Mini Review: Extraction Method and
Phytochemical Content of Padina sp.
Riong Seulina Panjaitan and Elisabeth Simarmata
Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Jakarta, Jakarta Utara, 14350, Indonesia
Keywords: Ultrasound Assisted Extraction, Maceration, Microwave Assisted Extraction.
Abstract: Padina sp. is a species of brown macroalgae which is yellow-brown, fan-shaped in the form of a thin sheet of
living segments attached to the substrate and there is calcification on the upper surface. This article discusses
the types of Padina sp. extraction methods that have been carried out and the percentage yield produced as
well as the phytochemical content of Padina sp. from 2008 to 2023. In Indonesia, Padina sp. is found in the
waters of Banten, Gorontalo and Lombok. Padina sp. is also found in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and in
Sri Rusa Beach, Malaysia. Based on the results of the review, it is known that the conventional extraction
method that is commonly used is the maceration method, while the MAE (Microwave Assisted Extraction)
method is a modern extraction method that is widely used to obtain Padina sp. extract. Furthermore, the 96%
ethanol extract of Padina sp. contains more phytochemicals (alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and
saponins) compared to the other extracts of Padina sp.
1 INTRODUCTION
Padina sp. is a species of macroalgae belonging to the
division Phaeophyta (brown macroalgae), generally
distributed in the ocean from shallow to deep waters.
This species grows in coastal waters with sandy,
slightly muddy substrates and in coastal areas with
dead coral fragments as placeholders (Kemenangan et
al., 2017).
Padina sp. is a rich source of various secondary
metabolites. The results of phytochemical tests with
acetone extract showed that Padina australis contains
steroids, terpenoids, polyphenols and saponins, which
have potential as antibacterial agents. (Salosso,
2012).
In order to determine the chemical content of a
plant, it is necessary to separate the compounds. This
process is commonly known as extraction. There are
different types of extraction methods, namely
conventional extraction and modern extraction
methods. Conventional extraction methods include
maceration, soxhletation, percolation and reflux.
While modern extraction methods include
microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and
ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) (Chemat. et al.,
2017).
The purpose of this review is to provide scientific
information on the appropriate extraction method
used to extract the chemical content of Padina sp. and
also to describe its phytochemical content from
different solvents.
2 METHODS
In the preparation of this review article, data were
searched by means of Google Scholar using the key
words "Extraction method and phytochemical content
of Padina sp.
3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Morphology Padina sp.
Padina sp. is only found attached to hard substrates
because the attachment tool is only a thin disc-shaped
plate called a holdfast (Benita et al., 2018). The
Holdfast found is fan-shaped, in the form of thin
plates with segments of lines that tend to be circular.
The edges of the talus tend to curve inwards. The talus
is light brown-green in colour. The hallux is small and
stringy, disc-shaped (Aulia et al., 2021). Talus Padina
sp. has double concentric stripes on the underside,
230
Panjaitan, R. and Simarmata, E.
Mini Review: Extraction Method and Phytochemical Content of Padina sp..
DOI: 10.5220/0012642500003821
Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
In Proceedings of the 4th International Seminar and Call for Paper (ISCP UTA ’45 JAKARTA 2023), pages 230-234
ISBN: 978-989-758-691-0; ISSN: 2828-853X
Proceedings Copyright © 2024 by SCITEPRESS Science and Technology Publications, Lda.
equally spaced, 2-3 mm wide. (Kepel et al., 2018).
Classification of Padina sp. :
Kingdom : Plantae
Divisi : Phaeophyta
Class : Phaeophyceae
Ordo : Dictyotales
Family: Dictyotaceae
Genus : : Padina
Species : Padina sp.
3.2 Distribution Location of Padina sp.
Figure 1: Padina sp.
Table 1: Habitat and Morphology of Padina sp.
No
Species
Location
Morphology
Referensi
1
Padina australis
Cibeureum Palem
Beach, Anyer,
Banten
Shaped like a fan, it is a thin sheet with
segments with lines that tend to be
circular. The edges of the talus tend to
curve inward. The talus is light brown-
green in color.
(Aulia et al.,
2021)
2
Padina minor
Pohuwato Waters,
Gorontalo
The talus has a greenish-brown color, is
fan-shaped, and is slightly calcified on
the upper surface.
(Manteu et
al., 2018)
3
Padina australis
Bayah Beach,
Banten
Fan-shaped with a height of 3-6 cm, thin
sheet and consists of two layers
(B. L. Sari et
al., 2020)
4
Padina sp.
Lombok Island
Sheet-shaped talus, 15127 mm high, is
yellow-brown in color. Holdfasts
resemble disks measuring 112 mm.
(Ghazali et
al., 2021)
5
Padina
ditristromatica
Syria Beach,
Eastern
Mediterranean
The talus consists of fan-shaped lobes
with rolled edges. These lobes are
attached to each other at the base with
short stems. The talus is yellowish or
greenish-brown in color and between 5
and 10 cm tall.
(Arraj et al.,
2016)
6
Padina Minor
Sri Rusa Beach, Port
Dickson, Negeri
Sembilan, Malaysia
Third talus that is divided into lobes. The
color of the talus is yellowish-brown, the
upper surface is covered with lime, and
the height reaches 7 cm.
(Daud et al.,
2015)
Mini Review: Extraction Method and Phytochemical Content of Padina sp.
231
3.3 Extraction Method of Padina sp.
Extraction methods are steps that involve the
separation of the natural product target from the raw
material (Zhang et al., 2018). Extraction methods can
be divided into two categories, namely traditional
extraction methods and new technology extraction
methods based on energy or mechanism (Getachew et
al., 2020). Advantages of modern extraction methods
Microwave-assisted extraction can be used on an
industrial and laboratory scale with a short extraction
time. However, it also has disadvantages such as not
being suitable for thermolabile compounds, high cost
and requiring special skills to operate (Zhang et al.,
2018). While the advantages of the conventional
maceration extraction method are its low cost, ease of
processing, and the equipment used, the disadvantages
are that it requires quite a long time, uses quite a lot of
solvent, and is likely to lose compounds. In addition,
some compounds may be difficult to extract at room
temperature (Chairunnisa et al., 2019).
From the review results obtained, the
conventional and modern extraction methods have a
% yield as shown in Table 2 below. For the
maceration method, the yield results were obtained
using different solvents, namely methanol (4.5%),
ethyl acetate (0.8%) and n-hexane (0.45%), while in
the research carried out (Monica, 2020) using the
modern method with microwave assisted extraction,
a yield of 3.60% was obtained.
3.4 Phytochemical Content of Padina
sp.
Phytochemical analysis of some Padina sp. contains
on average alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids,
steroids and tannins, while phenols are not present in
all Padina sp. In Table 3, the solvents used also vary
from ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, n-hexane and
chloroform. When the ethanol solvent is used, Padina
sp. contains mainly saponins, while the methanol
solvent contains mainly flavonoids and tannins.
Table 2: Results of % Extraction Yield of Padina sp.
No
Specied
Solvent
% Yield
Reference
1
Padina australis
Metanol, Etil
asetat, N-heksana
Metanol = 4,55%, Etil asetat
= 0,8%, N-heksana = 0,45%
(Maharany et al., 2017)
2
Padina australis
Etanol 96%
Etanol = 1,23%
(Wijayanti et al., 2020)
3
Padina australis
Etanol
Etanol = 2,14%
(Astika et al., 2022)
4
Padina australis
Metanol
-
(Hidayati et al., 2017)
4
Padina australis
Etanol 99%
Etanol= 3,60%
(Monica, 2020)
5
Padina minor
Etanol
-
(B. L. Sari et al., 2020)
6
Padina australis
Etanol 96%
-
(D. K. Sari et al., 2022)
Table 3: Phytochemical Testing Results of Padina sp.
No
Species
Solvent
Phytochemical Content
Reference
1
Padina australis
Etanol 96%
Alkaloid, Saponin, Tanin
(Astika et al., 2022)
2
Padina minor
Etanol
Flavanoid, Saponin, Steroids,
Tripenoid, Alkaloid
(Manteu et al., 2018)
3
Padina
Australis
Etanol 96%
Alkaloids, flavanoids, steroid,
terpenoid, tannin, dan saponins
(Wijayanti et al., 2020)
4
Padina australis
Etanol
Flavanoids
(Nuzul et al., 2018)
5
Padina australis
Metanol
Flavanoids, Tripenoid, Tanin
(Hidayati et al., 2022)
6
Padina boergesenii
Metanol
Flavanoid, saponin, tannin
(Ragunath et al., 2020)
7
Padina australis
Aseton
Steroid, terpenoid, polifenol
dan saponin
(Salosso, 2012)
8
Padina pavonica
Etanol dan Etil Asetat
Alkaloid, steroid, flavanoid,
fenol, dan saponin
(Sofiana et al., 2021)
9
Padina australis
N-heksana, etil asetat,
etanol, aseton,
Alkaloid, steroid, fenol,
terpenoid
(Latifah et al., 2019)
10
Padina gymnospora
Metanol, kloroform
Alkaloid, fenol, flavanoid,
steroid, tanin, terpenoid
(Pradeep & Thatheyus,
2019)
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