Polarization of the Green Energy Transition in Improving the

Economy of Coastal Communities Through Ocean Thermal Energy

Conversion

Muhamad Mujahidin

, Bunga Paramita

and Taufik Hidayat

Universitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji, Dompak, Tanjungpinang, Indonesia

Politeknik Kesehatan Pontianak, Pontianak, Indonesia

Keywords: Green Energy, Polarization, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, NPW, PWH.

Abstract: The economy and population will improve significantly in the next four decades Based on an estimated annual

gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate of 5.6 percent from 2015 to 2050 and an average population growth

rate of 0.8 percent per year (2015- 2050). The potential of the Riau Archipelago Province for renewable

energy is enormous, but it has not been widely utilized, climate adaptation and investment show that

improving the economy of coastal communities, is in an open participatory process, namely an alternative

people-based economic activity that is competitive by utilizing the conversion of marine thermal energy into

electricity is a method by utilizing the temperature difference between the sea surface temperature which is

influenced by a certain depth, NPW as a technology that converts sea level at the maximum temperature,

which is evaporated and the condensity continues to the water temperature which is integrated in the turbine

to generate electricity, the main obstacle faced in this process is how to direct the ability to manage the

character and dynamics of coastal communities, in accordance with the economic conditions of the

community. processes generate a large quantity of heat which cannot be used due to its relatively low

temperatures (400C – 2000C). In 2012, global energy production was 153 PWh. and at least a third of it was

wasted as thermal waste. Thus, recovering only a few percents out of thermal waste generated in industrial

and household processes would represent an extremely valuable source of green energy. Thermal engines are

too complex and costly to to put these heat sources to use; therefore, a precious energetic resource is lost.

Thus, a simpler and more direct way is required for the conversion of thermal energy into electric energy.

1 INTRODUCTION

The Government of Indonesia has determined a non

Business as Usual (nonBAU) economic development

plan according to the Masterplan for Acceleration and

Expansion of Indonesia Economic Development as

decreed by the Presidential Regulation no 32, 2011,

Energy development to support national economic

growth, MP3EI scenario is a scenario that optimizes

growth in accordance to the Masterplan for

Acceleration and Expansion of island Economic

Development (MP3EI). Development is done with a

breakthrough approach and not business as usual.

MP3EI is intended to promote the establishment of

high economic growth, balanced, equitable and

sustainable. Assumstion of MP3EI scenario is same

with the Base scenario except for GDP, GDP growth

and GDRP growth, The energy demand of the

industrial sector, which is considered as the national

economy driver, is expected to increase continuously

and dominate the total final energy demand, followed

by that of the transportation sector which supports the

economic activity. The share of energy consumption

in industrial sector increases continuously from 39%

in 2010 to 41% by 2015, and to reach 43% in 2030.

Energy consumption of the transportation sector

increases from 24% to 28% by 2015 and to reach 35%

in 2030. Firewood will be less used in the household

sector resulting in a declining share from 31% to 24%

by 2015 and down to 13% in 2030, using the Base

scenario. However, by the MP3EI scenario,

contribution of the household sector in 2030 will be

less significant compared to that by the Base scenario.

This is due to projected improvement in living

standard of the general public, such that the use of

firewood will continuously diminish. one that

supporting economic growth through the regional

potential development is energy diversification,

Biofuels and CTL has a large prospect to be

developed in the future to reduce import dependancy.

Mujahidin, M., Paramita, B. and Hidayat, T.

Polarization of the Green Energy Transition in Improving the Economy of Coastal Communities Through Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion.

DOI: 10.5220/0012628900003798

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 2nd Maritime, Economics and Business International Conference (MEBIC 2023) - Sustainable Recovery: Green Economy Based Action, pages 5-9

ISBN: 978-989-758-704-7

However, oil fuels market need to be managed

properly to encourage development of biofuel and

CTL, Liquid fuels are used in the transportation,

industry, commercial, households, and other sectors.

The transportation sector is projected to still rely on

combustion engines as prime movers using oil fuels

in the future. Consequently, the transportation will

dominate the use of oil fuels.

The share of the transportation sector in oil fuels

consumption reached 63% (2010) is projected to

grow to 71% by 2030. According to the MP3EI

scenario, oil fuels consumption in the industry sector

will also increase causing the share of the

transportation sector to be suppressed to 68% in 2030.

2 RESEARCH PROBLEM

The crucial issue given the dominant role of coastal

communities are, Local oil and gas management

capabilities tend to decline, as a result economic

growth is disrupted, which is caused by fuel imports.

to meet energy demand in the future because

efforts to substitute oil fuels with other types of liquid

fuels (biofuels and CTL) will not be adequate. By

2030, crude oil import according to the Base scenario

will reach 86% of domestic supply and oil fuels

import will reach 55% of domestic supply.

The increase of crude oil import will only be made

possible with construction/expansion of oil refinery

capacity up to 400 MBCD (Base scenario) and 1.200

MBCD (MP3EI scenario), it will be an irony in the

future (where Indonesia is currently one of the major

LNG exporter) when LNG imports up to 41% of

domestic supply become necessary to meet domestic

gas demand in 2030.

This research also projects that future energy

situation will require energy supply infrastructure to

be built that include LNG plant, oil refineries, LPG

plant, electricity generation sector, CTL, coal ports,

and gas refiling station for transportation sector with

an investment at least 311 billion USD (constant price

2000) for the Base scenario and 460 billion (constant

price 2000) for the MP3EI scenario. This total

investment funding will be approximately 2.73% and

3.03% of total GDP during 2011-2030 period for the

BASE scenario and MP3EI scenario, respectively.

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Thermal energy can be converted directly into electric

energy by using the Seebeck effect: the heat transfer

into an electric conductor will engage charge carriers,

resulting in electromotive force. Two junctions A and

B between different conduction materials a and b will

generate electromotive force between ends C and D if

the two junctions are maintained at different

temperatures (Figure 1). In an open circuit, the

electromotive force generated is proportional with the

difference of temperature between the two junctions:

Geometric gradient occurs when cash flow changes

up/down by a certain percentage. Present Worth

(PW)factor:

Α being the Seebeck differential coefficient for

the two materials. The Seebeck coefficient for metals

is around 10 μV/K, therefore the voltages generated

are used only for measuring the temperature in

thermocouples. The most widely used is

thermocouple K (junction with chromel alumel

alloys). This provides 41 μV/K and can function

between -200

C and +1260

C. (Biofuels News,

2019) (Figure 2). In order to obtain higher voltages,

tens or hundreds of thermocouples can be connected

in series, forming thermopiles.

Figure 1: The junctions between different points.

Figure 2: Thermocouple.

Figure 3: Semiconductors.

In semiconductors, the Seebeck effect can

generate much higher voltages, hundreds of mV/K.

The majority carriers are engaged by the heat flow.

Thus, electromotive force is obtained, the polarity of

which is indicated in Figure 3. Tens or hundreds of

serial elements form Seebeck modules, which can

provide tens of mV/K (Figure 4). In our experimental

investigations we used modules TEG-40-40-19/200,

MEBIC 2023 - MARITIME, ECONOMICS AND BUSINESSINTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

produced by Eureca (Germany). These generate 54

mV/K (Migas, 2018), If current runs through a circuit

made up of junctions between different materials, a

heat flow will appear between the two junctions. This

is the Peltier effect. Thus, one of the junctions adsorbs

the heat generated at the other junction. The Peltier

effect can be used for cooling components or spaces.

Peltier modules with semiconductors are built

similarly with Seebek modules, but they are cheaper,

as they are optimized for cooling and not for

generating thermoelectric force. Peltier modules can

be used for generating thermoelectric force, but their

performance is inferior to the Seebek module

performance. In our research we used Peltier modules

TEC1-12705A.

Figure 4: Seebeck module.

Analysis of energy needs and supply is carried out

based on the calculation results from the model LEAP

and Balmorel. LEAP is a capable energy planning

simulation model carry out energy analysis from need

to supply in an integrated manner.

3.1 Economic Growth Models

Geometric gradient occurs when changes in cash flow

increase/decrease by a certain percentage.

Present Worth (PW)factor:

where Q(P, A) is a positive differentiable function.

We now essentially repeat the computation made in

Section 2, i.e., we want to compute the corresponding

gradient flow for shortening length relative to the new

metric, the design this evolution geometric gradient

of the potential well described by the gradient flow

we may also add a constant inflation term (which may

be interpreted as a Lagrange multiplier for a

constrained version of the given optimization

problem), and so derive a models efficient, geometric

Gradient 3-D contour models based on surface

evolution ideas, by modifying the Euclidean area in

this case by a function which depends on the salient

features which we wish to capture. In order to do this,

we will need to set up some notation.

Let g: [O, i x [0,1] + n denote a compact

embedded surface with (local) coordinates (g, .). Let

g denote the mean curvature and $ the inward unit

normal limit.

4 RESULT

The analysis is divided into three stages, namely

analysis of energy needs, energy transformation and

energy supply. The analysis is based on energy

projections or forecasts from the three stages the. In

addition to sectoral conditions such as activity,

technology, and intensity, in doing Projections of

energy demand and supply require input related to

roadmaps and plans strategy (Renstra), energy

regulations that apply or are enacted. Assumptions

regarding conditions of macroeconomic indicators

such as GDP growth, demographics, and energy

prices Technology penetration is also necessary

because it is a dynamic driving factor Present value

(Present Worth) is the equivalent value at the present

moment (time 0). This PW method is often used

before other methods because it is usually relatively

easier to assess something project at the moment.

Fixed Input Maximize the PW of Benefit Fixed

Output Minimize the PW of Cost Neither input nor

output is fixed Maximize (PW of Benefit – PW of

Cost) or Maximize NPW, The energy balance is a

description of the equilibrium conditions between the

energy supply side and the energy supply side

sectoral energy needs. The energy balance is depicted

in an energy system that includes starting from

production, conversion and transportation/

distribution to the end user. This decrease in the

number of resources and reserves is due to reduced

exploration activities and production, so that the

economic routine of coastal communities is disrupted.

5 CONCLUSIONS

Geothermal water, the hot and cold water in

households and farms can become the hot and cold

sources for generating electrical energy. The hot

water thermoelectric generator is made up of four

serial Peltier modules placed between two metallic

boxes filled with hot and cold water, respectively.

The metallic boxes are placed into a larger box made

of expanded polystyrene, for thermal insulation The

thermogenerator can fuel small electrical devices

Polarization of the Green Energy Transition in Improving the Economy of Coastal Communities Through Ocean Thermal Energy

Conversion

(LED lamp, ventilator, radio, phone) for around 15

minutes, until the temperature in the two metallic

boxes becomes the same. The resulting lukewarm

water can be used in the household.

A variant in continuous flow, placed before the

chamber for mixing the warm and cold water in a tap

and also on the thermal water heating system can

provide electrical energy for free, with no moving

parts and with no maintenance costs! Fuel

consumption continues to increase as a result of

economic growth and population growth, while

domestic crude oil production continues to

experience decline and stagnant refinery capacity led

to imports of crude oil and fuel continues to increase,

so that the construction of a fuel refinery is an

impossible solution avoided, as an attempt to and

encourage the acceleration of economic growth and

increase the competitiveness of the coastal island

industry. The devices we built prove that Seebeck and

Peltier modules can be used successfully for the use

of energetic waste in households, greenhouses, etc.

Thermoelectric generators can exploit heat flows

with small temperature differences, they do not have

moving pieces, they do not require maintenance and

their life spans over decades. Seebeck modules have

proven to be very efficient (9% conversion efficiency

for a difference of temperature of 150

C).

Peltier modules have lower efficiency (2%), but

they can exploit successfully resources with

temperature differences of only a few tens of degrees

Celsius.

The heat wasted from geothermal water, domestic

hot water and the central heating system in the

apartment can be used for converting thermal energy

into green energy useful in households, greenhouses,

farms, etc, especially when electric power from the

network is not available. Solar radiation can be

converted into electrical power with the use of

thermoelectric generators, which are a more robust

alternative than photovoltaic panels. Any rooftop of

façade of a building can thus become a source of

electrical energy, all materials and components used

for building the generators, except for Peltier and

Seebeck modules, came from discarded materials, in

order to put the wastes to use and to protect the

environment.

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Polarization of the Green Energy Transition in Improving the Economy of Coastal Communities Through Ocean Thermal Energy

Conversion