Problems of Translation in Military Terms

Shakhnoza Musurmanova

1,2

Chirchik Higher Tank Commanding Engineering School, Chirchik, Uzbekistan

Tashkent State University of Uzbek Language and Literature Alisher Navoi, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Keywords: Military, Term, Terminology, Technology, Traditionally, Translation.

Abstract: Military terminology comprises words and phrases related to the armed forces, hostilities, military discipline,

and regulations. Military terms are formed in a morphological and lexical-semantic manner that is

characteristic of the English language. Moreover, military concepts include terms related to various fields of

science and technology, borrowed from other languages. Terms pertaining to the military field are usually

unambiguous, but the usage of plural terms in this field can be observed. Students studying in this field should

be aware of such changes. This awareness plays a crucial role in the training of highly qualified military

specialists in the military field.

1 INTRODUCTION

In global linguistics, numerous problems related to

defining the lexical-semantic features associated with

occupational language units in field-specific

terminology have been the focus of scientific research.

Today, learning the language of a professional field

has reached a new level. However, the determination

of principles for classifying language units related to

the professional field by topic or based on other

subgroups and specific types of inter-systemic

relations characteristic of them, as well as defining

the specific functional characteristics of these

language units, remain unresolved.

From this perspective, since the early days of

independence, linguists in Uzbekistan have been

tasked with studying professional language units,

systematising field terms, and creating specialised

field dictionaries. Currently, as military terminology

is just beginning to form and develop in our country,

attention is being given to studying military

terminology in English, Russian and other languages.

Generally, in the process of expressing a military

object via proper nouns, the following subclasses of

language units related to the military profession can

be distinguished.

Corresponding author

Military terminology is characterised by its unique

structure and lexical-semantic features. In English,

the system of military terminology is marked by the

dominance of certain structural models. As can be

seen from the analysed materials, English military

professionalisms are expressed in nouns, adjectives,

verbs, and adverbial phrases. Quantitatively, military

terms are primarily represented by nouns and verbs.

Percentage-wise, substantive terms and phrases make

up 70%, verb terms and phrases account for 20%, and

the remainder are adjectival and adverbial terms and

phrases. Also, specialised dictionaries of military

lexicon contain many abbreviations comprised of

syllabic abbreviations. At the current stage of military

technology development, defence holds a special

place in the production of new equipment, and this

demand continues. In this field, against the backdrop

of strengthening cooperation with foreign countries,

technical information exchange is being established,

documents for exporting manufactured equipment are

being formalised, and direct communication in

business meetings is increasing. There are open

relations, professional communication is developing,

and the number of interstate military competitions is

increasing, where the English language, a medium for

international information exchange, plays a central

role.

366

Musurmanova, S.

Problems of Translation in Military Terms.

DOI: 10.5220/0012487900003792

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 1st Pamir Transboundary Conference for Sustainable Societies (PAMIR 2023), pages 366-376

ISBN: 978-989-758-687-3

With the rapid development of military technology,

the importance of military terminology is growing,

and the participants' adequate understanding in the

communication process is a prerequisite for effective

communication. Military terminology is one of the

rapidly developing components of the lexical

structures of the languages of developed countries.

The rapid quantitative growth and qualitative change

are due to the swift development and introduction of

new technologies and equipment. In this field, the

traditionally accepted methods of terminology are

yielding to terms previously undefined in linguistic

literature. A study of recent military periodicals

provides an abundant source for their examination. In

the discourse of specialists, there are many

terminological innovations that have not yet acquired

dictionary status. The active process occurring in the

military field triggers less intense developments of

the system of terms operating within its framework;

thus, research in this area appears to be quite timely.

2 EXPERIMENTAL PART

The relevance of this study is underscored by the fact

that specialised terms are the most rapidly evolving

part of a language's vocabulary and play a pivotal role

in contemporary society.

Each specialised field of knowledge or activity

develops its own linguistic apparatus, which serves

the purposes of naming and understanding concepts,

and illustrating them in the process of communication.

Modern terminology in the field has undergone

certain transformations in its lexical and semantic

structure, and since the publication of the "English-

Russian car explanatory dictionary" in 1961, its

volume has significantly increased. Despite the

publication of several general military dictionaries,

the solitary guide to Uzbek military terminology does

not reflect its current state, necessitating in-depth

linguistic research. The issues surrounding the

decoding and identification of Uzbek equivalents for

military vehicles and tank-building language terms

are of particular importance.

Investigating scientific works on the problems of

translating English military terminology, the

principles of standardisation, and classification of

military terminology aids in identifying the specific

scope of the language of equipment construction and

defining the role and functions of the Armed Forces

as key elements in the system of the military-

industrial complex. This is based on principles of

rational classification and taxonomy, along with the

technical translation of the term "technique" through

lexical and semantic analysis.

The origins and extra-linguistic features of term

emergence in the field of military terminology are

identified. To achieve this goal, the etymological

analysis of the terminology system in the field of

military vehicles in both Uzbek and English is used,

as is the method of comparative study and the linking

of language phenomena with scientific, technical

facts, and the historical evolution of the Armed

Forces. The extensive use of terminological

combinations in Uzbek military terminology

necessitates a comprehensive study of the entire

terminological system to address pressing linguistic

issues. While research in the field of military

terminology is widely covered in the works of local

linguists, there are ample foreign sources available. It

is worth noting that foreign literature is primarily

intended for information, including dictionaries and

encyclopaedic publications. Despite various aspects

of military terminology research, to our knowledge,

there is no comprehensive study on the language of

military construction and vehicles.

During the formation and development of military

terminology, a notable event in the history of

techniques occurred, significantly impacting the

development of the entire terminological system of

the studied language. The amalgamation of two

systems (Thomas Kuhn's theoretical model of science

development and the periodisation of military

language according to J.J. Fedoseev) facilitated the

proposal of our own periodisation of the stages of

development of military equipment and the

advancement of military equipment based on it. The

classification of historical periods is detailed in the

formation of military terminology, encompassing

three main stages:

The first stage is characterised by the emergence of

antiquated and prototype military terminology, and

the accumulation of design and production

experience. Statistical analysis of the terms selected

for the study shows that 351 language units were

incorporated during the test period of military

terminology, equating to 11.3% of the 3100 terms.

This stage is typified by the formation of basic

military term concepts and the emergence of the

language of military vehicles and nuclear terms.

Problems of Translation in Military Terms

367

The second stage is characterised by the creation of

military terms (forming the basis of national defence)

and the development of mass production of various

types of military terms. Military vocabulary in

general, and military terminology in particular, is

enriched. The production concept of this stage led to

the emergence of 1502 language units in the

terminology of military language construction,

constituting 48.4% of the total sample of terms. Thus,

the second stage is the most effective in the formation

of military terminology.

The third stage, according to Thomas Kuhn's theory,

is the final but promising stage for the development

of scientific terminology. This stage is characterised

by a paradigm-based development process:

experiments are conducted, facts are gathered,

specific theories are developed, and prerequisites for

the future development of weapons and equipment

are created. In the third stage of military terminology,

there are 1247 language units, making up 40.2% of

the total of 3100 terms.

By examining terminology within the framework of

the sociolinguistic method of the principle of

language and social phenomena, it is possible to

discern the structural and semantic features of

terminological units based on extra-linguistic factors.

Research indicates that the most effective way to

create terms in English involves two-component

terminological combinations. A distinctive feature of

the linguistic data of military terms is the prevalence

in this language of a large number of exponentially

compact, yet semantically two-component

terminological combinations, wherein the attribute

component is represented by a compound word

(composition).

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The most common method of translating military

terminology involves lexical and semantic

substitutions (concretisation, generalisation,

modulation) - the translation of lexical units of the

source language using units of foreign languages, the

meanings of which do not align with the values of the

original units, but can be inferred from them via

certain types of logical transformations.

Firstly, we will concentrate on the terms (definite,

indefinite and such), which, despite their ostensibly

straightforward meaning, frequently necessitate

semantic expression in translation. It is known that

both types of articles have a pronominal origin: the

definite article is derived from a demonstrative

pronoun, and the indefinite article from a numeral-

based indefinite pronoun.

This original meaning occasionally reveals itself in

contemporary usage. In such cases, their lexical

meaning should be conveyed in the translation,

otherwise the Uzbek translation will be incomplete

and incorrect, as the meaning of semantic translations

is an integral part of the entire semantic content of the

sentence.

From all the translations provided above, it is evident

that failing to take into account not just the lexical,

but also the grammatical significance of the article,

results in content being incomplete or unclear.

Education is given based on objectives and tasks such

as demand in the military field, individual work with

young people, cultivating in them the ability to freely

communicate using military terms, and involving

them in scientific research in the military field. They

are characterised by the expression of a general

military term within their composition.

Detailed information is also provided on certain

military terms in a succinct and comprehensible

manner. The scope of some words is quite broad, as

they encompass a large part of the military

vocabulary. Quantitatively, military terms are

primarily represented by nouns and verbs. In terms of

percentages, noun terms and phrases constitute 70%,

verb terms and phrases 20%, and the remaining 10%

are adjective and adverbial terms and phrases.

Furthermore, specialist dictionaries of the military

lexicon contain many abbreviations comprised of

syllabic abbreviations.

Military terms make up a large segment of military

terminology. The primary purpose of this language,

with its historical and political themes, is to express

objects, events and concepts related to defence. In

today's rapidly progressing world of scientific and

technological development, military terms and

concepts, as well as their objects, are evolving.

However, this does not alter the value of military

terms.

Military terms can be categorised into the following

groups:

- military and political terms (strategic, tactical);

- military and diplomatic terms (organisation);

- military-technical terms (armed forces and combat

weapons from different sectors);

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When translating foreign texts containing military

terms and definitions, we often confront some

problems because there are disparities between

different languages;

- a lack of correlation between concept and reality

(army refers to the ground forces);

- terms that are incorrectly or entirely coincidentally

matched (military academy - fundamentally,

according to the military academy, a military school);

- differences in the ranks of the Armed Forces of

different countries;

- differences in the organisational structure of the unit

(a soldier in the British Army - and in the US Army -

an intelligence company);

- the short "lifespan" of individual terms (for example,

significantly different vocabulary terms of the First

and Second World Wars, the disuse of some military

terms after at least 30 years);

- abbreviations;

- ambiguous military terms.

According to V.M. Levchik's definition, the

terminological unit is a complex, dialectically

intricate phenomenon, expressed in the content of the

linguistic substratum and logical superstratum of the

term, and the content of a specialist (scientific,

scientific-technical) concept. Consequently, the

distinguishing features of the term are the expression

of scientific (scientific-technical) concepts, logical

concepts, uniqueness in usage, clarity of content, the

existence of a precise definition (terminological

definition), meaning not dependent on context (in the

general sense), unambiguity, consistency of

semantics, stylistic neutrality, and other aspects.

The term asserts its position as a lexical tool of a

special-purpose language (hereinafter SPL),

differentiated by its affiliation to a specific natural

language, specific to a particular SPL, system,

normative, etc. One of the most significant

characteristics of a term is its conventionality,

regarded as the deliberate regularity and

controllability of the term formation process.

Simultaneously, the proportionality of the concept

expressed by the term and the expressive linguistic

unit carries out the task of idealising the essence of

terminological units. Additionally, the term, as a

linguistic sign, embodies the distinct characteristics

of the language substratum, notably specific

paradigmatic, syntactic, and derivational features, as

well as features unique to the general lexical field

(Grinev-Grinevich, 2008; Superanskaya et al., 2007;

Shmeleva, 2010, etc.) Several authors interpret the

ambiguity and synonymy features of the term as its

irrelevant (supposed) characteristics.

A distinctive aspect of the term is its affiliation to a

specific terminological system, and this systematic

organisation of terms "reflects not only their non-

linguistic status but also the results of human activity

in this field and the state of emerging concepts,

documented in industry-specific terminology." "The

structural and semantic system of terminology

implies that the creation of a sign is twofold, and it

represents the totality of the expressed sign (the field

of terms as a collection of special concepts and their

connections). Clearly, systematicity is an advantage

in the common use of terms. This is the genetic

property of terms, which is demonstrated in their

capacity to participate in the construction of complex

taxonomic devices, and includes a series of necessary,

logically determined relationships to the

classification structures of terms.

We understand the consistency of terms as their most

important epistemological feature, which reflects and

simultaneously ensures the inherent consistency of

scientific knowledge. On one hand, an individual

term is naturally an element added to the general

hierarchy of the terminological system, which, in turn,

provides a comprehensive representation of segments

of scientific knowledge. We define this type of

systematisation of provisions as a structural and

formal aspect. On the other hand, the systematic

nature of the term mirrors a systematic classification

and conception of the world.

VANGUARD: A motorised rifle (tank) unit sent

forward from a primary army unit. The vanguard is

considered to be the body of the march during the

advance, moving ahead and in separate directions to

facilitate the main forces' unresisted progress, prevent

the enemy's attack on these forces, and stop the

enemy's reconnaissance from infiltrating the

protected troops' movement path. It also aims to

create favourable conditions for troop deployment

and engagement in battle. The vanguard, during an

attack, engages enemy units that have moved to the

defence within the limits of combat supply in the

specified direction. During the pursuit of the enemy,

they are dispatched from the first echelon units to

destroy the opponent's defensive units and delay the

retreat of the main forces.

ACCIDENT: Non-fatal failure of equipment. It refers

to the breakdown or malfunction of any mechanism,

machine, etc., during operation or movement.

Problems of Translation in Military Terms

369

AIRCRAFT CARRIER: A combat surface ship,

designed to accommodate 100 or more combat

aircraft and helicopters, facilitating their takeoff and

landing. The aircraft carrier is equipped with guided

anti-aircraft missiles, 100 - 127 mm anti-aircraft

artillery guns for its protection. Its water

displacement capacity is up to 95,000 tonnes. The

power plant capacity is up to 280,000 horsepower,

and it can reach speeds of 35 knots per hour

(approximately 65 km/h). The crew can be up to

6,300 people. It emerged during the World War. In

World War II, it was utilised in the fleets of the United

States, Japan, and Great Britain.

AVIATION CARRIER: Carrier-based aviation of the

Navy (XDF). This aviation is designed to engage the

enemy's warships and naval transports at sea and

naval bases, aircraft, and ground objects in space and

airfields, and to support their troops on land. It

includes deck-based fighter, attack, anti-submarine,

and similar aircraft and helicopters.

BASE:

1) Base, support;

2) Storage facility;

3) Organisation engaged in supply or service.

BASE RELOCATION: A strategic move involving

changing the location of an air force to create a new

air force group, reinforce existing air force groups, or

relocate air force units and uniforms closer to areas of

conflict.

INTERNATIONAL ANGLE: A moral and political

concept expressing the desire to offer political and

military support in order to combat the policy of an

individual (state), show solidarity (or other high

spiritual reasons) to another state or person (state),

and establish or restore a progressive socio-political

and advanced economic system. The fulfilment of the

international duty is associated with direct

participation in the practical assistance provided.

INTERNATIONAL COMBATANT: A military

serviceman who performs military duty in the

territory of another country as part of the troops of

one country.

FLAG: 1) A piece of fabric of a certain colour and

size attached to a stick, wire, rope, etc., at one end.

This fabric may also contain some emblems; 2) State

symbol. It can also be that of an organisation.

GASPANA: A specially equipped place to protect

people from chemicals. After the Second World War,

it was referred to as a shelter.

GARRISON: 1) Military uniforms and military

training institutions permanently or temporarily

located in a certain settlement or any territory.

Within the garrison, appointments are made to the

positions of head of the garrison (by the order of the

Minister of Defence), his deputy for educational

affairs, the military commandant, and the head of the

control of military vehicles of the garrison; 2) troops

defending a base (long-term defence structure,

fortress).

In the process of collating military field terms as a

research object, we encountered some difficulties, as

observed in other fields. These include the following:

- Which words should be considered military terms?

- Why are there so many discrepancies in the

definition of the number of terms in field

dictionaries?

One must remember that as a result of shortening in

spoken language, the stylistic tone of the term usually

changes. At the very least, initially, the new word has

a somewhat colloquial feel, but this change can

quickly disappear over time (that is, it becomes

neutral). Some abbreviations have transitioned into

common words, and in modern usage, abbreviations

are not accepted as terms.

- By 'military term', we refer to "a special name for a

simple or complex formal structure (phrase)

associated with a specific concept in the realm of

military affairs (military science, technology,

administration, life of troops, etc.), which inherently

has a military combat significance.

A necessary criterion for the inclusion of a unit

(phrase) into the set of terms is its presence in

professional military dictionaries. From this

perspective, military terminology, like any other, has

a certain internal organisation and is "a collection of

terminological nomenclature units of concepts of

military science". Non-terminological military

vocabulary includes slang, military jargon, and

colloquial expressions. This group consists of

lexically functional units, emotionally charged

elements of military vocabulary, often considered

stylistic synonyms of military terms.

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G.A. Saidalieva's dictionary also provides synonyms

of terms, which raises another question. One of the

classical features of a term is its lack of synonyms in

terminology. If terminology lacks synonyms, then the

aforementioned sign-definition is outdated.

Terminology does indeed have synonyms. If there are

synonyms in the terminology, then the definition of

the term should be reconsidered from another

perspective. Consequently, we ask, "If we call a term

a word used in one or another field, what do we call

terms used in five or six or more fields?"

To provide some clarity on this issue, we will turn to

the thoughts of the well-known linguist, Professor

M.E. Umarkhojaev.

From a functional standpoint, terms are not

special words, but words with a specific function; any

word can serve as a term.

The derivational perspective is closely tied to the

processes of term formation. Advocates of this idea

acknowledge the term not just as a variant of a simple

word, but also as a specially formed unit with new,

unique specific characteristics.

The emergence of new terms is evaluated by the

exigency of expressing new realities. The term has

certain requirements, distinguishing it from ordinary

words in the common language and dialects.

Nomenclature is a new category within terminology.

The nomenclature of any field includes all species

names related to that field. When the quantity of these

names becomes excessive, it necessitates a specific

structure. For instance, attempting to assign a separate

name to each of the over 200,000 plant species today

is futile; it's simply not feasible.

It's necessary to distinguish between the

nomenclature of natural sciences, which mirrors the

stages of human understanding of nature, and

technical nomenclature, which is invented and

developed by humans (production nomenclature), as

well as trade nomenclature, created specifically for

the supply and sale of consumer goods. Although all

three nomenclatures are developed by interested

parties, they exist based on different foundations,

with different objectives and principles.

The distinction between the nomenclature of

scientific knowledge and that of human-made

scientific and technical knowledge is that scientific

nomenclature exists naturally, whereas the latter does

not. Names for items invented are not derived from

common parlance (except for units like 'airplane',

'drone', 'scooter'). These categories, namely words

representing nomenclature, are artificially created

based on lexemes in our own or foreign languages,

where the emphasis lies in the indexing of letters and

numbers (Table 1).

Terminology holds a distinctive place and position

within the vocabulary of modern Uzbek literary

language. There are two perspectives on the role of

terminology in the structure of language vocabulary.

According to the first notion, terminology is seen as

an independent layer of the lexicon of the literary

language, while according to the second theory, it is

separated from the vocabulary of the literary language,

assessed as a 'distinct' entity and equated with types

of speech (dialect, slang, colloquial speech).

According to V.P. Danilenko, terminology is an

independent functional type of universal language,

i.e., the traditional language of science (the language

of science or the language of technology). The

language of science, as one of the functional systems

of the universal language, stands alongside the

language of casual conversation and the language of

literary literature.

Table 1: Functional semantic groups of military terms in English

1 E

ection s

stem 20 0.51

2 Passenger airplane airpor

49 1.25

3 Airport terminal 50 1.27

4 Airfield handlin

and servicin

equipmen

36 0.92

5 Helicopters 56 1.43

6 Glidin

40 1.02

7 Parachutin

31 0.79

8 Fighte

51 1.31

9 Bombe

45 1.15

10 Vertical take-of and landin

aircraf

54 1.38

avigation. Aerial Photography 34 0.87

12 Bombin

. Aircraft finin

and instrumen

59 1.51

Problems of Translation in Military Terms

371

13 Classification and t

pes of missiles 31 0.79

14 Rocket and missile designs 55 1.41

15 Ballistic missile 38 0.97

16 Ai

-to-air

uided missile 34 0.87

17 Air -to-subface guided missile 25 0.64

18 Semi-strate

ic and tactical ballistic missiles 33 0.54

19 Air -defence

uided missiles 52 1.33

20 Antitank guided missiles 26 0.66

21 Launchin

vehicles 85 2.17

22 Missile control and

uidance equipmen

69 1.76

23 Missile guidance systems 41 1.05

24 Air and antimissile defence 87 2.22

25 Rocket artiller

29 0.74

26 Cannon artillery 29 0.74

27 Recoiled rifles , mortars 29 0.74

28 Barrel. Top carria

e 32 0.82

29 Screw breech bloc

55 1.41

30 Wed

e breech bloc

51 1.31

31 Credle and rewib modernisms 35 0.89

32 Elevating and traversing mechanisms 24 0.61

33 Gun and mortar si

52 1.33

34 Artiller

fire control instrumen

28 0.71

35 Element of trajectory. Elements anti-aircraft gunnery 45 1.15

36 Individual weapons 53 1.35

37 Automatic pistol 44 1.12

38 Crew served weapons 195 4.98

39 Rocket launcher. Grenades. Flame Throwe

49 1.25

40 Small arms ammunition 51 1.31

41 Artillery (ordnance) ammunition and fumes 109 2.78

42 Aerial bombs 45 1.15

uclear weapons. Chemical and biolo

ical weapons 38 0.97

44 Radiological detection devices 39 1.01

45 Chemical detection devices 34 0.87

46 Indi dual protective equipmen

44 1,12

47 Decontamination equipment 38 0,97

48 Collective protective means 35 0,89

49 En

ineer vehicles 82 2,17

50 Infantry entrenchments 37 0,94

51 Shelters 34 0,87

52 Artificial obstacles 34 0,87

53 Land mines rend ground bombs 52 1,33

54 Demolition char

es rend demolition means. Mine detecto

47 1,20

55 Camoufla

e 27 0,69

56 Water supply 58 1,48

57 March and meetin

ements 35 0,90

58 Offensive comba

62 1,59

59 Unit assault crossing 28 0,71

60 Defensive comba

41 1,05

The language of science is formed and evolved based

on the universal language of the nation. Therefore, the

foundation of the language of science is rooted in the

lexicon, word formation, and grammar of the standard

literary language. According to X. Hewell,

terminology is a collection of terms associated with a

specific science or a group of words used in the field

of technology. By documenting the meanings of these

terms, we simultaneously record the concepts they

represent.

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There are different interpretations of the term 'term'.

For linguists, for instance, a term is a word that refers

to a set of descriptions (or characteristics) of an object

and is assigned to it. Any word in any language can

be a term. In science and technology, a term is a

special word that is either artificially created or

derived from natural language. The application of

such words is defined or restricted by the

representatives of a particular scientific school. In

contrast to general language terms, science and

technology-specific terms form terminological

systems as hierarchical units; their meaning is

illuminated only within the same system, and the

terminological field of the concept corresponds to

these systems.

Any advancement in science indicates the

development or refinement of scientific terms. The

theory of marked and unmarked units is regarded as a

new stage in the development and enhancement of

logical classification. Members of the Prague

Linguistic School (PLM), such as N. Trubetskoy and

R. Jacobson, who deeply engaged with this issue in

the 1930s, found that the ideas of machine text

processing (EXM), i.e., searching for information on

coding and decoding texts using machines, were

highly efficient in processes like translating from one

language to another in the 1960s. It was determined

that they convey additional information compared to

the specified (labelled) units.

It's essential to differentiate between the concepts of

'term' and 'terminological lexicon'. The usage and

spread of terms are confined to a specific

terminological system; they function and occur in a

distinctive manner within the context of human

activity. A term that has infiltrated the sphere of

universal language is separated from its terminology,

terminological field, and system, and dissociates

itself from the properties of the term.

Many opinions regarding the definition of the term

have been put forth in scientific literature. In nearly

all definitions, the term is depicted as a word or

phrase expressing a unique scientific or technical

concept.

According to O. Vinokur, the term is always clear and

unambiguous. The language of the term system is

formed consciously, as a term does not emerge

independently, but is created due to its necessity, the

presence of a demand for it in society. It's vital to

research and analyse the formation features of

terminology in any language to discern the

characteristics of term formation as units expressing

terminological meaning. It's also worth mentioning

that term formation is a broader process than word

formation because, in the formation of terms, not only

simple word formation tools are used due to the

morphological method, but also their unique means -

word combination formation methods. Everything is

determined by the actual specific linguistic features

of the terms in the language, and the use of the terms

in the language of a certain field.

The uniqueness of term formation is directly related

to the primary function of terms, which is to serve as

a means of communication in production conditions

for certain groups of people. Another unique aspect

of terminology is that the process of term formation

is not random, but a conscious process. As new

concepts and phenomena emerge, new terminological

units appear, explained by the progress of science and

technology. As a result, the term formation process is

significantly controlled and regulated. The

significance of the term formation process lies in the

need to uncover the definition and name of the

potential scientific concept. To a certain extent, the

internal form of a term should reflect its external

structure.

The process of forming a term complicates due

to the conscious nature of naming a scientific concept,

which sets the term apart from the process of forming

a word in general use. According to A. Gerd, a term

is a natural and artificial language unit, i.e., a word or

a combination of words, with a special terminological

meaning that fully reflects the primary features of

existing concepts at a certain stage of scientific

development (Gerd, 1991, 1-4). According to O.

Akhmanova, terminology emerges only when a

science reaches the pinnacle of its development,

meaning the term is recognised after a specific

concept acquires a clear scientific expression.

An important means of distinguishing a term from a

non-term is that it cannot be scientifically defined. V.

G. Gak, apart from providing a definition of the term,

reveals its essence and determines the term's place in

a similar vocabulary. He opposes the consideration of

the term as a separate type of lexical units in scientific

works and suggests that the term-function is a form of

the use of lexical units.

Synonyms of military terms:

1. Messenger – courier, express, go-between, page.

2. Memorandum – directive, memo, notice.

3. Meridian – acme, apex, apogee, capstone.

Problems of Translation in Military Terms

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4. Medal – medallion, order.

5. Mechanic – instinctive, instinctual, involuntary,

knee-jerk.

6. Method – approach, form, methodology, strategy.

7. Marksman – sharpshooter, shooter.

8. Margin – borderline, bound, boundary, brim.

9. Marsh – big, fen, swamp, marshland.

10. Marker – label, tag, ticket.

11. Maintenance – care, conversation, conserving,

upkeep.

12. Loyalty – adhesion, allegiance, attachment,

commitment.

13. Load – burden, cargo, draft, freight.

14. Retreat – pullback, recession, withdrawal.

15. Result – consequence, corollary, outcome, fruit,

issue.

16. Safe – all right, secure, home free.

17. Schedule – agenda, calendar, docket, programme.

18. Senior – aged, ageing, old, elderly, senescent.

19. Sense – feel, feeling, sensation, scent, taste.

20. Fitting – fit, applicable, befitting, right, suitable,

proper, fitted, good, becoming.

21. Firth – arm, bay, bight, cove, creek, embayment,

estuary.

22. Fix – depose, deposit, emplace, place, lay,

position, put, set, set up, situate, stick.

23. Flee – dematerialise, dissolve, evanesce,

evaporate, fade, disappear, fly, go (away), melt, sink,

vanish.

24. Flexibility – adaptable, adjustable, changeable,

elastic, fluid, malleable, variable.

25. Force – blackjack, coerce, compel, constrain,

dragoon, drive, impel, impress, make, muscle,

obligate, press, pressure, sand.

26. Food – bread, chow, chuck, eatables, eats, edibles,

fare, foodstuffs, grub, meat, provender.

27. Foreigner – stranger, non-native, outlander,

outsider.

28. Flood – deluge, drown, gulf, inundate, overflow,

overwhelm, submerge, swamp.

29. Part – portion, component, section.

30. Neighbour – housemate, flatmate, roommate,

next-door, adjacent.

One of the principal differences between

nomenclature and terminology is that nomenclature is

usually not recorded in terminological dictionaries, or

it appears in a very limited number of dictionaries. It

is known that the drug 'acetylovaya acid', with the

official scientific name, is popularised under the

commercial name of 'aspirin', etc. Although

nomenclature is related to the concept, it is not

calculated. The existence of phenomena of polysemy

and synonymy of certain scientific terminology is not

approved. However, in several terminological

systems, sometimes two or more synonyms

(doublets) are used to express a certain thing or

concept. For instance, in some works focused on

terminology issues, the words 'term-term-

interpretation' are used in the form of a synonym nest,

as shown in Table 2.

It is no secret that after the Uzbek language was

granted the status of the state language, due to some

subjective views, the use of derivatives of the term

became more prevalent than the term itself. At first

glance, it seems preferable to use a native word that

is entirely compatible with international adoption.

However, a comparison of the definition of term

acquisition and the scope of term formation suggests

that it is inappropriate to use both lexemes

synonymously.

At the time, A. Hojiev seriously considered the error

of replacing the word 'term' with the 'construction of

a term', its causes, and consequences. Bearing this in

mind, the acquisition of words and phrases used in the

fields of science and technology are the names

(nomenclature, nomen) conditionally placed on the

word, in particular, geographical objects, place names

(toponyms), and the acquisition of the Arabic 'istilah'

is researched from the perspective of historical

terminology. The use of concepts in the text of

historical sources is justified.

Thus, terms embody a lexical layer that is

fundamentally different from general literary words.

This difference is reflected in the following key

features:

- Semiotic (in terms, the sign and the signifier enter

into a symmetrical relationship);

- Functional (terms are characterised not only by

having a nominative but also a definitive function);

- Semantic (terms represent only special concepts,

each of them unique in its meaning);

- Spread, popularisation (only the fact that a certain

portion of terms related to the language of science

enters the universal language does not prevent them

from belonging to another system);

- Ways and means of formation (in terminology, the

movement of means of word formation in the

universal language is subject to the development of

specialised, standard, stable models).

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Table 2: Functional semantic groups of military terms in the Uzbek language

№ Meaning of terms Quantity

absolute

numbers

Quantity

in percent

aval base 38 0,97 %

2. Classic t

pes of warships 43 0,97 %

3 Cruise

50 1,09 %

4 Submarines 125 1,27 %

5 Energy equipment of

submarines

55 3,19 %

6 Diving and floating

systems hydroacoustic

stems

51 1,41 %

7 Infantry troops, landing

transpor

20 1,31 %

8 Electric and steam

torpedoes

51 0,51 %

9 Torpedo devices. Contact

mines

37 1,31 %

10 Bomb launchers and

omb launchers

51 0,94 %

on-contact mine, Depth

ombs

47 1,31 %

12 Marine Corps Syste

17 1,20 %

13 Heavier than air vehicles 100 2,55 %

14 Aviation and rocket

ines

138 3,52 %

15 The main elements of the

aircraft structure

38 0,97 %

16 Pilot cabin 43 1,09 %

17 Aviation accessories 64 1,63 %

18 Cabin air conditioning

syste

61 1,56 %

19 Aircraft s

stems 53 1,35 %

20 Ox

en s

stem, fli

ht sui

43 1,09 %

21 Catapult system 20 0,51 %

22 A passen

er plane 49 1,25 %

23 Airpor

50 1,27 %

24 Aerodrome service

facilities

36 0,32 %

25 Helicopters 56 1,43 %

26 Glidin

40 1,02 %

27 Parachutes, sk

divin

31 0,79 %

28 Fighter plane 51 1,31 %

29 Bomber plane 45 1,15 %

30 An aircraft that takes off

verticall

and lands verticall

54 1,38 %

4 CONCLUSION

In the course of the development of various fields of

science, some nouns can transition from being pure

lexical nominative units to logical (logical)

information, information elements, that is, scientific

terms. In conclusion, a thorough examination of the

lexical, semantic, and grammatical aspects of military

terminology translation ensures effective translation.

In global linguistics, several problems aiming to

Problems of Translation in Military Terms

375

define the lexical-semantic features related to the

concept of occupational language units in field-

specific terminology have been the subject of

scientific research. Today, learning the language of a

professional field has reached a new level. However,

the issues of determining the principles of

classification of language units related to the

professional field by subject, or on the basis of other

subgroups and specific types of inter-systemic

relations characteristic of them, as well as defining

the specific functional characteristics of these

language units, are still awaiting resolution. From this

perspective, since the first days of independence,

Uzbek linguists have been tasked with several

responsibilities related to studying language units

related to the profession, systematising field terms, as

well as creating special field dictionaries.

Today, as military terminology is just entering its

formation and development stage in our country, an

increasing amount of attention is being paid to the

study of military terminology in languages such as

English and Russian. Despite the active use of

military terms by terminologists and lexicographers

in our country's language, the issues of their

regulation, finding Uzbek alternatives to widely used

English military terms, and their unification and

homogenisation in explanatory and translation

dictionaries, have not yet been sufficiently resolved.

Resources written in the Uzbek language provide

comprehensive support for the independent study of

military and defence sciences by students involved in

the scientific and production processes of the military

sphere, as well as in higher and secondary specialised

educational institutions. The experience gathered

during this activity and methodological approaches to

translating new terms in modern science into the state

language create a scientific and practical foundation

for developing an explanatory dictionary of terms

related to the field of military work. This is one of the

most pertinent directions of the production sectors of

our republic.

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Cabre М. (1998) Terminology: Theory, Methods and

Applications) Ed. Juan C. Sager. - Amsterdam:

Benjamins

Grinev - Grinevich, S.V. (2008) Terminology: textbook,

manual for students of higher study institutions /

Academy, 304p.

Military' terminology of the United States Wikipedia, the

free encyclopedia Нелюбин, Л.Л. А.А. Дормидонтов,

А.А. Васильченко. - М.: Воениздат, 1981. - 379 с.

Sabah Mohammad. S. Al-Harahsheh. Thesis. The

Challenges of Translating Military Terms from English

into Arabic Ал Али, January / 2019

Sti'elkovski, G.M. (2019) Theory and practice of military

translation. German language / Moskow: Military

publishing, 1979.-272p.

The Cambridge Factfinder / Cambridge university press,

fourth edition. David Crystal 187 p.

Grinvev-Grinivech S. B. (2019) Terminology: textbook,

manual for students of higher study institutions/

Academy ,2008- 3

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