The Trends, Challenges & Initiatives of Digital Transformation of

Indian Education

Shubhra Bhatia

Department of Commerce,The Bhopal School of Social Sciences, Bhopal

Keywords: Education Sector, Covid-19, Digital Revolution.

Abstract: The educational system in India is as diverse as our nation's culture, languages, heritage, etc. No industry was

spared from the Covid pandemic's effects, and India's education sector was no exception. The acceptance of

technology and the creation of fresh methods of teaching and learning were the only bright spots in a world

beset by several unforeseen obstacles. In India, many schools had successfully given lessons online, but

simultaneously, there were schools which were shut down. So, the schools that had previously prohibited the

use of electronic devices had to adopt online learning. Both teachers and kids are now becoming accustomed

to this new normal, which makes handling the issue more difficult for them. This study attempts to summarize

several important areas of transformation in the education sector, the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the

current educational landscape, and attempts to provide a road map for a future e-learning system. With the

start of the pandemic's third calendar year, 2022 seems to be a significant year, particularly for education.

Around the world, educational systems have had to deal with periodic closures, unequal access to educational

technology and other tools for distant learning, and significant difficulties in preserving the physical and

mental well-being of both students and teachers. While this is true, not all of the unexpected changes brought

on by the epidemic have been negative; over the past three years, some encouraging new innovations, allies,

and increased attention to the field of global education have emerged. The crucial question is whether 2022

and the years to come will result in a change of education or if students, instructors, and families will

experience significant setbacks. In this study, we look into the digital revolution that the COVID-19 epidemic

has brought in the education sector, as well as any obstacles that may have been encountered.

1 INTRODUCTION

Digital education refers to the delivery of education

to the general public with the use of technology, and

a key effect of COVID-19, besides from the upheaval

in the economy, is the reliance on the internet. The

only way to continue studying was to use technology

because the education system was in ruins as a result

of the pandemic. The purpose of education was saved

by online learning.

Although it has always been difficult for people to

adapt to digital technology and stay up with the most

recent advancements in the digital world, numerous

research and innovations have made it easier for these

sectors to function. The education sector has seen a

number of changes as a result of digital technologies

(Bhongade & Sarode, 2018). All industries, including

education, healthcare, agriculture, and industry, have

benefited greatly from innovations brought about by

digital technologies. Digital technologies have

permeated every area of the Indian economy over the

past twenty years in India (Bordoloi, 2018). Up until

2019, traditional teaching methods were largely used

in schools and the higher education sector, with less

reliance on digital resources and approaches.

Throughout March 2020, Covid 19 suddenly came

into effect, forcing the closure of educational

institutions in India. India's government ordered a

state-wide shutdown to stop the coronavirus sickness

from spreading (Sahu, 2020). Online education is

currently a widespread practice in the field of

education and is regarded as the "New Normal" in our

educational system. The state of events that felt

exceptional in the past has suddenly become the

"New Normal," or an ordinary behavior. Reimagining

the role of online learning in the Indian educational

system and incorporating it into teaching-learning

activities can be used to describe the new norm in

education (Shenoy et.al., 2020).

Bhatia, S.

The Trends, Challenges & Initiatives of Digital Transformation of Indian Education.

DOI: 10.5220/0012501600003792

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 1st Pamir Transboundary Conference for Sustainable Societies (PAMIR 2023), pages 699-707

ISBN: 978-989-758-687-3

699

There is no doubt that the digital transformation of

education has intensified due to the Covid-19

pandemic, however, online education is only one

example of how digital technologies are being used to

alter the teaching and learning process.

There are close to a billion people in India who are

connected online, and various digital technologies are

penetrating their lives more and more each day. There

is a lot of room for improvement in the education of

students in the industry of education as well. At many

levels of schooling, the use of digital and live virtual

classrooms has increased in recent years. Students

and teachers will have the flexibility to attend the

session at any time and gain the superior

understanding by utilizing open educational

resources. At the same time, augmented reality and

virtual reality concepts have begun so that students

can understand the concept in a real-world setting and

to increase accountability and involvement in

learning.

Institutions now see the advantages of the digital

education system, notwithstanding Covid-19's

requirement that they adopt a digital strategy.

Nowadays, educational institutions welcome the use

of cutting-edge technologies.

2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To understand the major trends and technologies

enabling the digital transformation of education

2. To study the expectations and challenges of the

digital transformation of the educational system.

3. To understand the Government’s outlook &

initiatives towards digital education in India.

2.1 Digital Transformation &

Education

Digital transformation is the process of updating

resources and processes to raise the bar for instruction

and learning for all parties involved in education.

Focus of the educational digital revolution is majorly

on the following two points:

2.1.1 Accessibility

Digital technology make learning materials more

accessible to learners like students and employees at

lower costs than they would be with traditional

schooling. People from different financial

backgrounds and walks of life can access lessons and

resources online. Thanks to innovations like text-to-

speech, because of which the challenges for students

with impairments have been eliminated.

2.1.2 Enhanced Engagement

Interactive education: A variety of learning forms,

including microlessons, films, interactive exams,

games, etc., are transforming education. For example,

engaging linguistics applications like, Duolingo

claims to connect with US students who are interested

in learning other languages.

Adaptive learning, which allows each learner to

pursue their own learning path, is made possible by

computer technology and artificial intelligence (AI).

Two of the most significant repercussions of the

pandemic are distant learning and school closures,

which highlight how crucial it is to integrate digital

technology into education as soon as possible. The

education sector was already going through a digital

revolution prior to the outbreak. The reports by

HolonIQ clearly demonstrates that between 2010 and

2019, the amount invested in worldwide education

technology venture capital rose from $500 million to

$7 billion, and the staggering effect of the pandemic

almost tripled the investments in 2021.

2.2 Research Methodology

The major goal of qualitative research methodologies

is to understand behaviour and interrelationships by

portraying a complete picture of the subject. The

secondary data provide the main foundation of the

study. The literature review method was used for the

research for this work. The data for the research was

gathered from current online literature, relevant

research journals, periodicals, and magazines.

Several government reports have also been

considered for the study.

3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Pulkit (2020) in his paper, explained the current

educational system. India, according to his writing, is

a major player in the global education sector. More

than 260 million students attend more than 1.5 million

schools across the country, which also contains more

than 800 institutions and 65,000 colleges. However,

there is a lot of room for ongoing development in the

educational system. Given that India has the largest

number of people in their tertiary years and the

second-largest pool of graduates worldwide, the

Indian education sector is prepared to experience

tremendous growth in the next years.

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(Kumar Jha, n.d.)India needs excellent infrastructure

to support digital education. This will result in a

significant increase in investment in democratic

governance and infrastructure for the education

sector. The study outlined the various issues facing

digital education in India as well as potential

solutions.

(Ravi et al., n.d.) concluded that the educational

applications of the Digital India Project have greater

effects on social, economic, financial, and

educational activities. Numerous widely used

programmes, like eScholarship, Digilocker, and

SWAYAM, have greatly aided in the rise of digital

literacy among students, youth, and job seekers in our

nation.

(DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN EDUCATION

SECTOR: THE WAY FORWARD FOR INDIA,

2021a)Stakeholders in education are expected to

embrace change with optimism and stay up with

technological advancements. The government should

place a high premium on providing instructors and

students with appropriate training. The integration of

digital tools into the educational system should be the

main emphasis of researchers and educators.

Faculty and students were compelled to adjust to

changes such as institution closures, online

communication and learning, a shift in learning from

the classroom to the home, individualized learning,

online examination formats, etc. while taking social

distance norms into consideration (Dhawan,2020)

Reimagining the role of online learning in the Indian

educational system and incorporating it into teaching-

learning activities can be used to describe the new

norm in education (Shenoy et al, 2020).

An important turning point in the digital revolution of

education toward Education 4.0 can be seen in the

COVID-19 epidemic. In order to personalize the

teaching and learning process, educators, students,

and educational institutions are facing an accelerated

shift to a new educational paradigm that heavily relies

on the use of various digital technologies, such as data

analytics to generate knowledge and information

from large volumes of data (Big Data). But this new

paradigm also calls for new organisational structures,

creative pedagogies, and social, interpersonal, and

cognitive abilities from both instructors and students.

(Katyeudo & de Souza, 2022). Digital economy and

education 4.0 Employment needs are shifting away

from knowledge (concepts and theories) and towards

the use of digital skills, information, and technology

in an interoperable way. The new educational

paradigm is being driven by Education 4.0 and is

predicated on the need to upgrade and requalify,

unlearn and relearn, and apply appropriate skills

(Hong & Ma, 2020).

The development of online education is inextricably

linked to meticulous planning and the creation of

effective teaching tools. However, due to the

overwhelming and rapid growth, the entrance of

universities to online education is in doubt due to the

lack of a solid plan, design, and development of

online instructional programmes. (Li et al., 2021) One

only needs to consider the dominance of ID and

design and evaluation platforms as the only platforms

for instructional design, delivery, and assessment to

see how crucial instructional technology has been to

education in aiding in the alleviation of the

consequences of this global pandemic.

(Agarwal & Sharma, 2020) In order to comprehend

how COVID-19 has influenced the digital

transformation of the education sector, secondary

research was conducted for this study. The study

looked into how, during the COVID-19 lockdown,

the educational sector adapted the usage of virtual

resources. The assessment of secondary data sources

served as the study's foundation. The shutdown

inspired the development of virtual learning, the

usage of open-source software and educational

websites, and ultimately the industry's shift to online

education.

(Jinal Jani and Girish Tere, 2015) The government of

India's Digital India strategy will determine how far

digital education may progress in the nation. The

"Digital India Drive" was started by the Indian

government in an effort to use digital technology to

empower society at large. It will support the use of

information technology by government agencies and

help execute a number of government programmes

and services. Digital India will facilitate the creation

of jobs by offering digital lockers, high-speed

internet, and other services. The development of

digital infrastructure, online resource and service

delivery, and digital education are the three primary

pillars of the "Digital India" initiative.

4 DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

IN EDUCATION: THE

TRENDING TECHNOLOGIES

4.1 Artificial Intelligence

Applications using artificial intelligence can

complete simple but time-consuming activities in the

field of education, reducing the strain of teachers or

other staff members. They can also be utilised to give

The Trends, Challenges & Initiatives of Digital Transformation of Indian Education

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pupils a better, more personalised learning

experience. Among the applications are:

Increasing academic performance of the students

Students with hearing impairment benefit from voice-

to-text systems that convert lectures into notes.

Text-to-voice technology enables dyslexic kids to

learn more successfully by writing instead of reading.

In order to determine a student's preferred method of

learning and adjust the curriculum accordingly,

personalised learning may employ a variety of

technologies, including AI. Examples of teaching

strategies that integrate in-person instruction with

online learning resources and promote students'

discovery learning include blended learning and

adaptive learning.

Increasing the productivity of the staff

Chatbots with artificial intelligence to answer

inquiries regarding classes, homework, the campus,

etc. College students can use chatbots as virtual

advisors, freeing up instructors' time.

Chatbots for particular domains: The application

process for college is challenging and stressful for

high school students. College counsellors only have

so much time to help so many students. Chatbots

designed specifically for the admissions process can

assist students during this difficult and crucial

procedure.

Back-office operations like finance are also present in

educational businesses. Back-office function

inefficiencies can be found with the aid of process

mining.

Support workers can save time by using individual

automation technologies like RPA or by integrating

numerous automation technologies (also known as

hyper automation).

4.1.1 Analytics

With the help of digital technologies, schools may

gather and examine a variety of data on their kids'

performance in order to track and improve it. They

can identify areas where students struggle and

succeed, create new approaches, and verify whether

these ways produce the desired results using standard

and advanced analytics.

4.2 Virtual or Augmented Reality

Students can be better engaged in the subject by using

augmented reality and virtual reality (AR/VR) technologies

to build interactive and virtual settings. These technologies

can support learning-by-doing in the practical sciences and

in health, as well as virtual field trips to historical sites.

With AR/VR technology, the experience of remote learning

can also be enhanced.

4.3 Internet of Things (IoT)

By facilitating real-time communication and data transfer,

the usage of cell phones and other cutting-edge technology

is increasing, which improves connections between

students and their educational institutions. The presence or

absence of young children from class may be tracked using

IoT devices, which can also notify teachers and parents to

ensure their safety.

4.4 Online Education

Schools and colleges used Skype or Zoom to offer distance

learning as a last resort in response to the pandemic.

Institutions of higher learning can create their own online

course management systems and include them into their

websites or online platforms. They will be able to adjust the

online learning environment to meet the needs of the

students or the course's content as a result.

4.5 Smart Classrooms

Face-to-face learning has also been boosted by digital

technologies. Smart classrooms with smart boards, laptops,

internet connections, projectors, etc. open up new

possibilities for providing students with educational tools

that were previously impractical with a blackboard and

chalks.

Apart from the above technologies, (Mhlanga,2023),

reviewed that the extraordinary invention of OpenAI,

ChatGPT, is set to have a significant impact on the

education market in emerging nations, where access to

possibilities for high-quality education is frequently

limited. As per him, our relationship with technology has

been significantly changed by OpenAI, an AI-focused

technology business. ChatGPT, a huge language model

with several features including query response and text

generation, stands out among its impressive improvements.

Particularly in the education sector in emerging nations,

there has been a significant increase in interest in the

potential benefits of OpenAI and ChatGPT

CHALLENGES OF THE

DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

IN EDUCATION

There are many evident & apparent advantages which the

digital transformation brings to the education sector.

Collaborative learning, future oriented curriculums,

increasing parent-teacher engagement, monitoring of

student performance, enhanced outcomes using data

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analytics are few of them. But, besides having so many

advantages, the education sector still face many challenges.

The major challenges are discussed below

5.1 Challenges with Regards to

Resource Availability & Internet

Connectivity

Poor internet connectivity in rural and some urban regions

is one of India's

biggest obstacles to digital education. In

India, the vast majority of people still do not have access to

the internet, and many individuals living in rural areas do

not even know the fundamentals of digital technology. It

takes fresh ideas to make digital education more resilient

and dynamic.

5.2 Lack of Qualified Teachers

One major obstacle to the use of digital education is a lack

of knowledge and abilities. Teachers with professional

training in digital technology are hard to come by. Some

academic institutions in rural areas have college professors

and teachers that are not interested in using digital

technologies in the classroom. They prefer the more

traditional teaching methods of using chalk and a

chalkboard since they feel that the digital media

communicates a lot of information to the pupils at once.

Because they believe that these disruptive technologies

would eventually completely replace them, in remote

places, older teachers and elementary teachers are reluctant

to use digital tools for digital education in the classroom and

to attend training.

5.3 Challenge Related with Language

& Content

Language is one of the main barriers preventing digital

education in India from progressing. Since there are many

different regional languages spoken throughout the nation

in various states, getting digital material into all of these

languages might be difficult for organisations.

5.4 Equipment Upgrades and

Maintenance Issues with Digital

Devices

One of the biggest challenges in some areas of India is

keeping digital equipment updated and maintained.

Government funding limits play a significant role in this.

Rural schools' digital education initiatives do not support

themselves. The government initially created a number of

programmes to advance digital education, but subsequently

they were not given the attention needed to maintain the

technology, which has a negative impact on the growth of

digital education in rural areas.

5.5 Lack of Adequate Funds

Utilizing the best and most up-to-date hardware and

software on the market is a key component of digital

education. Digital technology integration into educational

systems is a challenging task in developing nations like

India since it requires significant funding and infrastructure.

Through the Digital India plan, the government committed

to finance the implementation of technology; yet,

sometimes, the insufficient

funding may result in redundant

and antiquated infrastructure and equipment in rural

schools

5.6 Digital Literacy of All the

Stakeholders

The level of digital literacy among all stakeholders is a

major issue. Students, alumni, professors, administrators,

parents, corporates, and society, among others, all come

from different backgrounds and use technology in different

ways. The capacity of these various stakeholders to adopt

new technologies and utilise them effectively is crucial to

the success of a digital strategy.

5.7 Meeting the Dynamic Needs of the

Students

Meeting the students' changing needs and expectations is

another challenge. With elements like the digitalization of

administrative processes, unrestricted 24-hour access to all

information and services utilising numerous platforms, or

digital curriculum, students are increasingly demanding an

upgrade in the "basics" of their experience. The student

experience is one of the key drivers of digital

transformation, thus choosing the appropriate digital

strategy that fits their demands is essential.

5.8 Creation of a Strategic Vision for

Digital Transformation

Educational institutions require a strategic vision so that the

entire organisation can work together to achieve the digital

efforts. Strong leadership and a specialised staff that can

confidently present and carry out their plans are crucial for

this. The team and stakeholders will be more engaged and

invested in the process of digital transformation if there is a

clear vision.

5.8.1 Other Challenges

The usage of digital technology is expanding, and

everything is becoming more connected, which poses new

issues for security, compliance, data protection, and

legislation. The digitization of data and the automation of

business operations can boost organisations' agility, but

they also considerably raise cybersecurity risks and threat

levels. Another difficult task is putting integrated digital

The Trends, Challenges & Initiatives of Digital Transformation of Indian Education

703

projects into practise, which can only be done with the aid

of a framework.

6 GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES

TOWARDS DIGITAL

TRANSFORMATION IN THE

INDIAN EDUCATION

The Indian government is developing digital pedagogy for

e-learning as part of a long-term plan for the education

sector. It has aided in the development of a new, non-school

learning era. In order to develop an improved learning

environment for the students, the concept of learning by all,

with all, and for all is currently being worked on by the

Ministry of Education.

To address digital education with fair learning in India, the

government has launched a number of programmes

including Digital Education Guidelines with criteria.

The method of education known as "digital education"

makes significant use of technology and digital

technologies. This extensive and technologically advanced

educational paradigm enables students to learn from any

location in the nation. Through its many programmes, the

government has put up a number of avenues for wide

sources of digital education. Every State/UT has

implemented a variety of actions that are inclusive to close

the digital divide and increase student digital literacy. To

boost digital education, several state governments have

started handing out cell phones and tablets.

With a transformational move of introduction of NEP, the

Indian education sector expects a lot of hope. With NEP,

the government is aiming to lay down a systematic

framework towards a holistic approach to education with

emphasis on skill development. Due to the nearly year-

round lockdown, a change of this significance would

require the active and ongoing involvement of all

stakeholders, which was not possible. A significant

endeavour is the National Digital Educational Architecture

(NDEAR), which aims to make it easier to employ digital

architecture in educational planning, governance, and

administrative tasks for the Centre, the States/Union

Territories, as well as teaching and learning activities. By

giving them the technological and digital assistance

required for them to receive education with just a single

click utilising digital tools, the Indian government is

committed to improving and providing for every child in

the nation's remote locations in terms of education. The

government of India has modernised and revitalised the

education system with its ICT initiatives.

In addition to closing the digital divide, it has been crucial

in demonstrating the excellence and digital reach of its

programmes for a better tomorrow for the students in our

nation.

7 DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION

No industry was spared from the pandemic's effects, and

India's education and skill development sector was no

exception. The acceptance of technology and the creation

of fresh methods of teaching and learning were the only

bright spots in a world beset by numerous unforeseen

obstacles. In India, close to a third of schools had

successfully given classes online. But during the lockdown,

more than two thirds of India's 1.5 million schools were

closed.

The pandemic's impact on learning loss of the students is

astounding. In order to determine the degree of learning loss

among children in 44 districts across India in grades two

through six, a survey was published in 2021. The findings

revealed that over 82% of people had forgotten their

fundamental math skills and over 92.2% had forgotten their

fundamental language skills.

The socio-emotional health of the pupils was also

impacted by the closing of the schools. The prevalence of

poor mental health was estimated to be 33% among

children aged 5 to 13 and 14 to 18 years old.

The learning difference between the genders widened. Due

to the pandemic, about 10 million girls in India are going to

stop attending school.

But in spite of a number of challenges, the digital

transformation brought a number of opportunities for the

education sector. Technology adoption and a sizable

emphasis on skill development and upskilling in the

education sector, which is undergoing upheaval, were seen

in 2021. With a transformational move of introduction of

NEP, the Indian education sector expects a lot of hope.

Due to the adoption of technology for teaching and

learning, the pandemic also sped up the growth of EdTech

enterprises. In 2021, they kept expanding and underwent

some intriguing changes. This year's rise of EdTech

businesses was also fueled by the shifting skill requirements

of the workforces in various industries. Let's examine some

of the major developments in edtech:

In tier II and III cities, many educational institutions

adopted digital technology in 2021 as the standard for

hybrid or online teaching and learning, as well as for

content creation and as a delivery method for instruction.

The "personalization" of learning is a further trend that has

plagued the Indian EdTech sector. The "Personalised

Adaptive Learning (PAL)" technologies were used by both

public and private institutions to mass-customize learning.

The necessity to create vernacular material to appeal to a

larger group of consumers and students from tier II and tier

III cities was immediately recognised by Indian EdTech

players as well.

Additionally, EdTech has a big impact on higher education.

In a study conducted in 2021, 31% of respondents stated

that they felt stuck as a result of the pandemic, while 65%

of those surveyed claimed to have engaged in upskilling

courses in the preceding year to further their professions.

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Data & AI (48%) Project Management and Scrum (34%),

Cloud Computing/DevOps (32%), and Digital Marketing

(32%) were the most popular courses (21 per cent).

Even though the pandemic era had its share of

difficulties, it has also gave rise to a number of

opportunities for both public and private institutions in the

industry. Infrastructure, hardware, and application

suppliers in the EdTech space, in particular, anticipated

substantial revenues. In this area, it also witnessed the

emergence of numerous unicorns and "Soonicorns," which

sparked a flurry of investment activity. The education

system is on the verge of revolution, driven by a policy that

looks to the future, from accelerating the adoption of

technology to focusing on skilling and upskilling. This may

very well be the foundation for India to truly become a

knowledge economy in the future years. According to

previous researches, it is important to embrace technology

responsibly and with a thorough awareness of its

consequences, even though the new trends have the ability

to alter education in developing countries. Some of the

negative effects of technology on education that should be

reduced are a lack of data privacy, unequal access to

technology, and the need for educators to refresh their

skills. Future suggestions include more study to

comprehend the effects of cutting-edge technologies on

schooling in developing countries. It's critical to make sure

that the positive impacts of these technologies are

maximised while the bad ones are kept to a minimum. The

ultimate objective should be to employ AI to provide

everyone access to more effective and equitable educational

opportunities. The education as a sector has no doubt

transformed tremendously after the Covid pandemic & the

comprehensive impact is now being witnessed. The

technologies adopted in this sector has revolutionised

access to information by offering a wide range of tools and

resources, including e-learning platforms, tools for student

interaction in the classroom, and chances for skill

development and continuous learning in higher education.

Furthermore, the industry's development has been

expedited by favourable government policies and

technological advancements resulting from widespread

internet usage and the introduction of 5G.

Without a doubt, the new National Education Policy

(NEP) will lead to substantial improvements in the field of

education. The next several years will see a significant push

towards STEM-based learning as skill-based education

gains momentum. Many targeted policy advancements

have been made with an eye towards tech-enabled solutions

in the field of education, with the goal of promoting

inclusivity in terms of access to high-quality teaching

techniques and fostering digital literacy. With the growing

popularity of experiential learning, all school curricula will

undergo significant adjustments as NEP sets off on its

journey. Soon, educational institutions will begin

introducing initiatives whose main objective is to make

learning enjoyable.

Educators and lawmakers have learned from the

COVID-19 epidemic, and it has set a precedent for the

foreseeable future. The efficient policies and strategies put

in place now will provide the groundwork for the Indian

educational system's future resilience to crises without

experiencing major disruptions. It has also aided in

our realization that education need not be a rigid, one-way

process. Despite the significant change brought about by

technology and recent legislative reforms like the NEP,

EdTech will remain essential to society and provide a

strong foundation for the coming generation. It's time to

embrace the cutting-edge developments in education that

technology is bringing about and to look forward to a

prosperous and progressive future.

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