Simulating a Novel SIW Bow-Tie Antenna and Comparing Return

Loss and Gain Performance with SIW Slot Antenna for X Band

Applications

Sanju Priya B. R. and Anitha G.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SIMATS, Thandalam, Chennai, 602 105, India

Keywords: Novel SIW Bow-Tie Antenna, SIW Slot Antenna, Gain, HFSS, Return Loss, Communication Technology.

Abstract: To compare the performance of Bow-Tie shaped SIW antenna with the SIW Slot antenna in terms of return

loss and gain running at 10 GHz on 50-ohm characteristics impedance. Return loss and gain on 50 Ω

characteristic impedance for SIW Bow-Tie antenna (n=27) and SIW Slot antenna (n=27). SIW Bow-Tie

antenna (Return loss: -31.9265 dB, Gain: 4.57 dBi) outperforms SIW Slot antenna (Return loss: -27.0050 dB,

VSWR: 2.0 dBi). SIW Bow-Tie antenna and SIW slot antenna have ideal proportions of 19.8mm x 16.8mm.

The Independent sample test between both groups (SIW Bow-Tie antenna and SIW Slot antenna) achieved a

significance value p=0.036 (p<0.05) for return loss and p =0.000 (p< 0.05) for gain, indicating a significant

dissimilarity amongst the two antennas. The gain and return loss of the novel Bow-Tie shaped SIW Antenna

are higher than that of the SIW Slot Antenna.

1 INTRODUCTION

The intention of the analysis study is to simulate using

HFSS software and assess the return loss and gain

performance of a SIW Bow-Tie antenna and SIW slot

antenna running at 10 GHz on 50-ohm characteristics

impedance. Bow-Tie antennas were employed to

increase performance by providing a lower return loss,

a flatter input impedance, and a steadier radiation

pattern. Bow-tie slot antennas are suitable choices for

larger bandwidth and easy planar antenna construction

(Kaur and Solanki 2012). Bow tie

shaped antenna provide several of positive aspects,

notably slim profile, ease in layout and manufacture,

better radiation symmetry, planar construction, and

condensed dimensions than others (L. Liu et al. 2018).

SIW technology was created as a replacement for

large metallic waveguides. Using this method, a

hollow space may be built on flat plane surfaces. As a

result, microwave circuits, which previously required

a massive metallic waveguide, shrank significantly in

size. Despite having a larger loss than typical metal-

containing waveguides, these provide adequate

functionality for an extensive variety of antenna

operations and tiny filter types (Varnoosfaderani, Lu,

and Zhu 2014). One potential contender for extended-

range spatial coverage is the Antenna with a bow tie

built around SIW technique. At 24 GHz, the antenna

is ideal for limited range vehicle radar-related uses

(Abhay Kumar and Srivastava 2021). Applied to the

KU and X bands (Maruti, Maruti, and Naga Kishore

2022). Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) Applications

(Nayak and Maiti 2019). Tri-Band Applications (H.

Liu et al. 2013) and UWB (ultra-wideband)

applications (Sayidmarie and Fadhel 2013). For

broadband applications, the BTCRS (Bow-tie-

complementary-ring-slot) antenna replaces the

conventional wire bowtie antenna (Arvind Kumar and

Raghavan 2018). Point-to-point interfaces, which are

similar to local area networks (LAN), are one of the

MMW spectrum's applications. Broadband and high-

definition TV in the Ka (MMW) band have been

employed to provide people with high-quality

government services. In addition, radars with

excellent precision and resolution are utilised in this

frequency spectrum for uses in sensing. These kinds

of uses can be realised with the use of an appropriate

antenna, such as the SIW Antenna (Oliaei and

Abrishamian 2020).

Cited Articles and Their Findings

Several academic articles on SIW Bow-Tie antennas

were published during the previous five-year period.

IEEE Xplore published 9 papers on research, but

Google Scholar released 15,100. A redesigned bow-

tie antenna (Dadgarpour et al. 2015) configuration is

presented for good gain performance at frequencies

B. R., S. and G., A.

Simulating a Novel SIW Bow-Tie Antenna and Comparing Return Loss and Gain Performance with SIW Slot Antenna for X Band Applications.

DOI: 10.5220/0012602700003739

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Artiﬁcial Intelligence for Internet of Things: Accelerating Innovation in Industry and Consumer Electronics (AI4IoT 2023), pages 13-19

ISBN: 978-989-758-661-3

ranging from 57 to 64 GHz. The antenna is made up of

two tilted bow-tie radiators, one on each end of a

shared dielectric base, and is supplied by a

SIW feedline. The bow-tie emitters are crossed

symmetrically to maximise the gain of the antenna and

achieve the desired emission distribution. Over the

frequency band of 57-64 GHz, the antenna has a

calculated gain of 11.5- 12 dBi and an apparent

reflection factor of less than -11 dB. The suggested

antenna is easy to develop and cheap to build. The

properties of the antenna make it appropriate for usage

in 60 GHz interior wirelessly communication

technology systems. The intent of the current study

(Althuwayb 2021) is to develop a novel slot bowtie

antenna design working from 30 GHz to 37 GHz that

is suitable for the lower frequency range of the 5G

millimeter-wave region. A bowtie arrangement was

formed by creating two trapezius-shaped slots in

sequence. It is proved that a wide frequency

bandwidth with good radiation performances may be

achieved utilising the MTM (metamaterial) and SIW

(substrate integrated waveguide) concepts with no

loss of the material properties. A revolutionary

approach for generating dual bands in technology of

SIW is provided and thoroughly examined in (Nandi

and Mohan 2016). The architecture is versatile since

each of these mixed-mode frequency resonances may

be modified independently. To create the second band,

both the second and the third combined resonating

frequencies of this dual-band antenna were adjusted

moved nearer together. To keep the antenna low

profile, it is built on a single substrate layer and fed by

a basic GCPW (grounded coplanar waveguide)

approach. Furthermore, the suggested antenna has a

modest gain and a broadband response in both bands,

making it suitable for a variety of dual-band practical

applications in the X-band. The designed SCPBTA's

(self-complementary planar bow-tie antenna)

experimental and numerical performance parameters

in both the time and frequency domains have been

given and discussed in (Sayidmarie and Fadhel 2013).

In comparison to a variety of recent designs disclosed

in the open literature, the suggested antenna is simpler

in construction and manufacturing, while providing a

broader bandwidth and a lower footprint. The results

suggest that the SCPBTA is a capable choice for usage

in UWB (ultra-wideband) communication or phased

array systems. According to the results of the studies

(Tan et al. 2014), the highest frequency tuning range

of ferrite-loaded the SIW cavity-backed bowtie slot

antennas is 1460 MHz. In the meantime, the antenna's

pattern of radiation and gain fluctuate slightly with

tuning, showing robust radiation performance for

practical applications. The antenna's design has the

advantages of affordability, slim profile, ease

in integration with planar circuits, and ease of

manufacture, and it may be utilised in wireless

transmission platforms such as radar and

communications via satellites. The primary

disadvantage of the antenna with SIW Slot is that it

has a lower gain and return loss than the novel SIW

Bow-Tie Antenna. Many studies have been carried out

in order to improvise the gain and return loss of the

SIW antennas. An antenna's return loss and gain

characteristics can be enhanced by adjusting the patch

design's location and pattern. At 10 GHz input

frequency, this article analyzes the gain and return loss

characteristics of a unique SIW Bow-Tie antenna with

a SIW Slot antenna.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

The analysis is being conducted in the VLSI

Laboratory at Saveetha School of Engineering's

Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering. A total of two groups were formed. Each

category has a total of 27 samples. The overall count

of participants is 54. When doing evaluations and with

one as the enrollment ratio, the pre-test power for

continuous testing is 80%. The alpha and beta values

in the proposed study are 0.05 and 0.2 respectively

(Rosner 2015).

For this study, two different preparation procedures

were implemented. In Group 1, SIW Bow Tie Antennas

were created and simulated using HFSS software. A

Bow Tie Antenna has been designed and built using

Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) technology.

The dimensions and specifications of the Ground, a

Substrate on the top, with a Patch, and a Feed with a

Feedline, and dimensions of the Patch were modified

according to the parameters in Table 1.

Group 2 followed the same preparation procedures

as Group 1. In Group 2, SIW Slot antenna was

constructed and analyzed using HFSS software. A

SIW Slot Antenna has been designed and built using

Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) technology.

The measurements of Ground, a Substrate on the top,

with a Patch, and a Feed with a Feedline, and

dimensions of the Patch were modified according to

the parameters in Table 1.

HFSS is a highly effective full-wave EM field

emulator 3D geometric inert equipment modelling

programme that runs on Windows by Microsoft. It

combines modelling, representation, structural

modelling, and automation into a simple user interface.

Package modelling, PCB board modelling, EMC/EMI,

and antenna mobile communications are all common

AI4IoT 2023 - First International Conference on Artiﬁcial Intelligence for Internet of things (AI4IOT): Accelerating Innovation in Industry

and Consumer Electronics

applications. Through the evaluation technique, Return

Loss and Gain of the innovative SIW Bow-Tie and SIW

Slot antennas are computed. While testing both the

return loss and gain, keep the frequency at 10 GHz.

Combine the values from the results data together.

SPSS, which stands for statistical package for the social

sciences is a grouping of software products. The

principal use of this programme is to analyse scientific

data related to social science. The results of this analysis

might be used in market analysis, polls, information

extraction, and other ways. SPSS saves and classifies

the data entered before synthesising the data collection

to generate suitable output. SPSS is designed in such a

manner that it can handle a wide range of variable data

types.

To complete the project, Windows 11, an i5 8th

edition CPU, and HFSS modelling and evaluation

technologies were employed. To obtain the findings,

start Ansys HFSS and create an entirely novel layout

as shown in (Madhav et al. 2011). Create a substrate

over the ground, a patch above it, and a Bow-Tie

design in the patch using the specifications in Table 1.

Construct a patch feed. Choose the material of the

substrate as Rogers RT/duroid 5880. Make a shield for

radiation around the antenna. Give the spacing and

diameter of the holes. Set the excitement to the feed.

Start the analysis. Examine the results and the model.

The mentioned procedure is utilised to make Group

2’s samples by just changing the patch’s pattern as of

Table 2 results.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 1: (a) Proposed Bow-Tie shaped SIW Antenna; (b)

SIW Slot Antenna.

The novel SIW Bow-Tie antenna and the SIW Slot

antenna's Return Loss and Gain were effectively

tested and explored on 50 Ω various impedance

characteristics at 10 GHz. The settings direct the input

testing procedure. The outcome is produced by the

allocation of boundary and excitation. The output of

the graph has been saved to an Excel spreadsheet.

This file is then opened in SPSS for evaluation of

the data. Work components and procedures that have

been suggested leads to improved worker efficiency.

Tables 2 and 3 compare the Gain and Return Loss

of the novel SIW Bow-Tie and SIW Slot antennas at

10 GHz. Through the comparison from the tables, the

SIW Bow-Tie antenna has a better Return Loss (-

31.9265) and gain (4.57). The SIW Slot antenna has a

less return loss (-27.0050) and gain (2.0) than the SIW

Bow-Tie antenna. As a result, the novel SIW Bow-Tie

antenna is well established for X band applications.

The Table 4 shows that the SIW Bow-Tie antenna has

a higher mean (9.6115) than the SIW Slot antenna

(7.5996) for Return Loss. When compared to the SIW

Bow-Tie antenna (4.5700), the SIW Slot antenna

(2.0000) has a low mean gain. Compared to the SIW

Bow-Tie antenna (7.75448), SIW slot antenna

(8.32783) has higher standard deviation for return

loss. SIW slot antenna (1.60269) has higher standard

error mean than the SIW Bow-Tie antenna (1.49235)

for return loss. Both the mean deviation and the

average mean of SIW Bow-Tie antenna and SIW slot

antenna is .00000 for return loss and gain. The Table

5 uses T-test of independent samples to compare the

SIW Bow-Tie antenna to the SIW Slot antenna at 10

GHz frequency. The difference of mean for Return

Loss is 2.01189, whereas the difference of standard

error is 2.18992. While gain has a difference of mean

2.57000 and difference of standard error of .00000,

with most significant in return loss p value is 0.036

and Gain’s p-value is 0.000 (p<0.05). Hence this

article is beneficial.

Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 shows the top and front views of

the SIW Bow-Tie and SIW Slot antennas,

respectively. Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 show the return loss and

gain of Bow-Tie shaped SIW antenna. Fig. 5 and Fig.

6 show the SIW Slot antenna's return loss and gain.

Fig. 7 shows the comparison between Return Loss of

the SIW Bow-Tie and SIW Slot antenna. In the forms

of gain and return loss, Fig. 8 compares the Bow-Tie

shaped SIW antenna to the SIW Slot antenna. As a

result, the Bow-Tie shaped SIW Antenna has a higher

return loss and larger gain than the SIW Slot Antenna.

3.1 Discussion

The SIW Bow-Tie and SIW Slot antennas' return loss

and gain performance are implemented and evaluated.

According to several experiments, the novel SIW Bow-

Tie antenna beats the SIW Slot antenna in regards of

Gain and Return Loss. This data is recorded in an excel

file and will be analyzed further with SPSS software.

Simulating a Novel SIW Bow-Tie Antenna and Comparing Return Loss and Gain Performance with SIW Slot Antenna for X Band

Applications

Table 1: Bow-Tie shaped SIW antenna’s dimensions and

SIW Slot antenna. (Inner patch’s length and width of Bow-

Tie shaped SIW antenna: 12.95 x 8.57 mm

Parameters

SIW Bow-Tie values

SIW slot values

Resonance frequency

10 GHz

Substrate material

Rogers RT/duroid

5880

Rogers RT/duroid

5880

Substrate length (L

sub

)

19.8 mm

Substrate width (W

sub

)

16.35 mm

Thickness of Substrate

0.5 mm

Ground plane Length

)

19.8 mm

Ground plane Width

)

14.3 mm

Patch width (W

)

14.3 mm

Patch length (Lp)

19.8 mm

Feed Length

1.45 mm

Feed width

0.5 mm

Feedline length

1.45 mm

Feedline width

5 mm

Gap of feedline

0.7 mm

Inner Patch Length

12.95 mm

16.5 mm

Inner patch Width

8.57 mm

0.1 mm

Hole Diameter

1 mm

Gap between Hole

1 mm

Technique of Feed

Line Feed

Table 2: Antenna Performance of SIW Bow-Tie antenna

(Return Loss: -31.9265 dB).

Feeding Technique

Return loss (dB)

Gain (dBi)

VSWR

Microstrip Line

Feed

-31.9265

4.57

1.05

Table 3: Antenna Performance of SIW Slot antenna (Return

Loss: -27.0050 dB).

Feeding

Technique

Return loss (dB)

Gain (dBi)

VSWR

Microstrip Line

Feed

-27.0050

2.0

1.09

This paper compares and analyzes the SIW Bow-

Tie Antenna and SIW Slot Antenna into 50-ohm

characteristic impedance at 10 gigaherrtz. To support

my results this paper by (Barik et al. 2020) depicts that

return loss of the bowtie antenna is -28.58 dB and a

gain of 5.77 dB with an input frequency of 6.62 GHz.

The study that opposes my article is (Gan, Tu, and Xie

2018) which states that to achieve a better return loss

there needs to be a high frequency, The results

according to the article published have a Return Loss

value of -26.47 dB and Gain value of 5 dBi with a

frequency of 45.5 GHz. The proposed work has a

reduced Return Loss value of -31.9265 dB and a Gain

performance of 4.57, that is superior to (Fernández-

Bolaños et al. 2010), (Chen et al. 2022), (Robbins and

Bowers 1978; Zabow, Dodd, and Koretsky 2021).

Biconical antennas, particularly bowtie antennas,

have low transmission efficiency at low frequencies.

In RF sniffing or RF signal detection, a bowtie antenna

is not as effective as a complete biconical antenna.

Traditional bow-tie antennas have problems such as

end-fire evaluations, limited connectivity, scattering

properties, inefficient performance, and effectiveness.

The introduction of numerous types of metamaterials

into the antenna patch may aid biological applications

in the future.

Table 4: Descriptive analysis of SIW Bow-Tie antenna (N=27, Mean: 9.6115) and SIW Slot antenna (N=27, Mean: 7.5996).

Parameters

Type

Mean

Std.Deviation

Std. Error Mean

RETURN LOSS

Bow tie Antenna

9.6115

7.75448

1.49235

SIW slot antenna

7.5996

8.32783

1.60269

Gain

Bow tie Antenna

4.5700

.00000

SIW slot antenna

2.0000

.00000

AI4IoT 2023 - First International Conference on Artiﬁcial Intelligence for Internet of things (AI4IOT): Accelerating Innovation in Industry

and Consumer Electronics

Table 5: Independent sample test between both groups (SIW Bow-Tie antenna and SIW Slot antenna). Analysis of groups in

detail the most significant in return loss p value is 0.036 and Gain p value is 0.000 (p<0.05).

Independent sample

test between both

groups (SIW Bow-Tie

antenna and SIW Slot

antenna)

Levene test of

equality for

variables

Equality of Mean’s T-test

Sig

Sig (2-

tailed)

Mean

difference

Std.

Error

difference

95% confidence

difference of interval

Lower

Upper

Equal variance

assumed

0.015

.049

.919

.036

2.01189

2.18992

-2.38250

6.40628

Equal variances

not assumed

.919

51.738

.036

2.01189

2.18992

-2.38303

6.40681

Equal variance

assumed

.000

1.155E+16

.000

2.57000

.00000

2.57000

Equal variances

not assumed

.000

1.155E+16

26.000

.000

2.57000

.00000

2.57000

Figure 2: SIW Bow Tie antenna (a) Return loss (b) Gain; (c) & (d) is the Return loss and Gain for the SIW slot antenna.

Simulating a Novel SIW Bow-Tie Antenna and Comparing Return Loss and Gain Performance with SIW Slot Antenna for X Band

Applications

Figure 3: SIW Bow-Tie Antenna (-31.9265 dB) and SIW slot antenna (-27.0050 dB) comparison by its Return Loss

performance.

4 CONCLUSION

This research looks at and improves the Return Loss

and Gain of SIW Bow-Tie and SIW Slot antennas at

10 gigahertz. As an outcome, the suggestion was made

SIW Bow-Tie antenna (Return Loss: -31.9265, Gain:

4.57) outperforms the SIW Slot antenna (Return Loss:

-27.0050, Gain: 1.09). According to this, the SIW

Bow-Tie antenna is best usable for X band network

applications.

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Simulating a Novel SIW Bow-Tie Antenna and Comparing Return Loss and Gain Performance with SIW Slot Antenna for X Band

Applications