Implementing Public Transportation Policies by Train
and the Dilemma of Commuter Line Imports
on Providing for the Demands of the People in Jabodetabek
Sisman Prasetyo
1
, Martin Purnama Chandra
2
, Siti Nur Laila Basir
1
and Asmi Rezkiah Tanjung
1
1
Department of Public Administration, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Jakarta, Indonesia
2
Department of International Relations, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Jakarta, Indonesia
Keywords: Commuter Line, Jabodetabek, Policy, Public Transportation, Train.
Abstract: Effective public transportation policy implementation is essential to meeting society's increasing and rapidly
growing needs. Consequently, the performance of public transportation in life has become a crucial
necessity, especially for metropolitan areas that affect all aspects of life. The importance of public
transportation is reflected in the increase in population and residential development in big cities. Public
authority as a necessity may emerge to ensure the accessibility of public transport and the framework used
by the local area. This research aims to analyze: i). The dilemma faced by the government in meeting the
transportation needs of the people in Jabodetabek by importing commuter lines; ii). The government's
challenges in implementing an efficient policy; iii). The propose strategies to overcome these challenges
effectively. Of course, the researcher is in line with the Minister of Transportation Regulation No. 47 of
2014 concerning Minimum Service Standards for Transportation of People by Train. Researchers gather
information through perceptions and break it down by source triangulation. The examination was dissected
by policy implementation theory. The findings of this research contribute to a better understanding of the
complex dynamics involved in implementing public transportation policies and offer insights for
policymakers and urban planners in the same context.
1 INTRODUCTION
A reliable public transportation framework is crucial
for the improvement of a country. Adequate public
transportation is essential because the proportion of
private vehicles and their followers is not connected,
making public transportation the preferred choice for
people to move from one place to another, such as
Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi. The
Jabodetabek area has the highest population mobility
in Indonesia, with over 25 million people
consistently engaging in activities there. As the
capital city and the centre of governance and
commerce, Jakarta has become the primary
destination for Jabodetabek residents. Traffic
congestion remains an ongoing issue.
The high level of local area flexibility must be
balanced with improved public transportation
modes, such as the issuance of Minister of
Transportation Regulation No. 47 of 2014 Regarding
Minimum Service Principles for Individual by Train
Transportation. The rail-based public transportation
system, particularly the Commuter Line, serves the
residents of Jabodetabek with high carrying
capacity. With its fast travel time, affordable fares,
and high capacity, the KRL has become the
preferred mode of public transportation, resulting in
a significant increase in the number of users. The
improvement of the Jabodetabek Commuter Line is
carried out by PT. Kereta Api Indonesia and PT.
Kereta Commuter Indonesia, the operator of the
Commuter Line.
Considering the Guidelines of the Minister of
Transportation No. 54 of 2013 (Perhubungan et al.,
2013), the development process of the public
transportation system in the Jabodetabek area is
mainly focused on improving the mass public
transportation system that can serve a large number
of commuters. The development direction of the
mass public transportation system prioritizes the
utilization of railway lines in the Jabodetabek area as
a means of commuter movement. Railways are
considered a strategic mode of public transportation
Prasetyo, S., Chandra, M., Basir, S. and Tanjung, A.
Implementing Public Transportation Policies by Train and the Dilemma of Commuter Line Imports on Providing for the Demands of the People in Jabodetabek.
DOI: 10.5220/0012581000003821
Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
In Proceedings of the 4th International Seminar and Call for Paper (ISCP UTA ’45 JAKARTA 2023), pages 77-83
ISBN: 978-989-758-691-0; ISSN: 2828-853X
Proceedings Copyright © 2024 by SCITEPRESS Science and Technology Publications, Lda.
77
that can reduce urban congestion. The Commuter
Line Jabodetabek is the only rail-based public
transportation mode that serves the public
transportation needs in the Jabodetabek area.
However, just like other modes of public
transportation, the KRL Commuter Line also has its
own set of issues. One of the problems experienced
is the overcrowding felt by Commuter Line users.
The perception and experience of overcrowding can
impact the comfort of passengers, especially people
with disabilities. Often, obstacles arise due to system
disruptions or technical issues, resulting in departure
and arrival schedules needing to be met, thus failing
to provide the ideal support.
As the most extensive mode of mass
transportation, the train heavily emphasises the well-
being of its passengers. One of the indicators of
passenger well-being is their comfort when using
public transportation services. Comfort within the
train carriages is crucial in satisfying customers'
experience with the train service. Overcrowding,
especially during peak hours, is one of the main
reasons for discomfort among train passengers. A
train that is too crowded can create its own set of
pressures on its passengers. The density of
passengers is caused by the overwhelming number
of users and the suboptimal capacity of the train
facilities to accommodate them.
PT. Kereta Commuter Jabodetabek (PT. KCJ)
plans to expand its followers to two million
individuals. The estimated optimal train density can
benefit the railway service provider and its followers
by maximizing the carrying capacity without
causing discomfort to the passengers. Following the
implementation of this policy, there has been an
increase in the number of Commuter Line
passengers.
Source: databoks-katadata
Figure 1.
Indonesia has consistently experienced
population growth, as evidenced by the population
mentioned earlier. In the first half of 2022, the
population of Indonesia increased by 0.54%
compared to the second half of 2021, rising from
273,879,750 to 275,361,267. As a result, Indonesia
ranks as the fourth-most populous country in the
world (Prayogo & Indira Hasmarini, 2022).
The policy regarding the Commuter Line mode
is considered successful as it serves as an additional
public transportation option to alleviate traffic
congestion caused by private vehicles. It has
managed to attract a relatively large number of
passengers, and the community believes that this
type of public transportation is the most suitable
choice due to its perceived effectiveness and
efficiency compared to other modes of public
transportation. However, there is room for
improvement in various aspects to maintain overall
usage and enhance service quality to achieve
maximum satisfaction.
2 LITERATUR REVIEW
Public transportation plays a crucial role in urban
areas, addressing the increasing demands of the
people for efficient and sustainable mobility options.
In the context of Jabodetabek, which refers to the
urban area surrounding Jakarta, the capital city of
Indonesia, the importance of public transportation
becomes even more evident due to the region's high
population density and traffic congestion. This
literature review aims to examine the public
transportation policies by train and the dilemma of
commuter line imports in providing for the demands
of the people in Jabodetabek.
Sustainable transport systems are more easily
realized in a transport system based on the use of
public transport compared to a system based on the
use of private vehicles. Sustainable transportation
systems are a new order of transportation systems in
the current era of globalization. The issue of
transportation is an issue that requires attention and
studies from various scientific perspectives
(Schipper, 2002). In the beginning, the government
wants to implement a sustainable transportation
system.
The Jabodetabek region is home to over 30
million people, making it one of the most densely
populated areas in the world. With such a large
population, the need for efficient and reliable public
transportation is paramount to alleviate traffic
congestion and provide accessible mobility options
for the residents. Currently, the public transportation
system in Jabodetabek consists of various modes,
including buses, trains, and the Mass Rapid Transit
259
261
264
267
269 271 272
275
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Population of Indonesia (million)
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78
(MRT) system. There are two essentials material we
should understand in this research:
1. Train-based Public Transportation
Train-based public transportation has emerged hgas
a crucial component of the overall transportation
system in Jabodetabek. The commuter line, operated
by PT Kereta Commuter Indonesia (KCI), serves as
the backbone of the train-based public transportation
system, connecting Jakarta with its satellite cities.
The commuter line has gained popularity due to its
reliability, affordability, and capacity to transport a
large number of passengers.
The commuter line system in Jabodetabek has
been facing challenges in meeting the demands of
the people due to capacity constraints. The existing
infrastructure and rolling stock have needed help to
accommodate the growing number of passengers,
leading to overcrowding during peak hours. The
situation calls for the need to expand the capacity of
the commuter line system by increasing the number
of trains and improving existing infrastructure.
One of the dilemmas in providing for the
demands of the people in Jabodetabek is the region's
dependency on imported trains. Currently, the
majority of the trains used in the commuter line
system are imported from countries such as Japan
and South Korea. This dependency poses challenges
in terms of maintenance, spare parts availability, and
technological compatibility. Furthermore, it raises
questions about the long-term sustainability and
economic viability of relying on imported trains.
2. Evaluating Public Transportation Policies
To address the challenges of capacity constraints,
the government of Indonesia has been investing in
the development of new infrastructure for the
commuter line system. Projects such as the Jakarta-
Bandung high-speed rail and the Jakarta LRT (Light
Rail Transit) aim to expand the capacity and
coverage of the public transportation network. These
infrastructure developments are expected to alleviate
the strain on the existing system and provide better
connectivity for the people in Jabodetabek.
To build a sustainable public transport system, it
is necessary to revitalize all aspects related to public
transport. All aspects related to public
transportation. State theorists and analysts avoid
debate on whether the function of the State can be
reduced to the need for capital as an end in itself, as
expressed by Althusser. End, as Althusser expressed.
So, state theorists believe that one can only study the
modern State by examining capital as much as one
can study the economy without examining the
function of the State economy without examining
the function of the State (Skocpol, 2014). Society, as
an object, is the determinant in determining the
policies made by the State, especially those related
to the welfare of its people. Efforts to improve the
welfare of its people.
Taking into account the existing macro
conditions, especially the influence of the
globalization climate, the transportation issues into
service needs or accessibility that the State must
provide. State. Transportation accessibility has
become essential along with the increasing
civilization of mankind. Civilization. Empirically,
the development of human life and advances in
transportation technology affect regional social and
economic changes. Affect regional social and
economic changes. As Cooley stated that:
The character of transportation as a whole and in
detail, at any particular time and throughout its
history, is altogether determined by its inter-relations
with physical and social forces and conditions. To
understand transportation means to analyze these
inter-relations. So far, attention has been fixed as
much as possible on the more straightforward and
more apparent conditions, the physical. We now
approach the more complex question of the social
relations of transportation. The need for the
movement of things and persons underlies every
kind of social organization and every institution
(Hicks, 1894).”
The State plays an essential role in public
transportation. Recent decades have seen a
tremendous political-economic shift towards a
minimal role for the State while at the same time
reaching a maximum role for business. When public
bodies manage the public interest, services to the
public will inevitably be based on the ability to pay.
They are inevitably based on the ability to pay rather
than based on respect for the rights of citizens. For
the rights of citizens. Companies provide services to
the public only if they can make a profit, and
companies cannot be held responsible for the fate of
citizens who do not get public services (Santosa,
2009). State independence, as a demand and need for
industrialization and economic development,
requires new alliances between the State and socio-
political socio-economic forces both at the national
and international levels. The State as an independent
power becomes a subject that has interests that are
different from the interests of the existing social
forces in society (Shin, 1989: 7).
To reduce import dependency and promote
domestic manufacturing capabilities, the government
has also initiated efforts to encourage the local
production of trains. The establishment of the PT
Implementing Public Transportation Policies by Train and the Dilemma of Commuter Line Imports on Providing for the Demands of the
People in Jabodetabek
79
Industri Kereta Api (INKA) train manufacturing
plant in Madiun, East Java, is a significant step in
this direction. By producing trains locally, Indonesia
aims to enhance its self-sufficiency in the
transportation sector, reduce costs, and create
employment opportunities.
Lessons from Other Countries To gain insights
into addressing the challenges faced in Jabodetabek's
public transportation system, it is helpful to examine
the experiences of other countries. For example, in
Japan, the introduction of advanced signalling
systems and the use of double-decker trains have
significantly increased the capacity and efficiency of
their commuter rail networks. Similarly, in South
Korea, the development of integrated transportation
systems, including seamless connections between
different modes, has improved the overall
commuting experience for the people.
A good literature review should not merely
provide a summary of previous relevant research;
the researcher is also expected to critically evaluate,
re- organize and synthesize the work of others
(Leedy & Ormrod, 2015)
3 METHODS
This research paper employs a comprehensive
literature review to gather relevant information
regarding public transportation policies, train
infrastructure, the importation of commuter lines,
and the transportation challenges faced in
Jabodetabek. Additionally, data analysis is
conducted to examine the current state of
transportation systems in the region and evaluate the
potential impact of importing commuter lines on
meeting the people's demands. In this review, the
author utilizes two types of information for data
collection: specific information obtained from
interviews with key informants and additional
details from documentation.
The data collection methods employed in this
research include meeting procedures, perception
techniques, and documentation. The researcher
adopts the information inspection technique based
on the ideas proposed by Miles and Huberman,
which states that data analysis consists of three
concurrent processes: data reduction, data display,
and conclusion drawing/verification. To ensure the
validity of the information in this study, the
researcher employs the technique of source
triangulation.
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The analysis of the current state of public
transportation in Jabodetabek reveals several
challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, lack
of coordination between different transportation
modes, and increasing traffic congestion. The
existing commuter lines cannot cater to the growing
population, resulting in overcrowding and
discomfort for commuters. The importation of
additional commuter trains could address these
issues by increasing capacity and improving service
quality. However, this approach poses funding,
maintenance, and long-term sustainability
challenges. The quantitative analysis indicates that
the demand for public transportation in Jabodetabek
is expected to rise significantly in the coming years,
necessitating the expansion of the train system.
PT. Kereta Commuter Jabodetabek (KCJ) has
implemented several strategies. One of these
strategies is to increase the frequency of train
departures during peak hours. By doing so, more
individuals can be transported efficiently, reducing
overcrowding and ensuring a smoother commuting
experience—additionally, PT. KCJ has also made
efforts to improve the overall quality of its services
by upgrading the train facilities and implementing
stricter maintenance protocols.
Another essential aspect of PT. KCJ's expansion
plan is the improvement of passenger information
systems. Real-time updates regarding train
schedules, delays, and service disruptions are crucial
in providing a seamless commuting experience. PT.
KCJ has made significant technological investments
to ensure passengers can access accurate and up-to-
date information.
To further enhance the commuting experience,
PT. KCJ has also emphasized the importance of
cleanliness and hygiene. Regular cleaning and
maintenance of trains and stations are conducted to
provide passengers with a comfortable and pleasant
environment—additionally, PT. KCJ has
implemented waste management systems to ensure
stations remain clean and litter-free.
Furthermore, PT. KCJ has recognized the need
for accessibility improvements for individuals with
disabilities. Efforts have been made to make stations
and trains more accessible, including installing
ramps and elevators, by providing equal access to
public transportation, PT. KCJ aims to create an
inclusive computing environment for all individuals.
In terms of ticketing, PT. KCJ has introduced
various options to make it more convenient for
passengers. Implementing electronic ticketing
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systems has simplified purchasing, reducing the
need for physical tickets. This mechanism not only
saves time for passengers but also reduces paper
waste
To ensure the safety of its passengers, PT. KCJ
has also implemented security measures. CCTV
cameras are installed in trains and stations to
monitor any suspicious activities. Additionally,
security personnel are present to provide assistance
and maintain order. These measures aim to create a
safe and secure commuting environment for all
passengers.
Traffic congestion is a significant issue in
Jabodetabek, causing economic losses,
environmental pollution, and reduced quality of life
for its residents. Implementing public transportation
policies that prioritize trains can help alleviate this
congestion. Trains are capable of carrying a large
number of passengers, reducing the number of
private vehicles on the road. In turn, it eases traffic
flow and reduces travel times for commuters.
Public transportation policies focused on train
systems can significantly improve mobility and
accessibility in Jabodetabek. Trains provide a faster
and more efficient mode of transportation, especially
for longer distances. By connecting various parts of
the region, train systems can enable residents to
access education, employment, and other essential
services more efficiently. This improved mobility
can enhance economic opportunities and overall
quality of life for the people in Jabodetabek.
The Commuter Line Network is a vital
component of the public transportation system in
Jabodetabek. It consists of multiple train lines that
connect Jakarta with its surrounding areas. The
network is operated by PT Kereta Commuter
Indonesia (KCI), a subsidiary of PT Kereta Api
Indonesia (KAI). The Commuter Line Network
plays a crucial role in providing transportation
options for residents and reducing reliance on
private vehicles.
One of the primary challenges faced in the
acquisition and import of commuter lines is ensuring
compatibility with the existing infrastructure.
Jabodetabek already has an extensive network of
railways and stations that need to be considered
when introducing new trains. The dimensions,
technical specifications, and operational
requirements of the imported trains must align with
the infrastructure to ensure seamless integration.
Compatibility issues can arise if the imported
trains have different track gauges, signalling
systems, or power supply requirements. Such
discrepancies would require substantial
modifications to the existing infrastructure, leading
to delays and increased costs. Therefore, careful
planning and coordination between the government,
transportation authorities, and train manufacturers
are necessary to ensure that the acquired commuter
lines are compatible with the existing infrastructure.
Another significant challenge in the acquisition
and import of commuter lines is addressing language
and cultural differences. Indonesia is a diverse
country with various languages and cultural
practices. When importing trains from foreign
countries, there may be language barriers between
the train manufacturers and the local authorities
responsible for handling the import process.
Effective communication is crucial to overcome
these language barriers and ensure that the import
process proceeds smoothly. Hiring translators or
interpreters who are proficient in the languages of
both parties can help bridge the communication gap.
Additionally, cultural differences should be taken
into account to avoid any misunderstandings or
conflicts during the import process. Understanding
and respecting each other's cultural norms and
practices can facilitate a more efficient and
collaborative import process.
Logistics management is another critical aspect
of the acquisition and import of commuter lines in
Jabodetabek. The transportation of trains from their
country of origin to Indonesia involves intricate
logistical arrangements. Coordinating the shipment,
handling customs procedures, and ensuring the safe
and timely delivery of the trains are all complex
tasks that require meticulous planning and
execution.
Delays in transportation can have significant
implications, including project delays and increased
costs. Therefore, efficient logistics management is
crucial to minimize disruptions and ensure a smooth
import process. Collaborating with experienced
logistics providers who specialize in transporting
heavy equipment, such as trains, can help streamline
the process and mitigate potential challenges.
Safety is of utmost importance when it comes to
the acquisition and import of commuter lines. The
imported trains must comply with the safety
standards and regulations set by the Indonesian
government and international bodies. These
standards encompass various aspects, including
structural integrity, fire safety, emergency systems,
and passenger comfort.
Before importing the trains, thorough inspections
and audits should be conducted to ensure that they
meet the required safety standards. Any non-
compliance issues should be addressed promptly to
Implementing Public Transportation Policies by Train and the Dilemma of Commuter Line Imports on Providing for the Demands of the
People in Jabodetabek
81
avoid potential risks to passengers and
infrastructure. Collaborating with reputable train
manufacturers who have a proven track record of
producing safe and reliable commuter lines is crucial
to ensuring compliance with safety standards.
Financing the acquisition and import of
commuter lines can pose significant challenges. The
cost of purchasing and importing trains, along with
the associated infrastructure modifications, can be
substantial. Securing adequate funding for these
projects is crucial to ensure their successful
implementation.
The Indonesian government, in collaboration
with international financial institutions, can play a
crucial role in providing financial support for these
projects. Exploring various financing options, such
as public-private partnerships or loans, can help
alleviate the financial burden. Additionally, cost-
benefit analyses should be conducted to assess the
long-term economic viability of the train systems
and justify the investment.
To ensure the long-term sustainability and
efficiency of the train systems in Jabodetabek, it is
essential to develop local expertise and maintenance
capabilities. The train systems involve training local
engineers, technicians, and maintenance staff to
operate and maintain the imported trains and
associated infrastructure.
Collaborating with train manufacturers to
provide comprehensive training programs can help
develop the necessary skills and knowledge among
the local workforce. Additionally, establishing
maintenance facilities equipped with the required
tools and equipment is essential to ensure timely
repairs and preventive maintenance.
By investing in the development of local
expertise and maintenance capabilities, Jabodetabek
can reduce its reliance on foreign expertise and
enhance the efficiency of its train systems in the
long run.
Importing commuter lines has several benefits
for Jabodetabek:
1. It allows for the expansion and enhancement of
the existing train network, thereby
accommodating the increasing number of
commuters.
2. Importing trains from technologically advanced
countries can bring state-of-the-art and efficient
systems to the region. The government can
improve the overall reliability, safety, and
comfort of the train services.
3. Importing commuter lines can also contribute to
technological transfer and knowledge exchange,
fostering local expertise and capabilities in train
manufacturing and maintenance.
The decision to import commuter lines can bring
with it a heavy reliance on external suppliers and
manufacturers. While it may seem convenient to
acquire trains from established manufacturers
abroad, this dependence can have long-term
implications for the sustainability and viability of the
train systems.
One of the main concerns is the potential
disruption in the supply chain. When a country
heavily relies on imports, any disruption in the
manufacturing or delivery process can have far-
reaching consequences. This strategy can be
particularly problematic during times of crisis, such
as natural disasters or political unrest, when the
importing country may need help in securing the
necessary resources to maintain its train systems.
Furthermore, relying on external suppliers
and manufacturers can limit the control a country
has over its transportation infrastructure. In the event
of conflicts or trade disputes, the importing country
may find itself vulnerable to disruptions in the
supply chain. This lack of control can have profound
implications for the functioning of the train systems
and the overall mobility of the population.
Importing commuter lines also comes with
significant financial implications. The costs
associated with purchasing and importing trains can
be substantial, often straining the budgetary
resources of the government.
Firstly, there are the upfront costs of
acquiring the trains themselves. High-quality
commuter trains can be expensive, and importing
them can further increase the price due to
transportation and customs fees. These costs have to
be factored into the budget of the transportation
department or the government, potentially diverting
funds from other essential areas such as education or
healthcare.
In addition to the initial purchase costs, there
are also ongoing expenses to consider. Imported
trains may require specialized maintenance and
spare parts, which can be costly to obtain from
foreign manufacturers. This condition can lead to
long-term financial burdens, as the government or
transportation authorities may be locked into
expensive service contracts or forced to pay high
prices for replacement parts.
Another significant drawback of importing
commuter lines is the potential for cultural and
operational challenges. Trains imported from foreign
countries may differ in terms of design, technology,
and operational procedures, creating difficulties in
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maintenance and integration.
Cultural differences can play a role in the
successful operation and maintenance of imported
trains. For example, suppose the imported trains
require specialized training or expertise that is not
readily available in the importing country. In that
case, it may be challenging to find qualified
personnel to operate and maintain them effectively.
This achievement can result in increased training
costs or reliance on foreign experts, further adding to
the financial burden.
Operational differences between imported
trains and local systems can also pose challenges.
For instance, if the signalling or control systems of
the imported trains are not compatible with the
existing infrastructure, significant modifications may
be needed to ensure seamless integration. These
modifications can be time-consuming and
expensive, potentially disrupting the regular
operations of the train systems
5 CONCLUSIONS
Implementing public transportation policies centred
around train systems in Jabodetabek is crucial to
addressing the region's transportation challenges.
Train systems, particularly commuter lines, offer
significant benefits, such as alleviating traffic
congestion and improving mobility. However, the
importation of commuter lines poses its own set of
challenges and dilemmas. While importing trains
can enhance the existing network and bring
advanced technology, it also raises concerns about
sustainability and costs. By carefully considering
these challenges and finding ways to optimize train
systems, Jabodetabek can create an efficient and
sustainable public transportation network that meets
the demands of its residents.
While importing commuter lines may offer
particular advantages, such as access to established
manufacturers and advanced technology, it is crucial
to consider the drawbacks as well. Heavy reliance on
external suppliers and manufacturers can raise
concerns about supply chain disruptions and limit a
country's control over its transportation
infrastructure.
Furthermore, the financial implications of
importing trains can strain the budgetary resources
of the government, both in terms of upfront costs
and ongoing expenses. The cultural and operational
challenges associated with integrating imported
trains into local systems can also pose significant
hurdles.
To ensure the long-term sustainability and
viability of train systems, it is essential for
governments and transportation authorities to
carefully weigh the benefits and drawbacks of
importing commuter lines. The government should
consider alternative options, such as investing in
domestic manufacturing capabilities or collaborating
with international partners to develop customized
solutions that address the specific needs of the
country. By taking a holistic approach and
considering all aspects, a more informed decision
can be made regarding the importation of commuter
lines.
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