Mini Review: Toxicity and Antimicrobial Activity of Padina sp.

Riong Seulina and Herni Farida

Pharmacy Faculty, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Jakarta, Sunter Permai Raya Street, North Jakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Brown Macroalgae, Inhibition Zone, Lethality Concentration.

Abstract:

Padina sp. is a species of the division Phaeyophyta, belonging to the family Dictyotaceae, found on various

substrates such as muddy sand, sandy mud and coral fragments. This review will discuss the antimicrobial

activity and toxicity against Artemia salina Leach shrimp larvae from 2008 to 2023.Based on the results of a

literature review, it is known that the methanol extract of Padina sp. has the highest zone of inhibition, namely

26.5 mm against Escherichia coli bacteria. Furthermore, the ethanol extract, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether and

hexane of Padina sp. were reported to inhibit the growth of Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi, Porphyromonas

gingivalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae, Bacillus subtilis,

Streptococcus pyogenes, Acinetobacter baumannii, Vibrio harveyi, Parahaemolyticus, Aeromonas hydropilla

and Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. For the toxicity of Padina sp., the ethanol solvent extract of Padina sp.

has an LC50 value of 12.45 g/mL, indicating that it can be degraded and is extremely toxic to Artemia salina

Leach.

1 INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is a maritime country with high marine

biodiversity. One of them is widely used by

Indonesian people is macroalgae. Macroalgae or

seaweed is one of the plants that have a source of

bioactive compounds. This can be seen from its

ability to produce a variety of secondary metabolites

with broad biological activities (Poonguzhali, 2013).

Antibacterial, antioxidant and anticoagulant activities

are the bioactive compounds found in seaweed

(Bansemir, 2006).

One of the brown macroalgae is Padina sp. This

species is found on various substrates such as sand,

muddy sand, sandy mud and coral rubble. Padina sp.

has a large size and is easy to see with the naked eye,

its shape is like a fan (Wijayanti et al., 2020).

Padina sp. has both antimicrobial potential and

toxicity. Antibiotics include a group of chemical

compounds that are able to inhibit and kill the growth

of bacteria. The level of bacterial resistance to this

compound is quite high; therefore, alternative

bioactive compounds derived from marine plants

such as seaweed have a more tolerant (Husni et al.

2014).

Meanwhile, toxicity tests are carried out on

macroalgae to determine the safety level of an extract.

In general, toxicity tests are carried out using Artemia

salina Leach larvae with the Brine Shrimp Lethality

Test (BSLT) method, which is expressed as the Lethal

Concentration 50 (LC50) value. This review will

provide some information on the antimicrobial

activity and toxicity of the extract Padina sp.

2 METHODS

This review used data from Google Scholar with the

keywords "antimicrobial activity and toxicity of

extracts of Padina sp.". Primary data were obtained

from national and international journals.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Morphology of Padina sp.

Morphologically, Padina sp. is a species of

macroalgae belonging to the phylum Phaeyophyta

(brown macroalgae). This species is fan-shaped with

a diameter of 3 - 4 cm, growing in concentric circles

with the following general characteristics: stem-

shaped, with many leaves or sword-shaped, fan-

shaped and brown in colour, forming thin leaf

segments, the substance is gelatinous, yellowish-

Seulina, R. and Farida, H.

Mini Review: Toxicity and Antimicrobial Activity of Padina sp..

DOI: 10.5220/0012642800003821

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 4th International Seminar and Call for Paper (ISCP UTA ’45 JAKARTA 2023), pages 245-250

ISBN: 978-989-758-691-0; ISSN: 2828-853X

245

brown in colour, the upper part of the lobes is slightly

expanded, the roots are in the form of fibres called

holdfast to adhere firmly to the substrate so that it can

be used to adapt to wave movements in the intertidal

zone, the holdfast structure is disc-shaped (Marcelet

al. , 2015).

Figure 1: Padina australis from Harapan Island, Jakarta,

Indonesia.

Padina australis is large and can be seen with the

naked eye (Wijayanti et al., 2020). According to

Kepel (2018), thallus Padina sp. has double

concentric lines on the underside at the same distance

from each other, about 2-3 mm.

3.2 Habitat, Distribution, and

Classification of Padina sp.

Padina sp. is a species of marine algae belonging to

the division Phaeophyta (brown algae), generally

found in marine waters from shallow to deep. Padina

sp. grows from the intertidal to the subtidal zone. This

macroalgae can grow better on rocky substrates

(Kautsari & Ahdiansyah, 2016), dead coral

(Kemenangan et al., 2017) as well as environmental

quality that supports the growth of Padina sp.

Namely, water temperature 27-30OC, salinity 28-32

ppt, pH 7.5-8, current velocity 35-80 cm/s, brightness

2m (Meldi et al., 2022). According to Luning (1990),

the temperature range that is good for algal growth in

tropical areas is 20-30°C. Thus, the observed average

temperature is 26°C, which is good for the growth of

the brown macroalgae Padina sp.

Padina sp. is classified as below:

Kingdom:Plantae

Divisi :Phaeophyta

Class : Phaeophyceae

Ordo : Dictyotales

Family: Dictyotaceae

Genus : Padina

Spesies : Padina sp.

3.3 Antimicrobial Activity of Padina sp.

Antimicrobials are chemical substances that are

formed and produced by microorganisms; these

substances have the power to inhibit the activity of

other microorganisms, even in small amounts

(Waluyo, 2004). Antibacterial activity tests can be

carried out using two methods, including the

diffusion method and the dilution method. Therefore,

well diffusion method by Igbinosa (2009) where as

disc diffusion method by Kirby-Bauer stated that it is

useful for testing the effects of chemical drugs on

bacteria (Francine, 2015).

Padina sp. extract with proven antibacterial

activity. The antibacterial activity of Padina sp. can

be demonstrated by measuring the inhibition zones of

different concentrations using gram positive and

negative bacteria (Purnama R, 2010). Inhibitory

activity is defined as a weak category if the diameter

of the inhibition zone in the diffusion test is less than

5 mm. If the size is 5-10 mm, it is classified as

moderately inhibitory. Meanwhile, those categorised

as strong measure 10-19 mm and the latter are

categorised as very strong, measuring 20 mm (Liana.,

2010).

Table 1: Antimicrobial Activity of Padina sp.

Species

Extract

Antimicrobial

Test Method

Antibacterial

Activity

Antifungal

Diameter of

Inhibition Zone

Concentration

References

Padina

australis

Padina

australis

ethanol

extract

Disc

Diffusion

Vibrio cholerae

dan Salmonella

typhi

19,48 mm dan

12,0 mm

80%

(aptari,

2015

Padina

australis

Hauck

Padina

australis

ethanol

extract

Disc

Diffusion

Porphyromonas

gingivalis

18,2 mm

Sari, 2016

Padina

australis

Padina

australis

ethanol

extract

Dilution

Staphylococcus

epidermidis

90%

Alfan,

2015

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Table 1: Antimicrobial Activity of Padina sp. (cont.).

Species

Extract

Antimicrobial

Test Method

Antibacterial

Activity

Antifungal

Diameter of

Inhibition Zone

Concentration

References

Padina

australis

Padina

australis

methanol

extract

Disc Diffusion

Escherichia coli

14,37 mm

100%

Saptari,

2015

Padina sp.

Diethyl ether,

ethyl acetate

and ethanol

extract of

Padina

australis

Disc Diffusion

Staphylococcus

aureus and

Shigella

dysenteriae

12,66 mm dan

10,69 mm

Nuzul,

2018

Padina

pavonica

Padina

pavonica

methanol and

chloroform

extract

Disc Diffusion

Escherichia coli

dan

Staphylococcus

aureus

90 %

El-Fatimy,

2011

Padina

pavonica

Padina

Pavonica

ethanol extract

Dilution

Bacillus subtilis,

Staphylococcus

aureus,

Streptococcus

pyogenes and

Acinetobacter

baumannii

(21,7 ± 1,5 mm;

1,95 mg/mL),

(21,7 ± 0,58

mm; 1,95

mg/mL), 20,7 ±

1,2 mm; 1,95

mg/mL) and

(20,1 ± 1,2 mm;

3,9mg/mL).

Al-Enazi,

2018

Padina

pavonica

Hauck

ethanol and

ethyl acetate

extract of

Padina

pavonica

Hauck

Disc Diffusion

Escherichia coli

11,6 mm dan

12,6 mm.

Warsidah,

2022

Padina sp.

methanol

extract

Disc Diffusion

Escherichia coli,

dan Salmonella

thypimirium.

26,5 mm dan 19

Kolanus,

2017

Padina

australis

Hauck

hexane, ethyl

acetate,

acetone and

ethanol

extracts

Disc Diffusion

Vibrio harveyi,

Vibrio

parahaemolyticus

and Aeromonas

hydrophilla

(1,76 mm), (2,3

mm) dan (4,43

mm).

Latifah,

2019

Padina

australis

Padina

australis

methanol

extract

Disc Diffusion

Aeromonas

hydropilla

10,5 mm

Salosso,

2020

Padina sp.

ethanol extract

Disc Diffusion

Escherichia coli

and

Staphylococcus

aureus.

Aspergillus

flavus

9,75 –11,55

mm dan 7,15 –

10,0 mm

Fanesha,

2023

Padina

australis

Padina

australis

methanol

extract

Disc Diffusion

Propionibacterium

acnes

6,20 mm

30%

Mourena,

2021

Padina

gymnospora

Padina

gymnospora

methanol

extract

Disc Diffusion

Staphylococcus

aureus

dan Proteus

mirabilisa

21,67 ±1,15

mm dan

12,3±0,58 mm

Punnam,

2014

Padina

australis

Hauck

Methanol,

ethyl acetate

and n-hexane

Disc Diffusion

Vibrio harveryi

12,55 mm

80%

Gazali,

2016

Mini Review: Toxicity and Antimicrobial Activity of Padina sp.

247

Table 2: Toxicity of Padina sp.

Species

Extract (solvent)

(ppm)

References

Padina sp.

Ethanol

12,45

(Nickson,2023)

Padina australis

Ethanol

177,83

(Saptari,2020)

Padina sp.

Fucoidan

145.586

(Yemima,2020)

Padina australis

Methanol, ethyl acetate

and n-hexane

785,03; 73,3; and 300.

(Fitriyanti,2020)

Padina gymnospora

Methanol

1000

(Salamat,2022)

From Table 1, one of the elements that serves as

a reference for the lowest inhibitory

concentration that best inhibits it is the structure

of the cell walls of each bacterium. According to

this research, the size of the concentration used

has an effect. The higher the concentration of an

extract, the greater or better the antibacterial

activity. In addition, the large diameter of the

inhibition zone also determines the strength of

the antibacterial activity.

3.4 Toxicity of Padina Sp.

The toxicity test using the BSLT method aims to

determine the potential of a compound as a poison by

knowing the level of toxicity of an extract

(Puspitasari et al., 2018). The Brine Shrimp Lethality

Test (BSLT) method uses shrimp larvae as test

animals, taking into account Artemia salina Leach,

which is easy to obtain because it is commercially

available, a rapid method because active larvae can be

obtained in 1-2 days, requires little equipment, does

not require culture or maintenance of living

organisms, and does not require a special laboratory

(Triana, 2015). Toxic activity can be determined by

the number of Artemia salina Leach mortalities,

expressed as the Lethal Concentration 50 (LC50)

value.

From Table 2. it can be concluded that from

Nickson's (2023) research using ethanol solvent, a

value of LC50 12.45 μg/mL was obtained, so it can

be classified as very toxic to Artemia salina Leach.

4 CONCLUSIONS

According to the results of the literature review, the

antibacterial activity of the methanol extract of

Padina sp. has the highest zone of inhibition, namely

26.5 mm, against Escherichia coli bacteria.

Furthermore, the ethanol solvent extract has an LC50

value of 12.45 g/mL, indicating that it can be

degraded and is highly toxic to Artemia salina Leach.

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