Mini-Review: Phytochemical Content and

Methods of Extraction from Eucheuma Spinosum

Hermawati

Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945,

Jl. Sunter Permai Raya No.1, Jakarta 14350, North Jakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Eucheuma Spinosum, Maceration, Microwave Assisted Extraction.

Abstract: Eucheuma spinosum Species of red macroalgae Red macroalgae are macroalgae that belong to the division

Thallophyta, i.e. plants that have a skeletal body structure consisting of stems/thalus and do not have leaves

and roots. Mosses (Bryophyta) do not yet have the characteristics of true roots, instead they have hair-like

cells that replace the function of the roots they do not yet have. The aim of this research is to compare

extraction methods with specific times to produce percentage yields. Eucheuma spinosum Found on the

surface in Indonesia. From the research results it was found that the best % yield at extraction time contained

phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, tannins and phenols. To obtain extracts

from Eucheuma spinosum. Based on the results of the review, it is known that there are two types of extraction

methods, namely conventional extraction methods and modern extraction methods.

1 INTRODUCTION

Seaweed is a type of algae that can live in seawater

and is a low-grade plant that does not have different

skeletal structures such as roots, stems and leaves.

Seaweeds or algae, also known as seaweeds, make up

the majority of marine algae in the division

Thallophyta. There are four known classes of

Thallophyta, namely Chlorophyceae (green algae),

Phaeophyceae (brown algae), Rhodophyceae (red

algae) and Cynophyceae (blue-green algae). Many

blue-green and green algae live and develop in fresh

water, while red and brown algae are found

exclusively in marine habitats (Ghufran, 2013).

The seaweed Eucheuma denticulatum belongs to the

carrageenophytes, which are seaweeds that produce

water in the form of polysaccharide compounds. The

carrageenan in seaweed contains very high levels of

dietary fibre. The fibre in carrageenan is part of the

gum fibre, a type of fibre that dissolves in water.

Carrageenan can be extracted using hot water, which

has the ability to form cells. The gel-forming

properties of the seaweed are needed to make a good

paste because it belongs to the Rhodophyta group,

which produces fluorine starch. In the world of

national and international trade, Eucheuma

denticulatum is more commonly known as Cottonii.

This species produces kappa-type bouquets.

Therefore, the taxonomic name has been changed

from Eucheuma alvarezii to Eucheuma denticulatum,

which is generally found in certain areas with special

requirements, mostly growing in tidal areas or always

submerged in water. Attached to substrates in aquatic

areas in the form of dead rock coral, live rock coral,

limestone and mollusc shells (Doty 1986 cited in

Atmadja el al. 1996).

2 METHOD

In writing this review, data was searched using

Google Sholar with the keyword "Eucheuma

denticulatum extraction method". Primary data was

obtained from national and international journals.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Morphology of Eucheuma

Denticulatum

In terms of morphology, seaweeds show no

differences between roots, stems and leaves. Overall,

these plants have a similar morphology even though

224

Hermawati, .

Mini-Review: Phytochemical Content and Methods of Extraction from Eucheuma Spinosum.

DOI: 10.5220/0012642400003821

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 4th International Seminar and Call for Paper (ISCP UTA ’45 JAKARTA 2023), pages 224-229

ISBN: 978-989-758-691-0; ISSN: 2828-853X

they are actually different. These forms are actually

just thalli. The morphology of Eucheuma

denticulatum is smooth surface, cartilogeneus, thalli

(skeleton of the plant body) round cylindrical or flat,

the colour is red, grey, green, yellow and green,

branching at irregular intervals, dichotomous or

trichoyomous, has blunt nodules) and spines or

spines, and the substance of the thalli "gelatinous"

and "cartilagenous" (soft like cartilage). The colour is

not always constant, sometimes green, yellow-green,

grey or red. Colour changes often occur simply due to

environmental factors. This is a process of chromatic

adaptation, the adjustment between pigment

proportions and different qualities of light (Aslan,

1998).

The appearance of the thallus varies from simple

to complex. The spines on the thallus are elongated,

rather sparse and not arranged in a circle around the

thallus. The thallus branches in different directions

with the main stems emerging close together at the

basal area (base). The growth is attached to the

substrate by an adhesive device in the form of a disc.

The first and second branches grow into dense clumps

with special features that point in the direction of

sunlight.

Figure 1: (Ndawala et al. 2022).

Klasifikasi makroalga adalah sebagai berikut:

a) Kingdom : Plantae

b) Divisio : Rhodophyta

c) Kelas : Florideophyceae

d) Ordo : Gigartinales

e) Famili : Areschougiaceae

f) Genus : Eucheuma

g) Spesies : Eucheuma spinosum J. Agardh

Mini-Review: Phytochemical Content and Methods of Extraction from Eucheuma Spinosum

225

3.2 Location of Distribution of

Eucheuma Denticulatum

Table 1.

No.

Species

Location Habitat

Morphology

Reference

Eucheuma

denticulate

Coastal waters that have reef

exposures (reefflats), such as the Riau

Islands, Bangka-Belitung, Seribu,

Karimun Jawa, Sunda Strait,

southern Java coast, Bali, Nusa

West Southeast, East Nusa Tenggara,

islands

islands in Sulawesi and Maluku

The thallus is round, upright, 5-

30 cm long, transparent,

yellowish brown to yellowish

red.

(Tamat et al.,

2007).

Eucheuma cattonii

Desa Lelingluan

North Tanimbar District, Kab.

has the characteristics of a

cylindrical thallus, the thallus

branches have sharp or blunt

ends, is covered with nodules

(protrusions), is reddish brown

in color, is cartilageous

(resembling cartilage or

young), the branching is

alternate (alternating), irregular

and can be

are dichotomous (two-two

branching) or trichotomous

(branching system

three-three). Eucheuma cottonii

seaweed requires sunlight to

photosynthesis process

(Mayore et al.,

2018)

Eucheuma cattonii

seaweed (Euchuma cottoni) in

Banyuputih District, Situbondo

Regency

thallus silindris,

thallus branches have sharp or

blunt ends, are covered with

nodules (bulges), are reddish

brown in color, are

cartilagerous (resembling

cartilage or young), the

branches are alternate

(alternating), irregular and can

are dichotomous (two-two

branching) or trichotomous

(branching system

three-three).

(Fasya et al.,

2019)

Eucheuma cattonii

Wonosorejo Beach Banyuwangi

The shape of the thallus is like

a leaf (blade) and some are

cylindrical.

(Anggraini,

n.d.)

Eucheuma

spinosum

beach in Patas Village

Singaraja, Gerokgak District,

Regency

Buleleng, Bali Province

The morphology is quite varied,

including round and non-round

shapes

irregular, has a rough and dull

surface and is slimy, opaque,

cloudy and colorful and has a

flat elevation,

rising, hilly and cratered

(The Great Lord

Ayu Sucitra

Ekaryani, n.d.)

Eucheuma cattonii

Jumiang Beach. This beach is located

in Jumiang Hamlet, Tanjung Village,

Pademawu District, Pamekasan

Regency.

Red algae are a group

There are various types of algae

shape and color variations

(Noer

Mardlatillah

Sharo, n.d.)

ISCP UTA ’45 JAKARTA 2023 - THE INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR AND CALL FOR PAPER (ISCP) UTA ’45 JAKARTA

226

Eucheuma

spinosum

Sumenep waters, Madura, East Java.

The thallus

being at the end will provide

speed

higher growth in comparison

with thallus seeds from the

pangka

(Art, 2021)

Eucheuma cottonii

East Java which has not yet

developed is Pacitan, Banyuwangi

and

Sumenep.

The morphology is quite varied,

including round and non-round

shapes.

irregular, with a rough and dull

surface and is slimy, opaque,

cloudy and colourful and has a

flat elevation

rising, hilly and cratered

(The Great Lord

Ayu Sucitra

Ekaryani, n.d.)

Eucheuma cottonii

Jepara waters

The shape of the thallus is like

a leaf (blade) and some are

cylindrical.

(Mega Ariyani,

n.d.)

10.

Eucheuma cottonii

waters of the Pride Regency of

Sulawesi

Middle

The shape of the thallus is like

a leaf (blade) and some are

cylindrical.

(Wahyu Priyo

Legowo, n.d.)

11.

E. spinosum

Batumulapan Village, Nusa Penida

District, Klungkung Regency, Bali

Province

the shape of the thallus is round,

upright, 5-30 cm long,

transparent, yellowish brown to

yellowish red.

(Putu Tara

Hradaya

Komala, n.d.)

3.3 Conventional Extraction

Eucheuma Denticulate

Table 2.

No.

Species

Extract

Conventional

Extraction

Methods

% yield

Reference

Eucheuma

spinosum

Methanol and

Ethanol

Maceration

Methanol 50% :1.6%

(Tamat et al.,

2007).

Eucheuma

cattonii

Methanol

Maceration

Methanol 99.9%

(Fasya et al.,

2019)

Eucheuma

cattonii

Methanol

Maceration

Methanol 50%

(Afif et al., 2016)

Eucheuma

cattonii

Methanol

Maceration

Methanol 6,316%

(Anggraini, n.d.)

Eucheuma

cattonii

Ethanol

Maceration

Ethanol 96%

(Noer

Mardlatillah

Sharo, n.d.)

Eucheuma

cattonii

Methanol

Maceration

Ethanol 95%

(Syafitri et al.,

2022)

Eucheuma

cattonii

Methanol

Maceration

Ethanol 96%

(Wahyu Priyo

Legowo, n.d.)

Eucheuma

spinosum

Methanol

Maceration

methanol 96%.

(Damongilala et

al., 2021)

Eucheuma

cattonii

Methanol

Maceration

ethanol 96%

(Muhammad

Ryan Nurshodiq,

n.d.)

10.

Eucheuma

denticulate

Methanol

Maceration

Methanol 50%

(Yanuarti et al.,

2017)

Mini-Review: Phytochemical Content and Methods of Extraction from Eucheuma Spinosum

227

3.4 Phytochemical Content of

Eucheuma denticulatum

Table 3.

No.

Species

Solvent extract

Phytochemical content

Reference

Eucheuma denticulate

Ethanol

Flavonoid, Saponin,

Alkaloid,Steroid,

Terpenoid, Tanin, Fenol

Sangi, et al., (2008)

Eucheuma spinosum

Methanol and

Ethanol

Flavonoid, Saponin,

Alkaloid, fenolik, steroid

dan triterpenoid

(Suzery and

Kusrini, 2004)

Eucheuma cattoni

Methanol

flavonoid, saponin,

steroid,

triterpenoids and

fluorotannins

(Fasya et al., 2019)

Eucheuma cattonii

Methanol

flavonoid, steroid dan

alkaloid.

(Afif et al., 2016)

Echeuma of cotton

Methanol

steroid

(Anggraini, n.d.)

Echeuma of cotton

Ethanol

alkaloid, flavonoid dan

triterpenoid/steroid

(Noer Mardlatillah

Sharo, n.d.)

Echeuma of cotton

Methanol

flavonoid, alkaloid,

triterpenoid

(Syafitri et al.,

2022)

Eucheuma spinosum

Methanol

alkaloid, flavonoid dan

triterpenoid/steroid

(Ode Mursalim,

n.d.)

10.

Eucheuma denticulate

Ethanol

Flavonoid, Saponin,

Alkaloid,Steroid,

Terpenoid, Tanin, Fenol

(Edward Julys

Dompeipen, n.d.)

11.

E. spinosum

Ethanol

phytochemical test, total

phenolic, total

flavonoids, and

antioxidant power test.

(Putu Tara Hradaya

Komala, n.d.)

12.

Eucheuma cottonii

Ethanol

flavonoids, phenols, and

triterpenoids

(Yuyun Ramdani,

n.d.)

4 CONCLUSION

Based on the data obtained from this research, the

conclusions are: a. The % yield of the methanol

extract of Hormophysa cuneiformis with a shorter

time variation of 30 minutes produced a relatively

high % yield of 5.53% compared to the maceration

method with a time variation of 3 days which had a

value of 6.76%. And it contains active compounds of

flavonoids and steroids in the macerated extract and

steroid in the UAE extract. b. The IC50 value of the

methanol extract of the macerated macroalga

Hormophysa cuneiformis was 59.47 μg/mL in the

strong category, while the UAE method had a value

of 108.57 μg/mL in the medium category. The LC50

value of the macerated methanol extract of the

macroalgae Hormophysa cuneiformis was 217.859

μg/mL in the very toxic category, while the UAE

method gave a value of 844.294 μg/mL in the medium

toxic category.

REFERENCES

Afif, S., Fasya, A. G., & Ningsih, R. (2016). Extraction,

Toxicity Assay and Identification of Active

Compounds of Red Algae (Eucheuma cottonii) from

Sumenep Madura. ALCHEMY, 4(2), 101.

https://doi.org/10.18860/al.v4i2.3199

Anggraini, V. (2018) T. S. U. I. N. M. M. I. (n.d.). Uji

toksisitas isolat steroid hasil kromatografi kolom

dengan variasi gradien eluen fraksi etil asetat

Makroalga Eucheuma cottonii.

Arto, Y. A. (2021). Uji Mutu Refined Karaginan Dari

Eucheuma spinosum Berdasarkan Perbedaan

Konsentrasi Kalium Hidroksida Dengan Metode

Microwave Assited Extraction (Mae). Journal of

Herbal, Clinical and Pharmaceutical Science

(HERCLIPS), 2(02), 38.

https://doi.org/10.30587/herclips.v2i02.2418

Damongilala, L. J., Losung, F., & Dotulong, V. (2021).

Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Rumput Laut Eucheuma

spinosum Segar dari Perairan Pulau Nain Sulawesi

ISCP UTA ’45 JAKARTA 2023 - THE INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR AND CALL FOR PAPER (ISCP) UTA ’45 JAKARTA

228

Utara. JURNAL ILMIAH SAINS, 21(1), 91.

https://doi.org/10.35799/jis.21.1.2021.33881

Edward Julys Dompeipen. (n.d.). Pengaruh Konsentrasi

Inokulum Dan Waktu Fermentasi Dalam Produksi

Bioetanol Dari Rumput Laut Eucheuma Cotonii

Dengan Menggunakan Mikroba Asosiasi.

Fasya, A. G., Baderos, A., Madjid, A. D. R., Amalia, S., &

Megawati, D. S. (2019). Isolation, identification and

bioactivity of steroids compounds from red algae

Eucheuma cottonii petroleum ether fraction. 030025.

https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5115629

I Gusti Agung Ayu Sucitra Ekaryani. (n.d.). Isolasi Bakteri

Dari Rumput Laut Eucheuma spinosum dan Skrining

Aktivitas Antibakteri Terhadap Beberapa Bakteri Gram

Positif dan Negatif.

Mayore, S., Damongilala, L. J., Mewengkang, H. W.,

Salindeho, N., Makapedua, D. M., & Sanger, G. (2018).

Analisis Fitokimia Dan Uji Total Kapang Pada Rumput

Laut Kering Eucheuma denticulatum DAN

Kappaphycus alvarezii. In Jurnal Media Teknologi

Hasil Perikanan (Vol. 6, Issue 3).

Mega Ariyani. (n.d.). Pengaruh Penambahan Tepung Duri

Ikan Lele Dumbo (Clarias Gariepinus) Dan Bubur

Rumput Laut (Eucheuma Cottonii) Terhadap Kadar

Kalsium, Kadar Serat Kasar Dan Kesukaan Kerupuk.

Muhammad Ryan Nurshodiq. (n.d.). Plikasi Kitosan

Sebagai Antimikroba Pada Cangkang Kapsul Berbasis

Karagenan Dari Rumput Laut Eucheuma Cottonii.

Noer Mardlatillah Sharo. (n.d.). Uji Toksisitas Dan

Identifikasi Senyawa Ekstrak Alga Merah (Eucheuma

Cottonii) Terhadap Larva Udang Artemia salina

Leach.

Ode Mursalim. (n.d.). Pertumbuhan Eucheuma

denticulatum Berdasarkan Kedalaman Yang

Dipelihara Dengan Metode Vertinet.

Putu Tara Hradaya Komala. (n.d.). Pengaruh Suhu

Ekstraksi Terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak

Metanolik Eucheuma spinosum.

Syafitri, T., Hafiludin, H., & Chandra, A. B. (2022).

Pemanfaatan Ekstrak Rumput Laut (Eucheuma

cottonii) Dari Perairan Sumenep Sebagai Antioksidan.

Jurnal Kelautan: Indonesian Journal of Marine

Science and Technology, 15(2), 160–168.

https://doi.org/10.21107/jk.v15i2.14905

Wahyu Priyo Legowo. (n.d.). Nalisis Karakteristik Fisika

Padatan Karagenan Dari Eucheuma Cottonii Hasil

Ekstraksi Koh Ph 9 Asal Kabupaten Banggai Sulawesi

Tengah.

Yanuarti, R., Nurjanah, N., Anwar, E., & Pratama, G.

(2017). Kandungan Senyawa Penangkal Sinar Ultra

Violet dari Ekstrak Rumput Laut Eucheuma cottonii

dan Turbinaria conoides. Biosfera, 34(2), 51.

https://doi.org/10.20884/1.mib.2017.34.2.467

Yuyun Ramdani. (n.d.). Variasi Metode Ekstraksi Dan

Penetapan Nilai SPF Sediaan Lotion Ekstrak Rumput

Laut Merah (Eucheuma cottonii).

Mini-Review: Phytochemical Content and Methods of Extraction from Eucheuma Spinosum

229