi’s author corpus based on the

semantic tags of 650 gazels (Abjalova M., Gulomova

N., Rashidov H. (2022)) in the "Badoye’ ul-wasat"

collection (Alisher Navoi,3) was created.

In the world and Uzbek philology, a lot of research

has been done on the works of Alisher Navoi, his

personality, translation of his works. So far, there

exist websites featuring the biography of Alisher

Navoi and the text of his works (14,15), various

mobile applications, works of Navoi’s works in pdf

format (16,17,18,19), and several glossaries centered

around the language of Alisher Navoi’s works.

(Dictionary of Muhammad H. (2017).,8,9,13).

However, this is not enough for modern students to

study Alisher Navoi’s work and understand his

vocabulary. Information on the life and work of

Alisher Navoi in world literature and in the field of

information technologies (20,21,22,23,24) is covered

on the site pages. However, until now, neither in

world linguistics nor in literary studies, developments

have been made to create Alisher Navoi’s author

corpus. In this respect, this corpus is expected to be

one of the innovative and practical developments. In

order to fill this gap in Navoi’s corpus, a semantically

tagged base is necessary for the reader to know the

explanation of the words that are difficult to

understand today and to understand the meaning of

such a word in the verse.

650 gazels (gazel is a lyrical genre common in

Eastern literature) from the "Badoye’ ul-wasat"

collection, along with proverbs, expressions,

archaism, historical words, telmeh (in poetry, it is

considered the art of talmeh to refer to a historical

event or historical figure, to literary heroes), tashbih

(tashbih is one of the poetic arts, comparing two or

more things, phenomena or features expressed in

words from the point of view of some similarity,

commonality that exists between them), tanasib

(tanosib is the art of using words that denote

interrelated and close to each other concepts in

poetry), irsoli masal (irsoli masal is a method of using

a certain set of Proverbs, sayings, proverbs in a poem)

etc. was created Alisher Navoi’s author corpus in a

new format for higher education students, and a

search interface was also developed in the corpus for

the convenience of users. As a result of this, users will

develop the skills of independent work with Navoi’s

work, in general, the sources of the 15

century,

thereby enhancing their understanding of the

language of that erae.

To make Navoi’s work more readable, to understand

Navoi’s philosophy, and to learn and understand the

grammar of the 15

century language, it was

determined that the text of Navoi’s works must be

grammatically equalized. As the gazels, which are an

invaluable treasure of Alisher Navoi’s work, are

semantically equalized in the corpus of authorship,

the content and importance of the educational-

educational, socio-political, philosophical-ethical

issues expressed by the creator, along with the gloss

of the artistic symbols presented in the genre, are used

in poetic art. The significance of the variety of horses,

their artistic representation, and logical reasoning is

not substantial. The basis for the creation of Alisher

Navoi's author Corpus is found in the “Badoye’ ul-

wasat” collection, which includes 21,226 explanatory

words, more than 5,000 archaisms, 170 historicisms,

43 proverbs, 30 expressions, 236 words related to the

art of talmekh, 164 words with opposite meanings

(tazad), 806 ratios, and 124 lexical units related to the

poetic art of tashbikh forAlisher Navoi. The gazels in

"Badoye’ ul-wasat" collection consist of 5001 byte –

10002 lines, a total of 66539 words, each gazel is

from 6 byte to 13 byte: 6 byte – 1, 7 byte – 437, 8 byte

– 8, 9 byte – 187, 10 byte – 1, 11 byte – 14, 12 byte –

1, 13 byte – 1 (A.Navoi. ( 2011).). Such statistical

analysis of the Alisher Navoi Author corpus is

considered important and gives the user a clear

account and shows the scope of work on the database.

The wise words and phrases created by Navoi have

become folk proverbs, while his figurative artistic

expressions have enriched the phraseology of the

Uzbek language of the people. Through such

combinations and expressions, we summarized the

typical features of the events in social life,

characteristic of folk wisdom, and showed the

possibilities of short, succinct and meaningful

expression. The lines containing compound phrases

were scientifically analyzed and included in the 5

column.

Alisher Navoi Author’s Corpus: Value, Necessity and Signiﬁcance

179

Creating a semantic base of explanatory words found

in Alisher Navoi’s gazels and including them in the

author’s corpus plays an important role in the careful

study of rare examples of our classical literature and

in the development of our national spirituality. In the

process of semantic equalization of gazels, we

witness that some words express more than ten

meanings. Of course, such polysemanticity indicates

that Navoi is the sultan of the word property. In order

to fully feel, realize and understand the meaning and

essence of Navoi’s gazels, it is important to

scientifically and artistically analyze every line and

every word used in the gazel, in today’s rapidly

developing era of "Artificial Intelligence", Alisher

Navoi’s author’s corpus, with the help of computer

programmes, facilitates the quick and easy

understanding of the author’s language and ensures

its readability.

Remind: “Khazayin ul-ma’ani” collection is a perfect

collection of books which consist of “Garayib us-

sigar” (“Strange things of youth”), “Navodir ush-

shabab” (“Poems of the rarity of youth”), “Badoye’

ul-wasat” (“Middle-age Badias”) and “Favoyidul-

kibar” (“Benefits of old age”) books. It is also

referred to as “Chor Devan” (Four Devan).

The corpus consists of 8 columns (Alisher Navoi):

Column: "Biography of Alisher Navoi" section is

a database about the poet’s life and creative activity.

Column: Simple and special search by corpus.

When you type the desired word form into the search

page, all gazel verses that use this word will be

displayed in the search window. If you refer to any of

the gazels, you can read the text of the gazels and

metadata related to the gazels.

Column: 8 devan texts belonging to Alisher Navoi

(including the “First Devan” compiled by his fans).

Column: Alisher Navoi’s works (odes; written on

scientific, artistic, religious, historical, religious

topics) are collected and can be used as a database.

Column: 650 gazels and poetic arts in the

“Badoye’ ul-wasat” collection are presented to the

user with semantic tagging.

Column: About Alisher Navoi’s corpus.

Column: Research results of this corpus.

Column: Information about the authors of the

corpus.

The created corpus can serve as a source of spiritual

fulfillment for specialists, educational material for

different stages, and a source of information for

related fields.

The authorship corpus of Alisher Navoi has

educational, historical, linguistic, social, and spiritual

significance. The creation of this corpus creates the

following opportunities:

- To study Navoi’s personality;

- Study of literary style;

- Linguopoetic analysis of the poet’s work;

- Researching the ability and skill of the creator to use

words;

- Creation of authorship dictionaries;

- Compilation of author’s phrases;

-Identifying the author of anonymous works through

the parameters that reveals the personality and style

of the creator in the Authority Corpus;

- Summarizing the author’s paraphrase, parema,

wisdom; the extent of the use of figurative

expressions can be determined from the context of the

creator.

In Navoi’s gazels, there are numerous expressions

involving historical, literary, mythical figures,

geographical and ethnic place names, which

contribute to the art of talmeh from an artistic point

of view and also provide information about historical,

artistic figures and geographical, ethnic locations. For

example, in the gazels of the “Badoye’ ul-wasat”

collection, he refers to the word “kavsar” 23 times,

and this word expresses the meanings of “material

and spiritual satiety”:

As a result of the semantic tagging of the names of

famous places, historical figures, holy saints and

historical locations included in Alisher Navoi’s

authorship corpus, knowledge about the names of

works, famous people, prophets mentioned in

theological books, textile images, holy places, is

formed and developed.

The corpus of authorship has the ability to display the

author’s language in full, in detail, and objectively, so

such corpuses are distinguished from other

information banks by their advantage. The corpus can

serve as a basis, source, and tool for various types of

research. Another advantage of such corpora is that

with their help, it is possible to learn the languages of

not only a word or sentence, but also the entire work.

The information in the author’s corpora, beingedited

based on scientific sources, guarantees its accuracy

and reliability, enabling a comprehensive and

objective study of the entire spectrum of linguistic

phenomena.

From the corpus of authorship, all linguistic features

of the poet’s word units, changes in them – from the

point of view of that era, the update in the language

and the disuse of words in today’s social life, the

cases of activation and passivation, and linguistic

phenomena, are quick, clear and accurate, receives

information, easily creates large vocabularies of

various types, creates the possibility of automatic

processing of texts. The fact that the information in

the authorship corpus is edited on the basis of

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scientific sources guarantees the accuracy and

reliability of the information provided in it, and

allows for comprehensive and objective study of the

entire spectrum of linguistic phenomena. The corpus,

a large spiritual treasure, provides numerous

linguistic possibilities, including comparative-

historical and cross-typological studies of linguistics,

conducting lexicographic research, creating 15

century frequency dictionaries with the help of

Alisher Navoi’s works, compiling historicism and

archaisms, conducting research on word etymology ,

provides many linguistic possibilities, such as

understanding the interpretation of words that are

difficult for today’s readers to understand, using the

array of contextual examples provided in the corpus,

and finding its semantic interpretation. This will serve

to increase the number of those who are interested in

our classic literature, understand the language of

Navoi period, and enjoy the spiritual treasure of

Navoi by reading his works, regardless of the age of

the audience. The linguistic basis of the author’s

corpus is "going from the word - lexeme to its

content". In this case, the translation is carried out

based on the morphological, syntactic and semantic

analysis of the language, dictionaries, grammatical

rules, corpus of texts.

The authoritative corpus plays a vital role in the

educational process, elucidating the educational,

social, historical, linguistic and didactic significance

of the author’s works, for classifying the dialectal

features of the words used in the author’s works, and

for studying the semantic features of the National

Language. The language style of the 15th century can

be taught to students in comparison with today’s

language. As a result of the statistical analysis of

literary texts, language units frequently used in the

text (nouns, adjectives, key words, verbs,

grammatical forms, sentence construction, in short,

tools that indicate the writer’s style) are determined

using linguostatistical analysis. The comparative

analysis of evidence from different texts allows us to

determine the content of that text, the period in which

the text was composed, the argumentative character

of the evidence, and even the authorship. The study

of Alisher Navoi’s life and work at all levels of

secondary schools increases the educational value of

Alisher Navoi’s Authority Corpus with the use of the

poet’s corpus in a broad sense. This corpus serves as

a convenient source of information in the preparation

of educational material during the educational

process, the teacher will have the opportunity to

quickly prepare fresh, meaningful, reliable

educational material for the training session.

Authoritative corpora enable students to develop their

research capacity and conduct minorinvestigations

based on reliable evidence. It should be noted that the

social significance of the author’s corpora is

considered comprehensive, and it can be used in

linguistic, ethno-psycho-linguistic research, mother

tongue, literature, foreign language education,

automatic text processing, translation programs.

Author corpora are also the most convenient means

of monitoring the changes in the vocabulary of the

language (neologism, historicism, archaism

phenomena). In the process of analyzing the

possibility of lexical-semantic combination of the

words used by the author, the possibility of

comparing the dictionary and grammar of the ancient

and new generation expands. The diversity of the

word author by means of the corpus of authorship

provides practical help in differentiating the

possibilities of belonging to several semantic

categories at the same time. In addition to the poet’s

linguistic views, it will be possible to learn about the

poet’s attitude to social spheres and views on political

issues through the author’s corpora.

2 BEHAVIOURAL

SIGNIFICANCE OF ALISHER

NAVOI’S AUTHORITATIVE

CORPUS

The preservation of our spiritual heritage,

development of skills to honour the spirit of

ancestors, and cultivation of a reading culture, all

facilitate the acquisition of profound insights and

broadened thought processes.

3 BASIC VOCABULARIES USED

Alisher Navoi’s authoritative corpus, emcompassing

thousands of lexemes related to the poet’s gazels,

acilitates understanding through the semantic tagging

of included texts. This provides lexical meanings of

words with explanations, enabling the reader to

quickly and easily comprehend the contextual

meaning of various words. the lexical compatibility

of compounds and the analysis of their combinatorial

ability, allows to determine whether a certain

syntactic construction is acceptable or not.

To elucidate the current lexical meaning of the words

in the gazels of "Badoye’ ul-wasat" collection were

utilised "Language of Navoi’s Works" by P.Shamsiev

Alisher Navoi Author’s Corpus: Value, Necessity and Signiﬁcance

181

and S.Ibrokhimov (Shamsiev P., Ibrokhimov S.

(1972).), 4-volume "Annotation of the Language of

Alisher Navoi’s Works" edited by E.Fazilov

(Kayumov P., Shukurov Sh., Hayitmetov H.,

Bektemirov H., (1983).), Yu.Berdak’s "Dictionary of

Navoi language" (Berdak Y. ( 2018). ) and

"Dictionary of classic literary works" and "Dictionary

of works of Alisher Navoi" (Dictionary of

Muhammad H. (2017).) by H. Muhammad.

Representativeness means that all information about

the text is given (Zakharov V., Bogdanova S.

(2020).). Represented texts have their source, style,

period of writing, author, age of the audience, text

type clearly indicated (Kochetova L.A. (2016)). The

650 gazels in the divan were individually represented

in the corpus, created on the basis of the divan

"Badoye’ ul-wasat". A total of 20 types of metadata

were formed according to the content of each gazel

(romantic, orifona, rindona), audience age (15+ -

18+), and the number of words used in the gazel.

Metadata of Alisher Navoi’s "Badoye’ ul-wasat"

collection include:

1) title of the work (“Badoye’ ul-wasat”);

2) author (Alisher Navoi)

3) gender of the author (male);

4) the author’s year of birth (February 9, 1441);

5) the year of the author’s death (January 3, 1501);

6) the time when the devan was created (1492-1498

years)

7) year of publication (2011);

8) publication parameter (number);

9) publisher ("Tamaddun" Ltd publisher);

10) field of application (literature);

11) literary type (lyric);

12) genre (gazel);

13) time and place of the event (Herat);

14) text style (artistic)

15) text type (romantic, orifona, rindona);

16) audience age (15+, 18+ years);

17) potential of the audience (for the general public);

18) type of internal body (authorship);

19) number of word forms (66,539);

20) tagger (G’ulomova N.)

The future aim is to include all of Alisher Navoi's

works in the corpus, encompassing his prose and

verse, as well as his scientific, historical,

philosophical, and religious writings.

A corpus, in its modern context, refers to a reliable

computer database that utilises specialised programs

during its creation. HTML, CSS, JS, programming

languages, Bootstrap5, JQUERY design frameworks

were used to create the design of Alisher Navoi’s

authority corpus. Using the Python programming

language and the Django framework, the general and

special search part of Alisher Navoi’s corpus ensures

that the semantic tag is displayed on the screen when

you click on the explanatory words in the gazels.

Since the interface is the first impression of the case,

it is a very important process to ensure its perfection,

creating a unique design. National and, at the same

time, modern features were taken into account when

creating the interface of Alisher Navoi’s authority

corpus.

The corpus will be accessible not only literary experts

and linguists, but also representatives of all fields, as

well as applicants and researchers, and foreigners

interested in the personality and work of Alisher

Navoi. has been developed and implemented with the

aim of promoting Uzbek computer and corpus

linguistics, enhancing educational processes and

research, catering to the educational needs of

specialists of all ages, and expanding vocabulary and

literacy.

REFERENCES

Author corpus of Alisher Navoi – http://navoiykorpusi.uz/

Abjalova M., Gulomova N., Rashidov H. (2022).Semantic

base of gazels in Navoi’s "Badoye’ ul-wasat" collection

for AlisherNavoi’s authority corpus. Certificate of

authorship, No.00583. - Tashkent,

Abjalova M., Gulomova N., Sadullayeva Sh.

(2022).Authority corpus of Alisher Navoi. Certificate

of authorship, No.18544. – Tashkent,

Dictionary of Muhammad H. (2017). Alisher Navoi’s

works. – Tashkent: Akademnashr, - 407 p.

Ochilov E. (2011) Wisdom of Navoi. - Tashkent:

Uzbekistan,. – 23 p.

Rahimov A. (2011). Fundamentals of computer linguistics.

– Tashkent: Academy, – 156 p.

Raupova L., Elov B., Abjalova M., Alayev R. The

educational corpus of the Uzbek language and its

possibilities. // Language and culture in Uzbekistan, –

Tashkent:, 60-75 p.

Explanatory dictionary of the language of Alisher Navoi’s

works. / under the editorship of E.I.Fazilov. Editorial

board: Kononov A., Kayumov P., Shukurov Sh.,

Hayitmetov H., Bektemirov H., (1983). Karimov Q. 4

volumes. – Uzbekistan: Science,

Berdak Y. ( 2018). Dictionary of Navoi language.

Tashkent: Sharq, - 496 p.

Zakharov V., Bogdanova S. (2020). Corpus Linguistics. –

National University of St. Petersburg,– S. 23.

Kochetova L.A. (2016). Statistical methods in corpus

research. - Volgograd.– 49 p.

A.Navoi. ( 2011). Badoe’ ul- wasat. – Tashkent:

Tamaddun,– 721 p.

Shamsiev P., Ibrokhimov S. (1972). Dictionary of Navoi’s

works. – Tashkent: Gafur Gulam, - 784 p.

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