cholesterol results showed a mean of 162.3 mg/dl
before education, and the mean total cholesterol
increased significantly after education (196.7 mg/dl),
although it is still within the tolerance limit of less
than 200 mg/dl.
And the metabolic syndrome, as defined by the
NCEP criteria, was less common in people with a
university education (21% in men and 14% in
women) than in those with a primary education (41%
and 27%, respectively). Adjustment for health
behaviours had little effect on the educational
gradient in metabolic syndrome. There was a clear
educational gradient in CHD incidence [hazard ratio
(HR) = 0.67 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.48-0.94,
men and women combined]. Adjustment for
metabolic syndrome attenuated this gradient only
slightly, but when individual components of
metabolic syndrome were included as covariates, the
attenuation was more substantial (HR = 0.73 95% CI
0.52-1.04).
4
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the journals analysed, combined and
synthesised, there is an association between
metabolic syndrome and lifestyle with cardiovascular
disease. Screening and education about metabolic
syndrome is needed so that people understand how
dangerous metabolic syndrome is in increasing the
risk of cardiovascular disease. Healthy lifestyle
changes are also needed to prevent and reduce the risk
of cardiovascular disease. Lipid profile/blood lipid
levels should be measured to detect metabolic
syndrome.
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