Implementing Public Transportation Policies by Train

and the Dilemma of Commuter Line Imports

on Providing for the Demands of the People in Jabodetabek

Sisman Prasetyo

, Martin Purnama Chandra

, Siti Nur Laila Basir

and Asmi Rezkiah Tanjung

Department of Public Administration, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Jakarta, Indonesia

Department of International Relations, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Jakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Commuter Line, Jabodetabek, Policy, Public Transportation, Train.

Abstract: Effective public transportation policy implementation is essential to meeting society's increasing and rapidly

growing needs. Consequently, the performance of public transportation in life has become a crucial

necessity, especially for metropolitan areas that affect all aspects of life. The importance of public

transportation is reflected in the increase in population and residential development in big cities. Public

authority as a necessity may emerge to ensure the accessibility of public transport and the framework used

by the local area. This research aims to analyze: i). The dilemma faced by the government in meeting the

transportation needs of the people in Jabodetabek by importing commuter lines; ii). The government's

challenges in implementing an efficient policy; iii). The propose strategies to overcome these challenges

effectively. Of course, the researcher is in line with the Minister of Transportation Regulation No. 47 of

2014 concerning Minimum Service Standards for Transportation of People by Train. Researchers gather

information through perceptions and break it down by source triangulation. The examination was dissected

by policy implementation theory. The findings of this research contribute to a better understanding of the

complex dynamics involved in implementing public transportation policies and offer insights for

policymakers and urban planners in the same context.

1 INTRODUCTION

A reliable public transportation framework is crucial

for the improvement of a country. Adequate public

transportation is essential because the proportion of

private vehicles and their followers is not connected,

making public transportation the preferred choice for

people to move from one place to another, such as

Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi. The

Jabodetabek area has the highest population mobility

in Indonesia, with over 25 million people

consistently engaging in activities there. As the

capital city and the centre of governance and

commerce, Jakarta has become the primary

destination for Jabodetabek residents. Traffic

congestion remains an ongoing issue.

The high level of local area flexibility must be

balanced with improved public transportation

modes, such as the issuance of Minister of

Transportation Regulation No. 47 of 2014 Regarding

Minimum Service Principles for Individual by Train

Transportation. The rail-based public transportation

system, particularly the Commuter Line, serves the

residents of Jabodetabek with high carrying

capacity. With its fast travel time, affordable fares,

and high capacity, the KRL has become the

preferred mode of public transportation, resulting in

a significant increase in the number of users. The

improvement of the Jabodetabek Commuter Line is

carried out by PT. Kereta Api Indonesia and PT.

Kereta Commuter Indonesia, the operator of the

Commuter Line.

Considering the Guidelines of the Minister of

Transportation No. 54 of 2013 (Perhubungan et al.,

2013), the development process of the public

transportation system in the Jabodetabek area is

mainly focused on improving the mass public

transportation system that can serve a large number

of commuters. The development direction of the

mass public transportation system prioritizes the

utilization of railway lines in the Jabodetabek area as

a means of commuter movement. Railways are

considered a strategic mode of public transportation

Prasetyo, S., Chandra, M., Basir, S. and Tanjung, A.

Implementing Public Transportation Policies by Train and the Dilemma of Commuter Line Imports on Providing for the Demands of the People in Jabodetabek.

DOI: 10.5220/0012581000003821

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 4th International Seminar and Call for Paper (ISCP UTA ’45 JAKARTA 2023), pages 77-83

ISBN: 978-989-758-691-0; ISSN: 2828-853X

that can reduce urban congestion. The Commuter

Line Jabodetabek is the only rail-based public

transportation mode that serves the public

transportation needs in the Jabodetabek area.

However, just like other modes of public

transportation, the KRL Commuter Line also has its

own set of issues. One of the problems experienced

is the overcrowding felt by Commuter Line users.

The perception and experience of overcrowding can

impact the comfort of passengers, especially people

with disabilities. Often, obstacles arise due to system

disruptions or technical issues, resulting in departure

and arrival schedules needing to be met, thus failing

to provide the ideal support.

As the most extensive mode of mass

transportation, the train heavily emphasises the well-

being of its passengers. One of the indicators of

passenger well-being is their comfort when using

public transportation services. Comfort within the

train carriages is crucial in satisfying customers'

experience with the train service. Overcrowding,

especially during peak hours, is one of the main

reasons for discomfort among train passengers. A

train that is too crowded can create its own set of

pressures on its passengers. The density of

passengers is caused by the overwhelming number

of users and the suboptimal capacity of the train

facilities to accommodate them.

PT. Kereta Commuter Jabodetabek (PT. KCJ)

plans to expand its followers to two million

individuals. The estimated optimal train density can

benefit the railway service provider and its followers

by maximizing the carrying capacity without

causing discomfort to the passengers. Following the

implementation of this policy, there has been an

increase in the number of Commuter Line

passengers.

Source: databoks-katadata

Figure 1.

Indonesia has consistently experienced

population growth, as evidenced by the population

mentioned earlier. In the first half of 2022, the

population of Indonesia increased by 0.54%

compared to the second half of 2021, rising from

273,879,750 to 275,361,267. As a result, Indonesia

ranks as the fourth-most populous country in the

world (Prayogo & Indira Hasmarini, 2022).

The policy regarding the Commuter Line mode

is considered successful as it serves as an additional

public transportation option to alleviate traffic

congestion caused by private vehicles. It has

managed to attract a relatively large number of

passengers, and the community believes that this

type of public transportation is the most suitable

choice due to its perceived effectiveness and

efficiency compared to other modes of public

transportation. However, there is room for

improvement in various aspects to maintain overall

usage and enhance service quality to achieve

maximum satisfaction.

2 LITERATUR REVIEW

Public transportation plays a crucial role in urban

areas, addressing the increasing demands of the

people for efficient and sustainable mobility options.

In the context of Jabodetabek, which refers to the

urban area surrounding Jakarta, the capital city of

Indonesia, the importance of public transportation

becomes even more evident due to the region's high

population density and traffic congestion. This

literature review aims to examine the public

transportation policies by train and the dilemma of

commuter line imports in providing for the demands

of the people in Jabodetabek.

Sustainable transport systems are more easily

realized in a transport system based on the use of

public transport compared to a system based on the

use of private vehicles. Sustainable transportation

systems are a new order of transportation systems in

the current era of globalization. The issue of

transportation is an issue that requires attention and

studies from various scientific perspectives

(Schipper, 2002). In the beginning, the government

wants to implement a sustainable transportation

system.

The Jabodetabek region is home to over 30

million people, making it one of the most densely

populated areas in the world. With such a large

population, the need for efficient and reliable public

transportation is paramount to alleviate traffic

congestion and provide accessible mobility options

for the residents. Currently, the public transportation

system in Jabodetabek consists of various modes,

including buses, trains, and the Mass Rapid Transit

259

261

264

267

269 271 272

275

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Population of Indonesia (million)

ISCP UTA ’45 JAKARTA 2023 - THE INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR AND CALL FOR PAPER (ISCP) UTA ’45 JAKARTA

(MRT) system. There are two essentials material we

should understand in this research:

1. Train-based Public Transportation

Train-based public transportation has emerged hgas

a crucial component of the overall transportation

system in Jabodetabek. The commuter line, operated

by PT Kereta Commuter Indonesia (KCI), serves as

the backbone of the train-based public transportation

system, connecting Jakarta with its satellite cities.

The commuter line has gained popularity due to its

reliability, affordability, and capacity to transport a

large number of passengers.

The commuter line system in Jabodetabek has

been facing challenges in meeting the demands of

the people due to capacity constraints. The existing

infrastructure and rolling stock have needed help to

accommodate the growing number of passengers,

leading to overcrowding during peak hours. The

situation calls for the need to expand the capacity of

the commuter line system by increasing the number

of trains and improving existing infrastructure.

One of the dilemmas in providing for the

demands of the people in Jabodetabek is the region's

dependency on imported trains. Currently, the

majority of the trains used in the commuter line

system are imported from countries such as Japan

and South Korea. This dependency poses challenges

in terms of maintenance, spare parts availability, and

technological compatibility. Furthermore, it raises

questions about the long-term sustainability and

economic viability of relying on imported trains.

2. Evaluating Public Transportation Policies

To address the challenges of capacity constraints,

the government of Indonesia has been investing in

the development of new infrastructure for the

commuter line system. Projects such as the Jakarta-

Bandung high-speed rail and the Jakarta LRT (Light

Rail Transit) aim to expand the capacity and

coverage of the public transportation network. These

infrastructure developments are expected to alleviate

the strain on the existing system and provide better

connectivity for the people in Jabodetabek.

To build a sustainable public transport system, it

is necessary to revitalize all aspects related to public

transport. All aspects related to public

transportation. State theorists and analysts avoid

debate on whether the function of the State can be

reduced to the need for capital as an end in itself, as

expressed by Althusser. End, as Althusser expressed.

So, state theorists believe that one can only study the

modern State by examining capital as much as one

can study the economy without examining the

function of the State economy without examining

the function of the State (Skocpol, 2014). Society, as

an object, is the determinant in determining the

policies made by the State, especially those related

to the welfare of its people. Efforts to improve the

welfare of its people.

Taking into account the existing macro

conditions, especially the influence of the

globalization climate, the transportation issues into

service needs or accessibility that the State must

provide. State. Transportation accessibility has

become essential along with the increasing

civilization of mankind. Civilization. Empirically,

the development of human life and advances in

transportation technology affect regional social and

economic changes. Affect regional social and

economic changes. As Cooley stated that:

The character of transportation as a whole and in

detail, at any particular time and throughout its

history, is altogether determined by its inter-relations

with physical and social forces and conditions. To

understand transportation means to analyze these

inter-relations. So far, attention has been fixed as

much as possible on the more straightforward and

more apparent conditions, the physical. We now

approach the more complex question of the social

relations of transportation. The need for the

movement of things and persons underlies every

kind of social organization and every institution

(Hicks, 1894).”

The State plays an essential role in public

transportation. Recent decades have seen a

tremendous political-economic shift towards a

minimal role for the State while at the same time

reaching a maximum role for business. When public

bodies manage the public interest, services to the

public will inevitably be based on the ability to pay.

They are inevitably based on the ability to pay rather

than based on respect for the rights of citizens. For

the rights of citizens. Companies provide services to

the public only if they can make a profit, and

companies cannot be held responsible for the fate of

citizens who do not get public services (Santosa,

2009). State independence, as a demand and need for

industrialization and economic development,

requires new alliances between the State and socio-

political socio-economic forces both at the national

and international levels. The State as an independent

power becomes a subject that has interests that are

different from the interests of the existing social

forces in society (Shin, 1989: 7).

To reduce import dependency and promote

domestic manufacturing capabilities, the government

has also initiated efforts to encourage the local

production of trains. The establishment of the PT

Implementing Public Transportation Policies by Train and the Dilemma of Commuter Line Imports on Providing for the Demands of the

People in Jabodetabek

Industri Kereta Api (INKA) train manufacturing

plant in Madiun, East Java, is a significant step in

this direction. By producing trains locally, Indonesia

aims to enhance its self-sufficiency in the

transportation sector, reduce costs, and create

employment opportunities.

Lessons from Other Countries To gain insights

into addressing the challenges faced in Jabodetabek's

public transportation system, it is helpful to examine

the experiences of other countries. For example, in

Japan, the introduction of advanced signalling

systems and the use of double-decker trains have

significantly increased the capacity and efficiency of

their commuter rail networks. Similarly, in South

Korea, the development of integrated transportation

systems, including seamless connections between

different modes, has improved the overall

commuting experience for the people.

A good literature review should not merely

provide a summary of previous relevant research;

the researcher is also expected to critically evaluate,

re- organize and synthesize the work of others

(Leedy & Ormrod, 2015)

3 METHODS

This research paper employs a comprehensive

literature review to gather relevant information

regarding public transportation policies, train

infrastructure, the importation of commuter lines,

and the transportation challenges faced in

Jabodetabek. Additionally, data analysis is

conducted to examine the current state of

transportation systems in the region and evaluate the

potential impact of importing commuter lines on

meeting the people's demands. In this review, the

author utilizes two types of information for data

collection: specific information obtained from

interviews with key informants and additional

details from documentation.

The data collection methods employed in this

research include meeting procedures, perception

techniques, and documentation. The researcher

adopts the information inspection technique based

on the ideas proposed by Miles and Huberman,

which states that data analysis consists of three

concurrent processes: data reduction, data display,

and conclusion drawing/verification. To ensure the

validity of the information in this study, the

researcher employs the technique of source

triangulation.

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The analysis of the current state of public

transportation in Jabodetabek reveals several

challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, lack

of coordination between different transportation

modes, and increasing traffic congestion. The

existing commuter lines cannot cater to the growing

population, resulting in overcrowding and

discomfort for commuters. The importation of

additional commuter trains could address these

issues by increasing capacity and improving service

quality. However, this approach poses funding,

maintenance, and long-term sustainability

challenges. The quantitative analysis indicates that

the demand for public transportation in Jabodetabek

is expected to rise significantly in the coming years,

necessitating the expansion of the train system.

PT. Kereta Commuter Jabodetabek (KCJ) has

implemented several strategies. One of these

strategies is to increase the frequency of train

departures during peak hours. By doing so, more

individuals can be transported efficiently, reducing

overcrowding and ensuring a smoother commuting

experience—additionally, PT. KCJ has also made

efforts to improve the overall quality of its services

by upgrading the train facilities and implementing

stricter maintenance protocols.

Another essential aspect of PT. KCJ's expansion

plan is the improvement of passenger information

systems. Real-time updates regarding train

schedules, delays, and service disruptions are crucial

in providing a seamless commuting experience. PT.

KCJ has made significant technological investments

to ensure passengers can access accurate and up-to-

date information.

To further enhance the commuting experience,

PT. KCJ has also emphasized the importance of

cleanliness and hygiene. Regular cleaning and

maintenance of trains and stations are conducted to

provide passengers with a comfortable and pleasant

environment—additionally, PT. KCJ has

implemented waste management systems to ensure

stations remain clean and litter-free.

Furthermore, PT. KCJ has recognized the need

for accessibility improvements for individuals with

disabilities. Efforts have been made to make stations

and trains more accessible, including installing

ramps and elevators, by providing equal access to

public transportation, PT. KCJ aims to create an

inclusive computing environment for all individuals.

In terms of ticketing, PT. KCJ has introduced

various options to make it more convenient for

passengers. Implementing electronic ticketing

ISCP UTA ’45 JAKARTA 2023 - THE INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR AND CALL FOR PAPER (ISCP) UTA ’45 JAKARTA

systems has simplified purchasing, reducing the

need for physical tickets. This mechanism not only

saves time for passengers but also reduces paper

waste

To ensure the safety of its passengers, PT. KCJ

has also implemented security measures. CCTV

cameras are installed in trains and stations to

monitor any suspicious activities. Additionally,

security personnel are present to provide assistance

and maintain order. These measures aim to create a

safe and secure commuting environment for all

passengers.

Traffic congestion is a significant issue in

Jabodetabek, causing economic losses,

environmental pollution, and reduced quality of life

for its residents. Implementing public transportation

policies that prioritize trains can help alleviate this

congestion. Trains are capable of carrying a large

number of passengers, reducing the number of

private vehicles on the road. In turn, it eases traffic

flow and reduces travel times for commuters.

Public transportation policies focused on train

systems can significantly improve mobility and

accessibility in Jabodetabek. Trains provide a faster

and more efficient mode of transportation, especially

for longer distances. By connecting various parts of

the region, train systems can enable residents to

access education, employment, and other essential

services more efficiently. This improved mobility

can enhance economic opportunities and overall

quality of life for the people in Jabodetabek.

The Commuter Line Network is a vital

component of the public transportation system in

Jabodetabek. It consists of multiple train lines that

connect Jakarta with its surrounding areas. The

network is operated by PT Kereta Commuter

Indonesia (KCI), a subsidiary of PT Kereta Api

Indonesia (KAI). The Commuter Line Network

plays a crucial role in providing transportation

options for residents and reducing reliance on

private vehicles.

One of the primary challenges faced in the

acquisition and import of commuter lines is ensuring

compatibility with the existing infrastructure.

Jabodetabek already has an extensive network of

railways and stations that need to be considered

when introducing new trains. The dimensions,

technical specifications, and operational

requirements of the imported trains must align with

the infrastructure to ensure seamless integration.

Compatibility issues can arise if the imported

trains have different track gauges, signalling

systems, or power supply requirements. Such

discrepancies would require substantial

modifications to the existing infrastructure, leading

to delays and increased costs. Therefore, careful

planning and coordination between the government,

transportation authorities, and train manufacturers

are necessary to ensure that the acquired commuter

lines are compatible with the existing infrastructure.

Another significant challenge in the acquisition

and import of commuter lines is addressing language

and cultural differences. Indonesia is a diverse

country with various languages and cultural

practices. When importing trains from foreign

countries, there may be language barriers between

the train manufacturers and the local authorities

responsible for handling the import process.

Effective communication is crucial to overcome

these language barriers and ensure that the import

process proceeds smoothly. Hiring translators or

interpreters who are proficient in the languages of

both parties can help bridge the communication gap.

Additionally, cultural differences should be taken

into account to avoid any misunderstandings or

conflicts during the import process. Understanding

and respecting each other's cultural norms and

practices can facilitate a more efficient and

collaborative import process.

Logistics management is another critical aspect

of the acquisition and import of commuter lines in

Jabodetabek. The transportation of trains from their

country of origin to Indonesia involves intricate

logistical arrangements. Coordinating the shipment,

handling customs procedures, and ensuring the safe

and timely delivery of the trains are all complex

tasks that require meticulous planning and

execution.

Delays in transportation can have significant

implications, including project delays and increased

costs. Therefore, efficient logistics management is

crucial to minimize disruptions and ensure a smooth

import process. Collaborating with experienced

logistics providers who specialize in transporting

heavy equipment, such as trains, can help streamline

the process and mitigate potential challenges.

Safety is of utmost importance when it comes to

the acquisition and import of commuter lines. The

imported trains must comply with the safety

standards and regulations set by the Indonesian

government and international bodies. These

standards encompass various aspects, including

structural integrity, fire safety, emergency systems,

and passenger comfort.

Before importing the trains, thorough inspections

and audits should be conducted to ensure that they

meet the required safety standards. Any non-

compliance issues should be addressed promptly to

Implementing Public Transportation Policies by Train and the Dilemma of Commuter Line Imports on Providing for the Demands of the

People in Jabodetabek

avoid potential risks to passengers and

infrastructure. Collaborating with reputable train

manufacturers who have a proven track record of

producing safe and reliable commuter lines is crucial

to ensuring compliance with safety standards.

Financing the acquisition and import of

commuter lines can pose significant challenges. The

cost of purchasing and importing trains, along with

the associated infrastructure modifications, can be

substantial. Securing adequate funding for these

projects is crucial to ensure their successful

implementation.

The Indonesian government, in collaboration

with international financial institutions, can play a

crucial role in providing financial support for these

projects. Exploring various financing options, such

as public-private partnerships or loans, can help

alleviate the financial burden. Additionally, cost-

benefit analyses should be conducted to assess the

long-term economic viability of the train systems

and justify the investment.

To ensure the long-term sustainability and

efficiency of the train systems in Jabodetabek, it is

essential to develop local expertise and maintenance

capabilities. The train systems involve training local

engineers, technicians, and maintenance staff to

operate and maintain the imported trains and

associated infrastructure.

Collaborating with train manufacturers to

provide comprehensive training programs can help

develop the necessary skills and knowledge among

the local workforce. Additionally, establishing

maintenance facilities equipped with the required

tools and equipment is essential to ensure timely

repairs and preventive maintenance.

By investing in the development of local

expertise and maintenance capabilities, Jabodetabek

can reduce its reliance on foreign expertise and

enhance the efficiency of its train systems in the

long run.

Importing commuter lines has several benefits

for Jabodetabek:

1. It allows for the expansion and enhancement of

the existing train network, thereby

accommodating the increasing number of

commuters.

2. Importing trains from technologically advanced

countries can bring state-of-the-art and efficient

systems to the region. The government can

improve the overall reliability, safety, and

comfort of the train services.

3. Importing commuter lines can also contribute to

technological transfer and knowledge exchange,

fostering local expertise and capabilities in train

manufacturing and maintenance.

The decision to import commuter lines can bring

with it a heavy reliance on external suppliers and

manufacturers. While it may seem convenient to

acquire trains from established manufacturers

abroad, this dependence can have long-term

implications for the sustainability and viability of the

train systems.

One of the main concerns is the potential

disruption in the supply chain. When a country

heavily relies on imports, any disruption in the

manufacturing or delivery process can have far-

reaching consequences. This strategy can be

particularly problematic during times of crisis, such

as natural disasters or political unrest, when the

importing country may need help in securing the

necessary resources to maintain its train systems.

Furthermore, relying on external suppliers

and manufacturers can limit the control a country

has over its transportation infrastructure. In the event

of conflicts or trade disputes, the importing country

may find itself vulnerable to disruptions in the

supply chain. This lack of control can have profound

implications for the functioning of the train systems

and the overall mobility of the population.

Importing commuter lines also comes with

significant financial implications. The costs

associated with purchasing and importing trains can

be substantial, often straining the budgetary

resources of the government.

Firstly, there are the upfront costs of

acquiring the trains themselves. High-quality

commuter trains can be expensive, and importing

them can further increase the price due to

transportation and customs fees. These costs have to

be factored into the budget of the transportation

department or the government, potentially diverting

funds from other essential areas such as education or

healthcare.

In addition to the initial purchase costs, there

are also ongoing expenses to consider. Imported

trains may require specialized maintenance and

spare parts, which can be costly to obtain from

foreign manufacturers. This condition can lead to

long-term financial burdens, as the government or

transportation authorities may be locked into

expensive service contracts or forced to pay high

prices for replacement parts.

Another significant drawback of importing

commuter lines is the potential for cultural and

operational challenges. Trains imported from foreign

countries may differ in terms of design, technology,

and operational procedures, creating difficulties in

ISCP UTA ’45 JAKARTA 2023 - THE INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR AND CALL FOR PAPER (ISCP) UTA ’45 JAKARTA

maintenance and integration.

Cultural differences can play a role in the

successful operation and maintenance of imported

trains. For example, suppose the imported trains

require specialized training or expertise that is not

readily available in the importing country. In that

case, it may be challenging to find qualified

personnel to operate and maintain them effectively.

This achievement can result in increased training

costs or reliance on foreign experts, further adding to

the financial burden.

Operational differences between imported

trains and local systems can also pose challenges.

For instance, if the signalling or control systems of

the imported trains are not compatible with the

existing infrastructure, significant modifications may

be needed to ensure seamless integration. These

modifications can be time-consuming and

expensive, potentially disrupting the regular

operations of the train systems

5 CONCLUSIONS

Implementing public transportation policies centred

around train systems in Jabodetabek is crucial to

addressing the region's transportation challenges.

Train systems, particularly commuter lines, offer

significant benefits, such as alleviating traffic

congestion and improving mobility. However, the

importation of commuter lines poses its own set of

challenges and dilemmas. While importing trains

can enhance the existing network and bring

advanced technology, it also raises concerns about

sustainability and costs. By carefully considering

these challenges and finding ways to optimize train

systems, Jabodetabek can create an efficient and

sustainable public transportation network that meets

the demands of its residents.

While importing commuter lines may offer

particular advantages, such as access to established

manufacturers and advanced technology, it is crucial

to consider the drawbacks as well. Heavy reliance on

external suppliers and manufacturers can raise

concerns about supply chain disruptions and limit a

country's control over its transportation

infrastructure.

Furthermore, the financial implications of

importing trains can strain the budgetary resources

of the government, both in terms of upfront costs

and ongoing expenses. The cultural and operational

challenges associated with integrating imported

trains into local systems can also pose significant

hurdles.

To ensure the long-term sustainability and

viability of train systems, it is essential for

governments and transportation authorities to

carefully weigh the benefits and drawbacks of

importing commuter lines. The government should

consider alternative options, such as investing in

domestic manufacturing capabilities or collaborating

with international partners to develop customized

solutions that address the specific needs of the

country. By taking a holistic approach and

considering all aspects, a more informed decision

can be made regarding the importation of commuter

lines.

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Implementing Public Transportation Policies by Train and the Dilemma of Commuter Line Imports on Providing for the Demands of the

People in Jabodetabek