Comparison of RF Characteristics of a Novel OCSRR Embedded

Triangle Antenna with a Triangle Slot Antenna for L-Band

Applications

Tirupati Lakshmidhar

and Anitha G.

Institute of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SU, India

Keywords: Novel OCSRR Embedded Triangle Antenna, Triangle Slot Antenna, RF Performances, Return Loss, Gain,

VSWR, Antenna Design, HFSS, Communication Technology.

Abstract: This study aims to assess and compare the radio frequency (RF) efficiency of a Novel Open Complementary

Split Ring Resonator (OCSRR) embedded in a triangular antenna with that of a triangular slot antenna,

operating at a frequency of 1.8 gigahertz and a characteristic impedance of 50 Ω for L band applications.

Materials and Methods: The RF performance of the unique OCSRR-embedded triangular antenna and the

triangular slot antenna was evaluated at a characteristic impedance of 50 Ω, utilizing return loss, gain, and

Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) as performance indicators. A total of 34 measurements were taken,

with 17 measurements for each type of antenna. Results: The Novel OCSRR-embedded triangular antenna

exhibited notable enhancements in gain, VSWR, and return loss when compared to the triangular slot antenna.

Specifically, the Novel OCSRR-embedded triangular antenna displayed a return loss of -24.1400 dB, a gain

of 2.42 dB, and a VSWR of 1.0799. In contrast, the triangular slot antenna had a return loss of -17.5379 dB,

a gain of 1.208 dB, and a VSWR of 1.3062. Both antennas shared dimensions of 85mm by 80mm. Statistical

analysis demonstrated the significance of these results, with p-values for return loss, VSWR, and gain being

0.024, 0.000, and 0.000 respectively (p<0.05). Conclusion: The OCSRR-embedded triangular antenna

outperforms the triangular slot antenna, showcasing substantially improved performance characteristics.

1 INTRODUCTION

The primary goal of the ongoing research is to utilize

the HFSS (High-Frequency Structure Simulator)

program to model and compare the radio frequency

(RF) capabilities of two distinct antenna designs: the

Novel Open Complementary Split Ring Resonator

(OCSRR) Embedded triangular antenna and a

triangular slot antenna. This comparison is focused on

a specific frequency of 1.8 GHz and a characteristic

impedance of 50 ohms. The term "OCSRR" refers to

a resonator configuration commonly utilized in

antenna design. The term "complementary" denotes

that the resonator consists of two complementary

components, often taking the form of split rings. A

previous study (Pandeeswari et al 2021) aimed to

enhance the isolation properties of antennas. In this

work, a three-layered aperture combined with a two-

element metamaterial (MTM) antenna was employed.

The enhancement was achieved through a strategic

arrangement involving rectangular Complementary

Split Ring Resonators (CSRR) placed between

circular non-bianisotropic CSRR emitting elements.

By arranging the Metamaterial Negative Index

(MNG) structure within the frequency spectrum and

maintaining a separation equivalent to 0.11 times the

wavelength (λ0) between the two antenna

components, an impressive maximum isolation of 47

dB was realized.

The ongoing research expands upon this previous

work by examining the RF capabilities of the Novel

OCSRR Embedded triangular antenna and the

triangular slot antenna. This investigation employs

the HFSS program at the 1.8 GHz frequency and a

characteristic impedance of 50 ohms. The goal is to

gain insights into the performance characteristics of

these antenna designs, with the potential to contribute

to the advancement of RF communication and signal

processing technologies.

The proposed antenna design exhibits several key

performance metrics that contribute to its

effectiveness. It achieves a peak gain of 8.15 dB, and

its bandwidth impedance maintains a proportional

decline of -10 dB within a range of 18.94%. The

Lakshmidhar, T. and G., A.

Comparison of RF Characteristics of a Novel OCSRR Embedded Triangle Antenna with a Triangle Slot Antenna for L-Band Applications.

DOI: 10.5220/0012602800003739

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Artiﬁcial Intelligence for Internet of Things: Accelerating Innovation in Industry and Consumer Electronics (AI4IoT 2023), pages 141-146

ISBN: 978-989-758-661-3

141

efficiency of the antenna is measured at 84.14%,

indicating its ability to convert input power into

radiated electromagnetic waves efficiently.

Additionally, the antenna's operating-band envelopes

correlation factor is impressively low, measuring less

than 0.03. These parameters collectively contribute to

the antenna's robust performance and suitability for

various applications.

In a related study (Reddy et al 2023), the research

focuses on the design and modelling of square Split

Ring Resonators (SSRR) both with and without

triangular slots at a frequency of 10 GHz. The return

loss and bandwidth efficiency of SSRR with a

triangular slot are compared to those of SSRR without

a slot. The analysis is conducted across the bandwidth

up to 10 GHz. The study uses a sample size of 56

specimens, with a statistical power of 80% and an

alpha value of 0.05. The results indicate that SSRR

with a triangular slot outperforms SSRR without a

slot in terms of return loss and bandwidth efficiency.

Parameters such as Lb (width of the triangular slot),

Wb (width of SSRR), and Tb (thickness of SSRR) are

finely tuned to achieve improved performance.

Furthermore, another work (Sukanya et al 2021)

presents a novel patch antenna design that

incorporates a meandering coplanar waveguide

(CPW) feed and complementary split ring resonator

(CSRR). By introducing slots and meandering CPW

feed on the emitting component, a highly efficient

triple-band antenna structure is formed. The inclusion

of engraved circles beyond the patch and

metamaterial slots, along with a modified ground

plane, allows for the creation of a compact triple-band

antenna. The antenna performs well across various

resonant levels, exhibiting increased bandwidth,

favourable return losses, and low VSWR. The

research delves into discussions and comparisons of

modelled outcomes for different designs, including

variations in etching patterns and parametric analyses

for ring widths and radii.

Overall, these studies showcase innovative

approaches to antenna design and optimization,

highlighting the importance of performance metrics

such as gain, bandwidth, efficiency, and return loss in

achieving efficient and effective RF communication

capabilities.

The following paper (Al-Bawri et al 2020)

presents WLAN, 5G Wi-Fi and LTE-A technologies,

applications in S-band (Prakash et al 2023), and

multiband radio applications (Christydass &

Gunavathi 2022).

2 RELATED STUDY

The field of antenna research has seen significant

attention recently, with numerous publications

emerging in reputable platforms. Within the IEEE

database, 84 papers have been published, while a

substantial 1820 papers have appeared in Google

Scholar within the past five years. One study

(Nurhayati et al 2022) proposes a novel approach to

address the requirements of the 28 GHz 5G network

connectivity by introducing a trilateral Microstrip

Patch Antenna (MPA) utilizing a combination of

CPW (Coplanar Waveguide) and DGP (Defective

Ground Plane) techniques. The antenna design

employs the Rogers RT 5880 substrate, characterized

by a loss tangent of 1.9, relative permittivity of 2.2,

and a substrate height of 0.5 mm. Model findings

indicate a return loss of approximately -20 dB and a

voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 1.2.

Operating within the range of 27.85 GHz, the antenna

achieves its performance through the manipulation of

feed length, feed width, and patch size. The measured

bandwidth of the antenna is 2.036 GHz. Another

study (Parandhaman 2023) presents an antenna

design featuring a triangular patch, optimized for

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) use at 5 GHz.

The antenna's performance is evaluated using CST

Studio Suite 2021 and is constructed using a milling

device. The proposed architecture demonstrates the

feasibility of WLAN 5 GHz operation. With a gain

exceeding 2 dB, the antenna achieves a 50 Ohm

impedance match. The antenna's dimensions are 27.5

mm by 25.2 mm by 1.6 mm. At 5.0964 GHz, the

antenna showcases a VSWR of 1.04 and an S11 value

of 33.94 dB. These modelling results indicate that the

antenna design aligns with the requirements of

WLAN 5 GHz operation. The substrate material

utilized is FR4.

These publications underscore the ongoing efforts

to develop innovative antenna designs that cater to the

specific needs of modern communication systems,

including 5G networks, WLANs, and beyond.

The Triangular slot antenna has been associated

with a drawback of low RF performance. To

overcome this limitation, various endeavors have

been undertaken to enhance its performance

parameters. These efforts involve modifications and

adjustments to the antenna layout, particularly in

terms of the positioning and location of the slot within

the patch. This research aims to address these

challenges by evaluating and comparing the RF

performance of two distinct types of antennas at a

frequency of 1.8 GHz.

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Figure 1: (a) Proposed OCSRR Embedded triangle antenna 9b) Triangular Slot Antenna configuration. The first type of

antenna under investigation is a unique triangle antenna featuring an Open Complementary Split Ring Resonator (OCSRR)

embedded within it. The second type is a conventional triangle slot antenna. By examining the performance of these antennas,

the research seeks to uncover strategies and approaches that can effectively enhance the RF performance of antennas with

triangular geometries. The study's findings have the potential to contribute valuable insights into improving the design and

efficiency of such antennas for various applications.

3 METHODOLOGY

In this section, the methodology employed in the study

is outlined. The research involves the comparison of

two distinct preparation procedures, denoted as Group

1 and Group 2. For Group 1, the research involves

designing and simulating a Novel OCSRR Embedded

triangular antenna using HFSS software. The

dimensions of various primary elements, including the

earth, base material, segment, transmission line, and

supply, are presented in Table 1. HFSS software is

utilized to model and develop the Novel OCSRR

Embedded triangular antenna as per the specified

dimensions. Similarly, Group 2 follows a similar

procedure to Group 1. The research designs and

simulates a triangular slot antenna using HFSS

software. The software facilitates the modelling and

design process of the triangular slot antenna, leading to

the determination of component dimensions, which are

presented in the relevant table. By comparing the

outcomes of these two preparation procedures, the

study aims to draw meaningful insights into the

performance and effectiveness of the antennas in

question.

High-Frequency Structure Simulation (HFSS) is a

widely used electromagnetic simulation software tool

for designing antennas, radio frequency components,

and various other high-frequency electrical devices.

HFSS is a part of the comprehensive Ansys suite

Table 1: Dimensions of The Innovative OCSRR-Embedded

Triangle Antenna and Triangle Slot Antenna.

Variables

Group 1 values

Group 2 values

Frequency of

Resonance

1.8GHz

Material of

substrate

FR4_epoxy

Length of

substrate (Lsub)

85mm

80mm

Width of substrate

(Wsub)

80mm

75mm

Substrate

Thickness

3.6mm

Ground plane

length (Lg)

85mm

80mm

Ground plane

width (Wg)

80mm

75mm

Width of the

patch (Wp)

50.55mm

48.49mm

Length of the

patch (Lp)

50.55mm

48mm

Length of feed

3.6mm

Width of feed

3mm

Length of feedline

30.38mm

30mm

Width of feedline

3mm

Feedline gap

1.5mm

1mm

Length of inner

patch

Line Feed

Comparison of RF Characteristics of a Novel OCSRR Embedded Triangle Antenna with a Triangle Slot Antenna for L-Band Applications

143

suite of simulation tools. In this study, HFSS was

employed to analyse and measure the radio frequency

(RF) performance of two types of antennas: the

unique triangular antenna with OCSRR embedded

and the antenna with a triangular slot. The analysis

was conducted by configuring HFSS to operate at a

frequency of 1.8 GHz and then recording and

analysing the simulation results. To analyse the

collected data and draw meaningful conclusions, the

statistical software SPSS (Statistical Package for the

Social Sciences) was utilized. SPSS is commonly

used for analysing data, computing standard

deviations, calculating mean values, and identifying

statistically significant differences in simulation data.

This statistical analysis assists in interpreting the

outcomes of the simulations and determining the

performance characteristics of the antennas under

consideration.

Position a layer of material (substrate) over the

ground plane, and then position a piece of material

(patch) over the substrate. Table 1 displays the

information regarding measurements that was used to

make the triangular pattern above the patch. Having

employed FR4 epoxy as the stabilized substrate

material, a feed mechanism was affixed to the patch

element. The design was looked at and the results

were verified. For the Group 2 samples, the identical

process was used, but modifications to the patch's size

and design were made in accordance with the values

shown in Table 1. These procedures aided the

modelling and evaluating process, allowing the

attainment of the required outcomes for both the

novel OCSRR embedded triangle patch antenna

(Group 1) and the triangle slot antenna (Group 2),

which were both new antenna designs.

3.1 Statistical Analysis

SPSS and HFSS played vital roles in this study, with

HFSS for modelling/validation and SPSS for

statistical investigation. Frequency and dielectric

depth were the only variables that were independent

taken into account in the examination, whereas other

variables changed. At the opposite hand, the

dimension, placement, and impedance matching of

the patch were among the variables that depended

factors being examined. To comprehend their effects

and behaviours inside the antenna system, these

factors underwent rigorous examination.

4 RESULTS

The unique triangle OCSRR embedded and the

antenna with triangular slot were successfully

constructed and tested at 1.8 GHz on a 50ohm

characteristic impedance. The given dimensions were

used in the input testing technique, and the result was

generated by the setting limits and energizing factors.

The resulting graph was put into SPSS for evaluation

of statistics after being sent out as an Excel document.

The suggested dimensions and processes increased

performance. Tables 2 and 3 provide a comparison of

RF performance between two antennas operating at

1.8 GHz: the Novel OCSRR Embedded triangle

antenna and the triangle slot antenna. The Novel

OCSRR design shows better results in key metrics:

Return Loss: Novel OCSRR: -24.1400 dB, Triangle

Slot: -17.5379 dB. VSWR: Novel OCSRR: 1.0799,

Triangle Slot: 1.3062. Gain: Novel OCSRR: 2.42,

Triangle Slot: 1.208.

Clearly, the Novel OCSRR Embedded triangle

antenna exhibits superior performance, making it

preferable for L-band applications. Figure 1a

presents visual depictions of the upper and frontal

viewpoints of the distinctive triangular antenna,

highlighting its incorporation of OCSRR. In contrast,

Figure 1b illustrates these identical perspectives, but

pertains to the antenna employing a triangular slot.

The performance results of the suggested design are

showcased in Figure 2. On the contrary, Figure 4

showcases a bar chart that aptly differentiates the

return loss and VSWR performances of the two

antennas. This comparison accentuates the consistent

superiority of the Novel OCSRR Embedded

triangular antenna over its counterpart, the triangle

slot antenna, in both aspects of performance.

5 DISCUSSION

The RF performances of both the Novel OCSRR

Embedded triangular antenna and the triangular slot

antenna were designed and evaluated. In terms of RF

performance, the Novel OCSRR Embedded

triangular antenna exhibited superior performance

compared to the triangular slot antenna. The data was

then recorded in a CSV file and validated using the

SPSS software.

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Figure 2: Comparing the unique OCSRR triangular antenna (-24.1400 dB) and triangle slot antenna (-17.5379 dB) by its

performance in return loss.

Table 2: Comparative Antenna Performance: OCSRR Triangle Patch vs. Triangle Slot Antenna.

Antenna

RL (dB)

VSWR

Gain (dB)

Bandwidth

(MHz)

OCSRR antenna

-24.1400

1.0799

2.42

49.2 MHz

Triangle slot

antenna Antenna

-17.5379

1.3062

1.208

47.3 MHz

Figure 3.

Triangle slot antenna performance compared to

unique OCSRR Embedded triangle antenna in a bar

chart for Return Loss, VSWR, and Gain. The OCSRR

Embedded triangular antenna has a high return loss

performance (blue bar), a low VSWR performance

(red bar), and a high gain performance (green bar).

The performance of an OCSRR Embedded triangle

antenna appears to be superior to that of a triangle slot

antenna. The research presents the modelling and

analysis of the Novel OCSRR Embedded triangular

antenna and the triangular slot antenna with a

characteristic impedance of 50 ohms at 1.8 gigahertz.

In a related experiment (Ayyadurai et al 2021),

wireless power transfer at 2.4GHz is achieved using

a triangular MPA (Microstrip Patch Antenna). The

initial operation of the basic patch antenna is

examined, followed by the implementation of an

updated layout to enhance its effectiveness and

transmission ratio. By tuning the dimensions of the

basic patch to 56 mm, a reflection coefficient of -28.2

dB is achieved at the resonance frequency of 2.4 GHz.

A similar patch is positioned 50mm away from the

primary patch to serve as a receiver, allowing the

measurement of power transmitted between them.

The transmission coefficient between the two patches

at the resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz is found to be -

3.5 dB. This paper aims to design and evaluate a novel

dual-band patch antenna with a rectangular microstrip

for frequencies of 3.8 GHz and 5 GHz, aiming to

reduce return loss (in decibels) compared to the

triangle patch antenna, as detailed in references

(Khan and George 2022) (Paramasivam et al 2021).

Copper is used for the patch and ground, while FR4

epoxy serves as the substrate layer. By adjusting the

antenna's resonance frequency, a total of 10

measurements are collected for each of the two

groups. Ansoft HFSS, version 13.0, is used for

efficiency analysis, with a statistical power (G Power)

set at 80% and a sample size of 20. Both simulation

and experimental data reveal a reduction in return loss

for the dual-band patch antenna with a rectangular

Comparison of RF Characteristics of a Novel OCSRR Embedded Triangle Antenna with a Triangle Slot Antenna for L-Band Applications

145

microstrip, reaching -25.6 dB and -25.9 dB at radio

frequencies of 3.8 GHz and 5.0 GHz, respectively.

The size of the patch and the operating frequency

are two pivotal factors that significantly impact an

antenna's gain performance. The functional size of an

antenna exhibits an inverse relationship with its gain

at a specific frequency. Moreover, the physical length

of the antenna is inversely linked with both its

radiation resistance and the square root of its gain

across the frequency spectrum. Due to tolerance

considerations, an antenna's gain remains equal

during signal transmission and reception. Enhancing

an antenna's gain can be achieved through various

approaches, such as incorporating alternative

substrates and metamaterials onto the patch.

Additionally, gains can be improved by implementing

strategies like introducing partial slots in the substrate

or employing multi-layer dielectric substrates.

6 CONCLUSION

The present study aimed to assess the gain and return

loss characteristics of both the distinctive OCSRR

Embedded triangle antenna and the antenna equipped

with a triangle slot at a frequency of 1.8GHz, with the

intention of enhancing their RF efficiency. The

results revealed that the unique triangle antenna with

OCSRR embedding exhibited superior performance

compared to the triangle slot antenna (Return Loss: -

24.1400, Gain: 2.42, VSWR: 1.0799). Consequently,

the Novel OCSRR Embedded triangle antenna

emerges as a more viable choice for applications in

the L-band frequency range.

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