Blockchain Based Outsourced Storage Schema in Untrusted

Environment

N Pandi Venkatesh

and R Gunasundari

†

Department of MCA, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India

Keywords: Unsupervised Label Refinement (ULR), Search-Based Face Annotation (SBFA), Content-Based Image

Retrieval (CBIR), Clustering-Based Approximation (CBA).

Abstract: Data outsourcing, a crucial service offered by the cloud service provider (CSP), can assist the data owner

(DO) in overcoming large data's storage constraints. Typically, DOs utilise third-party metadata management

(TPMM) to manage the data link and outsource data replication to many CSPs (multiple CSPs) to ensure data

availability. However, in the process of outsourcing, it is difficult for DO to ensure the reliability of TPMM,

and TPMM will do something bad to affect the reliability of information. Therefore, due to an over-reliance

on TPMMs that are only semi-trusted for managing replication metadata, DO invariably experiences data

security concerns. In this study, we concentrate on the issue of displaying multiple CSP credentials in an

untrusted environment, i.e., how to store and examine the duplicated data's metadata in a multi-trust CSP

environment. In response to this problem, we created a reliable outsourcing service platform using the new

blockchain technology as a tool. In addition, we have considered all new features such as blockchain

decentralized architecture, redundant storage, aggregation and non-tamper to ensure that data cannot be

negatively altered. First, we developed a blockchain-based outsourcing service to store recycled data in an

unreliable environment, We develop a new concept of Validation Node (VP) to manage the data by a copy of

the blockchain, and each local saves the entire blockchain to prevent metadata damage. We offer a

collaborative method suggested by VPs to store and analyse the replicated metadata. We finished the analysis

and thoroughly tested all the CSP situations. Our strategy was the most effective, according test findings.

1 INTRODUCTION

Unique The key outsourced data services' success is

that CSP can provide dispersed techniques to provide

"horizonless" storehouse capacity for data proprietors

(DO), allowing them to get around the difficulties of

storing large amounts of data while also lowering

their physical and financial costs. Still, since DO

cannot guarantee the CSP's reliability when using the

outsourced data services, The reliability of handling

the data through a single CSP may be questioned.

Unique If the services are unexpectedly stopped or

suspended by an unreliable CSP, DO will specifically

run into several challenging problems as data

movement, data error, and sequestration exposure A

distinct To increase the reliability of outsourced data

services, it would appear to be simple as maintain

these data independently. Unique Additionally, DO

can obtainEven yet, this naive outcome is constrained

PG Scholar

†

Professor & Head

and unreliable for the reasons listed below. Unique In

order to guarantee the density of all., DO must first

maintain distinct dispatches with each CSP. Unique

As an alternative, DO must control each replication's

metadata to prevent unauthorised access to the

outsourced data's physical address. Reproduced In the

end, DO is unable to determine whether replication

metadata created by several CSPs has been

maliciously altered or falsified. Compare Unique

Blockchain, the technology that underpins

cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum, is seen

as a disruptive creative area of computing knowledge.

Unique Decentralisation, redundant storage,

collaborative conservation, and tamper resistance are

some of the characteristics of blockchain. It is

comparable to a distributed database that is managed

by a number of peers that don't completely trust one

another. Blockchain's capacity to save and exchange

in data without the requirement.

Venkatesh, N. and Gunasundari, R.

Blockchain Based Outsourced Storage Schema in Untrusted Environment.

DOI: 10.5220/0012611600003739

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Artiﬁcial Intelligence for Internet of Things: Accelerating Innovation in Industry and Consumer Electronics (AI4IoT 2023), pages 221-226

ISBN: 978-989-758-661-3

221

Figure 1: (a) Working diagram of Data owner login (b) Admin login.

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Overview of outsourced storage and security

concerns One of the primary security concerns

associated with outsourced storage is data

confidentiality. This can occur due to the failure to

implement proper access controls or as a result of

malicious attacks, such as hacking or phishing. To

mitigate this risk, Techniques like encryption can be

used to keep data private.

Another security concern associated with

outsourced storage is data integrity. This can occur

due to technical errors, as well as malicious attacks.

To ensure data integrity, techniques such as

checksums and digital signatures can be used to

detect unauthorized modifications to data.

Additionally, backups and redundancy can be used to

prevent data loss due to technical failures or disasters.

Finally, availability of data is also a security

concern in outsourced storage. If the third-party

server hosting the data becomes unavailable or

experiences downtime, it can result in the

unavailability of data to authorized users.

In summary, outsourced storage provides many

benefits in terms of cost and accessibility, but it also

introduces several security concerns that need to be

addressed. Techniques such as encryption, access

control, data integrity checks, redundancy, and

disaster recovery can be used to mitigate.

B. Performance Evaluation of Block-Based

Outsourced Storage Solutions:

Latency: This measures the time it takes to retrieve a

block of data from the storage system.

Throughput: This calculates the volume of data

that can be moved to and from the storage system in

a specific amount of time. For applications like big

data analytics that need to process a lot of data

quickly, high throughput is ideal.

IOPS (Input/Output Operations Per Second)

measures how many input/output operations the

storage system is capable of handling in a second. For

applications like databases that need quick data

access, high IOPS are preferred.

Data transfer speed:This is used to measure the

speed of data transfer to and from the storage system.

High data transfer speeds are desirable for

applications that require fast data transfer, such as

multimedia streaming.

Scalability: This measures the ability of the

storage system to scale up or down to accommodate

changing workloads. High scalability is desirable for

applications that require flexible storage solutions.

Availability: This measures the percentage of

time that the storage system is available for use. High

availability is desirable for applications that require

continuous data access, such as mission-critical

applications.

To evaluate the performance of block-based

outsourced storage solutions, organizations can

conduct benchmark tests using standardized

performance testing tools and methodologies. These

tests can help identify bottlenecks and performance

issues, as well as provide insights into the optimal

configuration and tuning of the storage system.

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C. Block-Based Storage and Its Advantages

Block-based storage is a type of data storage system

where data is divided into small, fixed-sized blocks,

each with a unique identifier. These blocks can then

be stored, retrieved, and managed independently of

each other. Block-based storage offers several

advantages over other storage models, including:

Improved data management: With block-based

storage, data can be managed at a granular level,

allowing for more efficient allocation and utilization

of storage resources. This means that blocks of data

can be moved, replicated, or deleted without affecting

the rest of the data.

Faster data access: Block-based storage allows for

faster data access because data can be retrieved at the

block level, rather than at the file or object level. This

means that only the specific blocks needed to access

the data are retrieved, reducing latency and improving

performance.

Better data reliability: Block-based storage

provides better data reliability because blocks can be

replicated across multiple servers or disks, ensuring

that data is always available even if one server or disk

fails. Additionally, block-based storage allows for

data checksums and other integrity checks to be

performed at the block level, ensuring that data is not

corrupted or tampered with.

Greater scalability: Block-based storage is highly

scalable because blocks can be added or removed as

needed, without affecting the rest of the data. This

makes it easier to add capacity to the storage system

as data needs grow.

D. Access Control Mechanisms for Block-Based

Outsourced Storage

To implement access control mechanisms in block-

based outsourced storage, organizations should

define access policies and procedures that are aligned

with their security requirements and industry

standards. To make sure that only those with the

proper authority may access the storage system, they

need also establish robust authentication and

authorisation systems. Furthermore, regular auditing

and monitoring of user activity and access can aid in

identifying and preventing unauthorised access to

data.

E. Security Challenges in Block-Based Outsourced

Storage

Data confideData stored in block-based outsourced

storage can be vulnerable to unauthorized access or

disclosure. To address this challenge, organizations

can implement access control mechanisms such as

encryption, authentication, and authorization to

restrict access to sensitive data.

Data integrity: Data stored in block-based

outsourced storage can be vulnerable to unauthorized

modification, deletion, or corruption.

Data availability: Block-based outsourced storage

solutions can experience downtime or service

disruptions due to hardware failures, network

outages, or malicious attacks. To address this

challenge, organizations can implement backup and

disaster recovery solutions to ensure data availability

in the event of a service disruption.

The protection of sensitive data. To address this

challenge, organizations can implement security

controls and processes that comply with industry

standards such as HIPAA, PCI-DSS, and GDPR.

Vendor management: Organizations must

carefully select and manage their block-based

outsourced storage providers to ensure that they meet

the organization's security requirements. This

includes conducting due diligence on the provider's

security controls, policies, and procedures, and

regularly monitoring their compliance with

contractual obligations.

Organisations should put in place a thorough

security architecture with technical, administrative,

and physical controls to reduce these security risks.

To keep this framework useful in addressing new

threats and vulnerabilities, it should be periodically

examined and updated. Organisations should also

regularly teach their staff members on security

awareness so that they are aware of their roles and

responsibilities in securing sensitive data.

F. Literature Survey

(1) A paper has been proposed by Y. Zhu, Zhang, Jin,

Zhou, and . Yan. 1820–1831 in IEEE, 2019. Similar

to force chain operations, digital means transfers,

philanthropy, etc. advocated in several operations to

build trust among different parties. Decentralised

databases typically employ blockchain platforms.

Even Nevertheless, blockchain platforms are much

less user-friendly than conventional databases., they

lack the capacity to efficiently and effectively

simulate complicated operations. SEBDB is the first

platform that takes into account both usability and

scalability, as opposed to being workshop, sale is

recorded. where each sale is represented by a tuple

with a number, We encourage accessible operation

development by employing SQL language as the

common rather than law-position APIs, in normal

operations to fit the that platform. while our system

does not rely on RDBMS, it regards it as a critical

component because to its lengthy track record of

performance. We measured the quality of the main

database. build a mini-benchmark. The results of

extensive experiments show how effective and

efficient our method is.

(2) A paper has been proposed by K. Christidis and

M. Devetsikiotis 2016. We also enter and discuss

comibination of a blockchain 1) makes it possible to

Blockchain Based Outsourced Storage Schema in Untrusted Environment

223

share services and funds, creating a good service, and

2) enables us to create several laborious workflows in

empirical way. We also highlight a few concerns that

need to be taken into account prior to the deployment

to blockchain environment, ranging from

sequestration to the expected value of the digital

assets transacted on the network. We note outcomes

and workarounds where appropriate. We conclude

that the blockchain-IoT combo is crucial and can

result in considerable benefits. Our analysis leads us

to the conclusion that the blockchain-IoT combo is

substantial and has the potential to produce large

transformations across various fields, opening the

door for new business models and creative,

distributed operations.[ We then transition into the

Internet of Things (IoT) space and explain how a

blockchain-IoT combination 1) makes it easier for

people to share services and resources, which creates

a market for services between bias, and 2) enables us

to automate several laborious workflows in a

cryptographically empirical way. Additionally, we

highlight a number of concerns that should be taken

into account prior to the deployment of a blockchain

network in an IoT environment, ranging from

transactional sequestration to the anticipated digitize.

(3) A paper has been proposed by Zhang,. Cai, G.

Chen, W. Fu, B. C. Ooi, and P. Ruan, 2018.

Existing data storage technologies provide a wide

variety of functions to support a wide variety of

applications. New classes of applications, such as

blockchain and collaborative analytics, have however

emerged. These application. As a result of

incorporating the aforementioned needs into the

storage, they offer new options for storage systems to

effectively support such applications. We introduce

created for blockchain and fo apps, in this article. Core

application attributes are incorporated into the storage

by ForkBase. ForkBase saves development effort

while also delivering good performance. The store

maintains provides two fork variations that allow for

various fork workflows. Due to a cutting-edge index

class that provides quick searches and accurate content

duplication detection. ForkBase is quick and space-

efficient.and a collaborative analytics application—are

used to show off ForkBase's functionality. We carry

out thorough experimental comparisons with the

relevant. The findings demonstrate that outperforms

the competition while drastically reducing

development time.

(4) A paper has been proposed by, 2017. J. Mao, Y.

Zhang, P. Li, T. Li, Q. Wu, and J. Liu.

According to the storage of the cloud, in that

architecture,Unauthorised access to the data is now

significantly more likely. Making ensuring the data

being outsourced is accurate is one of the biggest

issues with cloud storage. In particular, we must

guard against unauthorised access to these data and

detect and restore user data following unforeseen

modifications. In this research, we present strategy

for dynamic maintenance and integrity protection of

cloud data that is publicly verifiable. In order to allow

users to compute.

(5) A paper has been proposed by G. Zyskind, O.

Nathan

In the model it controls vast quantities of private

information is being allow into increase questions in

the cases of spying and jeopardising privacy of the

users. Bit coin has demonstrated that reliable,

auditable computing is achievable in the financial

sector by utilising a decentralised network of peers

and a public ledger. The decentralised personal data

management system we propose This article ensures

that individuals own and control their data. We

implemented a mechanism that turns a block chain

into an independent access-control manager without

requiring third-party trust. Transactions in our

system, unlike Bit currency, are used to transport

instructions such as storing, searching, and

transferring data. rather than being strictly financial.

We conclude by talking about potential block chain

extensions in the future that might help society solve

its problems with trusted computing in a

comprehensive way.

3 BACKGROUND STUDY

Economic viability, technical, and social viability are

the first three.

1)Economic viability: An organisation makes

wise system investments. As a result, they ought to be

worthy of the money invested in the system. Always

consider the financial advantage, which must be

greater than or equal to the system cost but not more

than that.

The system's overall cost of investment is

examined.

Considering how to cut costs by taking into

account the price of the hardware and software.Every

organisation wants to cut costs, but at the same time,

service quality must be preserved. The system is

created in accordance with the concern's cost

estimation. The proposed solution in this project will

undoubtedly save costs, speed up production, and

reduce manual labour.

2)Technic viability: Technical viability refers to

the evaluation of the software and how it is included

into the research of our project. This has a number of

technical issues that need to be noted.

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• Is equipment technically capable of storing the

data necessary for the new system?

After this project is finished, can this system be

expanded? Exists a technique that guarantees

security, reliability while accessing data, and

accuracy? Will the system respond to the requester's

repeated requests in a suitable manner?The

technological problems are brought up when

researching our system's viability. Consequently, the

technical evaluation assesses the Oracle serves as the

system's back end and JSP serves as its front end.

Additionally, they offer enough memory to store and

handle the data. It is the least expensive and most

effective method because the company will install

every process in the system.

The whole request submitted by the user is

accepted by this system technique, and the response

is delivered promptly and without error. It examines

the resources that are available and how they may be

used to create a workable system. It is a crucial step

in the analysis and definition process to evaluate the

technological feasibility in parallel.Oracle can easily

handle the vast amount of information that has to be

stored and retrieved. Due to the fact that the Oracle

can be used with any system and that its functionality

is constant. So, it's successful.

3)Social viability: Only once they are transformed

into an information system and tailored to the needs

of the organization's operations will the proposed

project be useful. For the procedure, the following

concerns are taken into account:

•Does this system offer the user and management

enough support?

What approach ought to be used in this project

•Were the users involved in the initiatives'

planning and development?

•Will the proposed system result in any harm,

negative outcomes, a loss of control, or a reduction in

the system's accessibility.

Minor problems can occasionally turn into severe

ones in the process. It serves as a gauge for how well

users can interact with the system. When making

decisions, these things should be taken into account.

The system is extremely user-friendly and well

supported with reference to the project. In order to

prevent injury or data loss, the techniques are

described effectively and with the appropriate

criteria. It has a GUI interface since using a GUI is

more user-friendly.

4 METHODOLOGY

Problem Definition

The requirement for a secure and effective technique

to store data in an outsourced environment when the

storage provider may not be entirely trusted is the

issue being addressed by the "Block-Based

Outsourced Storage " project. The goal is to develop

a schema that allows data to be stored in a distributed

manner, while ensuring confidentiality, integrity, and

availability of the data.The schema involves breaking

the data into blocks and storing them on different

storage servers, with each block being replicated

multiple times for redundancy. To ensure security,

each block is using a key,it is encrypted and access

control policies are implemented to restrict

unauthorized access to the data.

Objective

Input design is the process of converting a description

of the input that is recognisable to stoners into a

computer-baseThis design is important for deterring

crimes during data entry and outlining the right step

to take to get correct information from the motorised

system. It is performed by creating data entry

defences that are able to manage massive amounts of

data that are weed-friendly. Making data entering

simpler and crime-free is the goal of input design. The

veracity of the entered data will be verified. Defences

allow for the entry of data. So that the stoner won't be

caught in a moment of sludge, necessary alerts are

delivered as neededAs a result, creating an input

layout that is easy to grasp is the aim of input design.

Modules

Admin Module

In this admin module, admin can view all data owners

who are upload the file into the server. Admin can

view all file details which are stored in server and

finally they can view download files.

Data Owner Module

In this module, data owner can upload the file in the

server. they can request file meta data to the meta data

admin. if the meta data admin can accept the owner

request they send the meta data details and they also

download the files from the server.

Server Module

In this module, server admin can view data owner file

upload request and then they store the file into proper

place in the server.

Meta Data Admin Module

Blockchain Based Outsourced Storage Schema in Untrusted Environment

225

In this module, admin can view meta deta details and

view the user file request. If they accept send the meta

data information to the data owner.

Block Chain Module

In this module, data owner can view the file storage

information. This is happened by means of using

block chain. Because block chain is used for

transparency and security. This meta data information

is transparent only for data owner.

5 RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

The block-based outsourced storage schema is a

common approach used in cloud computing

environments to store large amounts of data in an

efficient and secure manner. In this schema, the data

is divided into blocks and stored on multiple servers

located in different geographic locations to ensure

redundancy and fault tolerance.

However, in an untrusted environment, where the

cloud service provider cannot be fully trusted. One

way to achieve this is by using encryption techniques

to secure the data before it is stored on the cloud

servers.

In addition, data can be further protected by using

a data backup and recovery mechanism that ensures

the data can be restored recovery procedures can be

put in place to restore data in case of any issues.

Overall, the block-based outsourced storage

schema can be a reliable and secure approach to store

data in an untrusted cloud environment, provided the

necessary security measures are taken to protect the

data.

6 CONCLUSIONS

A new trustworthy schema for controlling outsourced

replication metadata saved by many CSPs in

unreliable situations We create a novel architecture

comprised of a group of VPsbased on the

extraordinary properties of blockchain Then, we

present a cooperative algorithm for saving and

validating replication metadata. VPs build a metadata

block during the store phase using the provided

signatures and accompanying metadata, then they

write that block onto local data. On the verify step,

VPs gave back local data by using signing use to

extract relevant data. The results offers great

scalability while also effectively storing and verifying

the metadata.

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