Mini-Review: Phytochemical Content and
Methods of Extraction from Eucheuma Spinosum
Hermawati
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945,
Jl. Sunter Permai Raya No.1, Jakarta 14350, North Jakarta, Indonesia
Keywords: Eucheuma Spinosum, Maceration, Microwave Assisted Extraction.
Abstract: Eucheuma spinosum Species of red macroalgae Red macroalgae are macroalgae that belong to the division
Thallophyta, i.e. plants that have a skeletal body structure consisting of stems/thalus and do not have leaves
and roots. Mosses (Bryophyta) do not yet have the characteristics of true roots, instead they have hair-like
cells that replace the function of the roots they do not yet have. The aim of this research is to compare
extraction methods with specific times to produce percentage yields. Eucheuma spinosum Found on the
surface in Indonesia. From the research results it was found that the best % yield at extraction time contained
phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, tannins and phenols. To obtain extracts
from Eucheuma spinosum. Based on the results of the review, it is known that there are two types of extraction
methods, namely conventional extraction methods and modern extraction methods.
1 INTRODUCTION
Seaweed is a type of algae that can live in seawater
and is a low-grade plant that does not have different
skeletal structures such as roots, stems and leaves.
Seaweeds or algae, also known as seaweeds, make up
the majority of marine algae in the division
Thallophyta. There are four known classes of
Thallophyta, namely Chlorophyceae (green algae),
Phaeophyceae (brown algae), Rhodophyceae (red
algae) and Cynophyceae (blue-green algae). Many
blue-green and green algae live and develop in fresh
water, while red and brown algae are found
exclusively in marine habitats (Ghufran, 2013).
The seaweed Eucheuma denticulatum belongs to the
carrageenophytes, which are seaweeds that produce
water in the form of polysaccharide compounds. The
carrageenan in seaweed contains very high levels of
dietary fibre. The fibre in carrageenan is part of the
gum fibre, a type of fibre that dissolves in water.
Carrageenan can be extracted using hot water, which
has the ability to form cells. The gel-forming
properties of the seaweed are needed to make a good
paste because it belongs to the Rhodophyta group,
which produces fluorine starch. In the world of
national and international trade, Eucheuma
denticulatum is more commonly known as Cottonii.
This species produces kappa-type bouquets.
Therefore, the taxonomic name has been changed
from Eucheuma alvarezii to Eucheuma denticulatum,
which is generally found in certain areas with special
requirements, mostly growing in tidal areas or always
submerged in water. Attached to substrates in aquatic
areas in the form of dead rock coral, live rock coral,
limestone and mollusc shells (Doty 1986 cited in
Atmadja el al. 1996).
2 METHOD
In writing this review, data was searched using
Google Sholar with the keyword "Eucheuma
denticulatum extraction method". Primary data was
obtained from national and international journals.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Morphology of Eucheuma
Denticulatum
In terms of morphology, seaweeds show no
differences between roots, stems and leaves. Overall,
these plants have a similar morphology even though
224
Hermawati, .
Mini-Review: Phytochemical Content and Methods of Extraction from Eucheuma Spinosum.
DOI: 10.5220/0012642400003821
Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
In Proceedings of the 4th International Seminar and Call for Paper (ISCP UTA ’45 JAKARTA 2023), pages 224-229
ISBN: 978-989-758-691-0; ISSN: 2828-853X
Proceedings Copyright © 2024 by SCITEPRESS Science and Technology Publications, Lda.
they are actually different. These forms are actually
just thalli. The morphology of Eucheuma
denticulatum is smooth surface, cartilogeneus, thalli
(skeleton of the plant body) round cylindrical or flat,
the colour is red, grey, green, yellow and green,
branching at irregular intervals, dichotomous or
trichoyomous, has blunt nodules) and spines or
spines, and the substance of the thalli "gelatinous"
and "cartilagenous" (soft like cartilage). The colour is
not always constant, sometimes green, yellow-green,
grey or red. Colour changes often occur simply due to
environmental factors. This is a process of chromatic
adaptation, the adjustment between pigment
proportions and different qualities of light (Aslan,
1998).
The appearance of the thallus varies from simple
to complex. The spines on the thallus are elongated,
rather sparse and not arranged in a circle around the
thallus. The thallus branches in different directions
with the main stems emerging close together at the
basal area (base). The growth is attached to the
substrate by an adhesive device in the form of a disc.
The first and second branches grow into dense clumps
with special features that point in the direction of
sunlight.
Figure 1: (Ndawala et al. 2022).
Klasifikasi makroalga adalah sebagai berikut:
a) Kingdom : Plantae
b) Divisio : Rhodophyta
c) Kelas : Florideophyceae
d) Ordo : Gigartinales
e) Famili : Areschougiaceae
f) Genus : Eucheuma
g) Spesies : Eucheuma spinosum J. Agardh
Mini-Review: Phytochemical Content and Methods of Extraction from Eucheuma Spinosum
225
3.2 Location of Distribution of
Eucheuma Denticulatum
Table 1.
No.
Species
Location Habitat
Morphology
Reference
1.
Eucheuma
denticulate
Coastal waters that have reef
exposures (reefflats), such as the Riau
Islands, Bangka-Belitung, Seribu,
Karimun Jawa, Sunda Strait,
southern Java coast, Bali, Nusa
West Southeast, East Nusa Tenggara,
islands
islands in Sulawesi and Maluku
The thallus is round, upright, 5-
30 cm long, transparent,
yellowish brown to yellowish
red.
(Tamat et al.,
2007).
2.
Eucheuma cattonii
Desa Lelingluan
North Tanimbar District, Kab.
has the characteristics of a
cylindrical thallus, the thallus
branches have sharp or blunt
ends, is covered with nodules
(protrusions), is reddish brown
in color, is cartilageous
(resembling cartilage or
young), the branching is
alternate (alternating), irregular
and can be
are dichotomous (two-two
branching) or trichotomous
(branching system
three-three). Eucheuma cottonii
seaweed requires sunlight to
photosynthesis process
(Mayore et al.,
2018)
3.
Eucheuma cattonii
seaweed (Euchuma cottoni) in
Banyuputih District, Situbondo
Regency
thallus silindris,
thallus branches have sharp or
blunt ends, are covered with
nodules (bulges), are reddish
brown in color, are
cartilagerous (resembling
cartilage or young), the
branches are alternate
(alternating), irregular and can
be
are dichotomous (two-two
branching) or trichotomous
(branching system
three-three).
(Fasya et al.,
2019)
4.
Eucheuma cattonii
Wonosorejo Beach Banyuwangi
The shape of the thallus is like
a leaf (blade) and some are
cylindrical.
(Anggraini,
n.d.)
5.
Eucheuma
spinosum
beach in Patas Village
Singaraja, Gerokgak District,
Regency
Buleleng, Bali Province
The morphology is quite varied,
including round and non-round
shapes
irregular, has a rough and dull
surface and is slimy, opaque,
cloudy and colorful and has a
flat elevation,
rising, hilly and cratered
(The Great Lord
Ayu Sucitra
Ekaryani, n.d.)
6.
Eucheuma cattonii
Jumiang Beach. This beach is located
in Jumiang Hamlet, Tanjung Village,
Pademawu District, Pamekasan
Regency.
Red algae are a group
There are various types of algae
shape and color variations
(Noer
Mardlatillah
Sharo, n.d.)
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7.
Eucheuma
spinosum
Sumenep waters, Madura, East Java.
The thallus
being at the end will provide
speed
higher growth in comparison
with thallus seeds from the
pangka
(Art, 2021)
8.
Eucheuma cottonii
East Java which has not yet
developed is Pacitan, Banyuwangi
and
Sumenep.
The morphology is quite varied,
including round and non-round
shapes.
irregular, with a rough and dull
surface and is slimy, opaque,
cloudy and colourful and has a
flat elevation
rising, hilly and cratered
(The Great Lord
Ayu Sucitra
Ekaryani, n.d.)
9.
Eucheuma cottonii
Jepara waters
The shape of the thallus is like
a leaf (blade) and some are
cylindrical.
(Mega Ariyani,
n.d.)
10.
Eucheuma cottonii
waters of the Pride Regency of
Sulawesi
Middle
The shape of the thallus is like
a leaf (blade) and some are
cylindrical.
(Wahyu Priyo
Legowo, n.d.)
11.
E. spinosum
Batumulapan Village, Nusa Penida
District, Klungkung Regency, Bali
Province
the shape of the thallus is round,
upright, 5-30 cm long,
transparent, yellowish brown to
yellowish red.
(Putu Tara
Hradaya
Komala, n.d.)
3.3 Conventional Extraction
Eucheuma Denticulate
Table 2.
No.
Species
Extract
% yield
Reference
1.
Eucheuma
spinosum
Methanol and
Ethanol
Methanol 50% :1.6%
(Tamat et al.,
2007).
2.
Eucheuma
cattonii
Methanol
Methanol 99.9%
(Fasya et al.,
2019)
3.
Eucheuma
cattonii
Methanol
Methanol 50%
(Afif et al., 2016)
4.
Eucheuma
cattonii
Methanol
Methanol 6,316%
(Anggraini, n.d.)
5.
Eucheuma
cattonii
Ethanol
Ethanol 96%
(Noer
Mardlatillah
Sharo, n.d.)
6.
Eucheuma
cattonii
Methanol
Ethanol 95%
(Syafitri et al.,
2022)
7.
Eucheuma
cattonii
Methanol
Ethanol 96%
(Wahyu Priyo
Legowo, n.d.)
8.
Eucheuma
spinosum
Methanol
methanol 96%.
(Damongilala et
al., 2021)
9.
Eucheuma
cattonii
Methanol
ethanol 96%
(Muhammad
Ryan Nurshodiq,
n.d.)
10.
Eucheuma
denticulate
Methanol
Methanol 50%
(Yanuarti et al.,
2017)
Mini-Review: Phytochemical Content and Methods of Extraction from Eucheuma Spinosum
227
3.4 Phytochemical Content of
Eucheuma denticulatum
Table 3.
No.
Species
Solvent extract
Phytochemical content
Reference
1.
Eucheuma denticulate
Ethanol
Flavonoid, Saponin,
Alkaloid,Steroid,
Terpenoid, Tanin, Fenol
Sangi, et al., (2008)
2.
Eucheuma spinosum
Methanol and
Ethanol
Flavonoid, Saponin,
Alkaloid, fenolik, steroid
dan triterpenoid
(Suzery and
Kusrini, 2004)
4.
Eucheuma cattoni
Methanol
flavonoid, saponin,
steroid,
triterpenoids and
fluorotannins
(Fasya et al., 2019)
5.
Eucheuma cattonii
Methanol
flavonoid, steroid dan
alkaloid.
(Afif et al., 2016)
6.
Echeuma of cotton
Methanol
steroid
(Anggraini, n.d.)
7.
Echeuma of cotton
Ethanol
alkaloid, flavonoid dan
triterpenoid/steroid
(Noer Mardlatillah
Sharo, n.d.)
8.
Echeuma of cotton
Methanol
flavonoid, alkaloid,
triterpenoid
(Syafitri et al.,
2022)
9.
Eucheuma spinosum
Methanol
alkaloid, flavonoid dan
triterpenoid/steroid
(Ode Mursalim,
n.d.)
10.
Eucheuma denticulate
Ethanol
Flavonoid, Saponin,
Alkaloid,Steroid,
Terpenoid, Tanin, Fenol
(Edward Julys
Dompeipen, n.d.)
11.
E. spinosum
Ethanol
phytochemical test, total
phenolic, total
flavonoids, and
antioxidant power test.
(Putu Tara Hradaya
Komala, n.d.)
12.
Eucheuma cottonii
Ethanol
flavonoids, phenols, and
triterpenoids
(Yuyun Ramdani,
n.d.)
4 CONCLUSION
Based on the data obtained from this research, the
conclusions are: a. The % yield of the methanol
extract of Hormophysa cuneiformis with a shorter
time variation of 30 minutes produced a relatively
high % yield of 5.53% compared to the maceration
method with a time variation of 3 days which had a
value of 6.76%. And it contains active compounds of
flavonoids and steroids in the macerated extract and
steroid in the UAE extract. b. The IC50 value of the
methanol extract of the macerated macroalga
Hormophysa cuneiformis was 59.47 μg/mL in the
strong category, while the UAE method had a value
of 108.57 μg/mL in the medium category. The LC50
value of the macerated methanol extract of the
macroalgae Hormophysa cuneiformis was 217.859
μg/mL in the very toxic category, while the UAE
method gave a value of 844.294 μg/mL in the medium
toxic category.
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