Mini Review: Extraction Method and

Phytochemical Content of Padina sp.

Riong Seulina Panjaitan and Elisabeth Simarmata

Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Jakarta, Jakarta Utara, 14350, Indonesia

Keywords: Ultrasound Assisted Extraction, Maceration, Microwave Assisted Extraction.

Abstract: Padina sp. is a species of brown macroalgae which is yellow-brown, fan-shaped in the form of a thin sheet of

living segments attached to the substrate and there is calcification on the upper surface. This article discusses

the types of Padina sp. extraction methods that have been carried out and the percentage yield produced as

well as the phytochemical content of Padina sp. from 2008 to 2023. In Indonesia, Padina sp. is found in the

waters of Banten, Gorontalo and Lombok. Padina sp. is also found in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and in

Sri Rusa Beach, Malaysia. Based on the results of the review, it is known that the conventional extraction

method that is commonly used is the maceration method, while the MAE (Microwave Assisted Extraction)

method is a modern extraction method that is widely used to obtain Padina sp. extract. Furthermore, the 96%

ethanol extract of Padina sp. contains more phytochemicals (alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and

saponins) compared to the other extracts of Padina sp.

1 INTRODUCTION

Padina sp. is a species of macroalgae belonging to the

division Phaeophyta (brown macroalgae), generally

distributed in the ocean from shallow to deep waters.

This species grows in coastal waters with sandy,

slightly muddy substrates and in coastal areas with

dead coral fragments as placeholders (Kemenangan et

al., 2017).

Padina sp. is a rich source of various secondary

metabolites. The results of phytochemical tests with

acetone extract showed that Padina australis contains

steroids, terpenoids, polyphenols and saponins, which

have potential as antibacterial agents. (Salosso,

2012).

In order to determine the chemical content of a

plant, it is necessary to separate the compounds. This

process is commonly known as extraction. There are

different types of extraction methods, namely

conventional extraction and modern extraction

methods. Conventional extraction methods include

maceration, soxhletation, percolation and reflux.

While modern extraction methods include

microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and

ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) (Chemat. et al.,

2017).

The purpose of this review is to provide scientific

information on the appropriate extraction method

used to extract the chemical content of Padina sp. and

also to describe its phytochemical content from

different solvents.

2 METHODS

In the preparation of this review article, data were

searched by means of Google Scholar using the key

words "Extraction method and phytochemical content

of Padina sp.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Morphology Padina sp.

Padina sp. is only found attached to hard substrates

because the attachment tool is only a thin disc-shaped

plate called a holdfast (Benita et al., 2018). The

Holdfast found is fan-shaped, in the form of thin

plates with segments of lines that tend to be circular.

The edges of the talus tend to curve inwards. The talus

is light brown-green in colour. The hallux is small and

stringy, disc-shaped (Aulia et al., 2021). Talus Padina

sp. has double concentric stripes on the underside,

230

Panjaitan, R. and Simarmata, E.

Mini Review: Extraction Method and Phytochemical Content of Padina sp..

DOI: 10.5220/0012642500003821

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 4th International Seminar and Call for Paper (ISCP UTA ’45 JAKARTA 2023), pages 230-234

ISBN: 978-989-758-691-0; ISSN: 2828-853X

equally spaced, 2-3 mm wide. (Kepel et al., 2018).

Classification of Padina sp. :

Kingdom : Plantae

Divisi : Phaeophyta

Class : Phaeophyceae

Ordo : Dictyotales

Family: Dictyotaceae

Genus : : Padina

Species : Padina sp.

3.2 Distribution Location of Padina sp.

Figure 1: Padina sp.

Table 1: Habitat and Morphology of Padina sp.

Species

Location

Morphology

Referensi

Padina australis

Cibeureum Palem

Beach, Anyer,

Banten

Shaped like a fan, it is a thin sheet with

segments with lines that tend to be

circular. The edges of the talus tend to

curve inward. The talus is light brown-

green in color.

(Aulia et al.,

2021)

Padina minor

Pohuwato Waters,

Gorontalo

The talus has a greenish-brown color, is

fan-shaped, and is slightly calcified on

the upper surface.

(Manteu et

al., 2018)

Padina australis

Bayah Beach,

Banten

Fan-shaped with a height of 3-6 cm, thin

sheet and consists of two layers

(B. L. Sari et

al., 2020)

Padina sp.

Lombok Island

Sheet-shaped talus, 15–127 mm high, is

yellow-brown in color. Holdfasts

resemble disks measuring 1–12 mm.

(Ghazali et

al., 2021)

Padina

ditristromatica

Syria Beach,

Eastern

Mediterranean

The talus consists of fan-shaped lobes

with rolled edges. These lobes are

attached to each other at the base with

short stems. The talus is yellowish or

greenish-brown in color and between 5

and 10 cm tall.

(Arraj et al.,

2016)

Padina Minor

Sri Rusa Beach, Port

Dickson, Negeri

Sembilan, Malaysia

Third talus that is divided into lobes. The

color of the talus is yellowish-brown, the

upper surface is covered with lime, and

the height reaches 7 cm.

(Daud et al.,

2015)

Mini Review: Extraction Method and Phytochemical Content of Padina sp.

231

3.3 Extraction Method of Padina sp.

Extraction methods are steps that involve the

separation of the natural product target from the raw

material (Zhang et al., 2018). Extraction methods can

be divided into two categories, namely traditional

extraction methods and new technology extraction

methods based on energy or mechanism (Getachew et

al., 2020). Advantages of modern extraction methods

Microwave-assisted extraction can be used on an

industrial and laboratory scale with a short extraction

time. However, it also has disadvantages such as not

being suitable for thermolabile compounds, high cost

and requiring special skills to operate (Zhang et al.,

2018). While the advantages of the conventional

maceration extraction method are its low cost, ease of

processing, and the equipment used, the disadvantages

are that it requires quite a long time, uses quite a lot of

solvent, and is likely to lose compounds. In addition,

some compounds may be difficult to extract at room

temperature (Chairunnisa et al., 2019).

From the review results obtained, the

conventional and modern extraction methods have a

% yield as shown in Table 2 below. For the

maceration method, the yield results were obtained

using different solvents, namely methanol (4.5%),

ethyl acetate (0.8%) and n-hexane (0.45%), while in

the research carried out (Monica, 2020) using the

modern method with microwave assisted extraction,

a yield of 3.60% was obtained.

3.4 Phytochemical Content of Padina

sp.

Phytochemical analysis of some Padina sp. contains

on average alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids,

steroids and tannins, while phenols are not present in

all Padina sp. In Table 3, the solvents used also vary

from ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, n-hexane and

chloroform. When the ethanol solvent is used, Padina

sp. contains mainly saponins, while the methanol

solvent contains mainly flavonoids and tannins.

Table 2: Results of % Extraction Yield of Padina sp.

Specied

Solvent

Extraction method

% Yield

Reference

Padina australis

Metanol, Etil

asetat, N-heksana

maceration

Metanol = 4,55%, Etil asetat

= 0,8%, N-heksana = 0,45%

(Maharany et al., 2017)

Padina australis

Etanol 96%

Maceration

Etanol = 1,23%

(Wijayanti et al., 2020)

Padina australis

Etanol

Maceration

Etanol = 2,14%

(Astika et al., 2022)

Padina australis

Metanol

Maceration

(Hidayati et al., 2017)

Padina australis

Etanol 99%

Microwave Assisted

Extraction

Etanol= 3,60%

(Monica, 2020)

Padina minor

Etanol

Microwave Assisted

Extraction

(B. L. Sari et al., 2020)

Padina australis

Etanol 96%

Ultrasound Assisted

Extraction

(D. K. Sari et al., 2022)

Table 3: Phytochemical Testing Results of Padina sp.

Species

Solvent

Phytochemical Content

Reference

Padina australis

Etanol 96%

Alkaloid, Saponin, Tanin

(Astika et al., 2022)

Padina minor

Etanol

Flavanoid, Saponin, Steroids,

Tripenoid, Alkaloid

(Manteu et al., 2018)

Padina

Australis

Etanol 96%

Alkaloids, flavanoids, steroid,

terpenoid, tannin, dan saponins

(Wijayanti et al., 2020)

Padina australis

Etanol

Flavanoids

(Nuzul et al., 2018)

Padina australis

Metanol

Flavanoids, Tripenoid, Tanin

(Hidayati et al., 2022)

Padina boergesenii

Metanol

Flavanoid, saponin, tannin

(Ragunath et al., 2020)

Padina australis

Aseton

Steroid, terpenoid, polifenol

dan saponin

(Salosso, 2012)

Padina pavonica

Etanol dan Etil Asetat

Alkaloid, steroid, flavanoid,

fenol, dan saponin

(Sofiana et al., 2021)

Padina australis

N-heksana, etil asetat,

etanol, aseton,

Alkaloid, steroid, fenol,

terpenoid

(Latifah et al., 2019)

Padina gymnospora

Metanol, kloroform

Alkaloid, fenol, flavanoid,

steroid, tanin, terpenoid

(Pradeep & Thatheyus,

2019)

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