Fundamentals and Prospects of Strategic Partnership Development

of Central Asia and Japan

Alimov Okiliddin

Toshkent State University of Oriental Studies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Keywords: The Dominating Party, Modernization, The House of Representatives, The House of Councillors, Political

Evolution, and The Japanese Political System Are All Mentioned, Collaboration with Nations in Central Asia,

"CA + J" Arrangement, International Investment and Economic Linkages.

Abstract: The importance and historical relevance of the Republic of Uzbekistan and Japan's diplomatic ties are

examined in this research essay. It also demonstrates the significant impact of ratifying the strategic

cooperation agreement between the two nations. The unique characteristics of the Japanese political system

are examined, including the composition, organization, and primary duties of the parliament, the process by

which parliamentary elections are held, the position and significance of the emperor's institution within the

political system, and the function of the cabinet of ministers. The article examines the foundations of the

principle of the Cabinet of Ministers, its function in the process of reforming the social structure, the

characteristics of the political system, specifically the creation of a multi-party system, the reasons behind the

country's Liberal Democratic Party's success as a dominant party, the role of the LDP in the modernization of

the Japanese political system, the function of the Cabinet of Ministers in the social structure, the government's

economic development plan, the details of its practical implementation, and the efforts of the parliament and

cabinet to amend the nation's constitution. At the same time, Japan's foreign policy in Central Asia, especially

in Uzbekistan, and bilateral and multilateral diplomacy with the countries of the region were analysed. The

stages of development of Japan's cooperation and investment policy with Central Asian countries were studied

comparatively. The prospects of Japan's bilateral relations with Uzbekistan are forecasted and development

trends are analysed.

1 INTRODUCTION

It is known that since the beginning of 1992,

diplomatic relations have been established between

Uzbekistan and Japan based on the principles of

mutually beneficial and equally friendly cooperation.

On July 29, 2002, a Joint Declaration on

Friendship, Strategic Partnership, and Cooperation

was signed by Japan and the Republic of Uzbekistan.

The Republic of Uzbekistan's Cabinet of Ministers'

August 8, 2002, resolution "On measures to further

develop cooperation with Japan" was crucial to the

successful growth of the two nations' strategic

alliance.

It should be noted that on the basis of these

political initiatives and mutual agreements, ample

opportunities have been created for the consistent

development of cooperation between Uzbekistan and

Japan. As a result, strong ties have been established

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6919-9466

between the two countries, based on the highest

political and institutional foundations of modern

international relations.

As the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan

Shavkat Mirziyoyev noted, “Today, Japan is one of

our most important and priority partners in

modernizing the economy of Uzbekistan and socio-

economic development of our country.

We are grateful for the support provided by our

Japanese partners, and are interested in further

expanding investment, financial and technical

cooperation, developing direct contacts, and fruitful

cooperation between the business circles of

Uzbekistan and Japan”.

It should be recalled that President Shavkat

Mirziyoyev stated in his speech to the Uzbek

Parliament on January 24, 2020, that Japan, among

other nations, is a significant player in Uzbekistan's

foreign policy goals.

Okiliddin, A.

Fundamentals and Prospects of Strategic Partnership Development of Central Asia and Japan.

DOI: 10.5220/0012659100003882

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 2nd Pamir Transboundary Conference for Sustainable Societies (PAMIR-2 2023), pages 17-23

ISBN: 978-989-758-723-8

As stated in the Address of the President, “We will

continue the large-scale work begun to intensify the

foreign policy of Uzbekistan, the path of open,

pragmatic and well-thought-out foreign policy that

meets our national interests. We will further

strengthen our partnership, long-term and

multifaceted partnership with all countries”.

These conceptual ideas put forward by the head of

our state, in turn, serve as a source of strengthening

the base of new potential opportunities for the

development of strategic relations between

Uzbekistan and Japan.

It is known that in the development of relations

between countries in the political and other spheres,

the commonalities in their political system, in

particular the closeness of interests in the strategy of

political development, will play an important role.

Features of the national strategic directions and goals

of the political systems of Uzbekistan and Japan, such

as based on the principles of democratic development,

peace, cooperation, stability, and innovative

development, serve as the basis for bilateral relations.

Improving the political system of our society on

the basis of the most modern and effective democratic

criteria and the implementation of strategic goals for

the accelerated development of our country on its

basis have been identified today as the leading criteria

for the development of our country.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

This material was prepared with the assistance of

scientific studies, expert comments, international

agreements, regulatory frameworks, and legislation.

Specially, the Japanese Constitution and laws, the

address of President Shavkat Mirziyoyev to the Oliy

Majlis, the Decree of the President of the Republic of

Uzbekistan on the Action Strategy for the Further

Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and

government decisions were significant sources.

The following scientific articles published in

scientific journals were also used: Kalmichek P.,

Pavlenko P. “The political system of modern Japan”

(Aspect Press, 2017. p.7.); Inoguti T. “Japan’s

political science development” ( Polis, 2019, №4.

P.60.); Molodyakova E. “Japan: total conservative

victory” (Problems of the Far East, 2018.. №1.

P.182.); Varyushin P., Tixotsnaya I. “Political

Modernization in Japan - Impacts of European and

American Practices”(Asia and Africa today, 2016.

№7.); Dadabaev, T. Japan’s Search for Its Central

Asian Policy: Between Idealism and Pragmatism

(Asian Survey, Vol. 53, p. 508.); Len Ch. Central

Asian Diplomacy: Motivations, Implications and

Prospects for the Region (The China and Eurasia

Forum Quarterly.vol.3, № 3, p. 130.); Fumitaka

Furuoka. A History of Japan’s Foreign Aid Policy:

From Physical Capital to Human Capital. (School of

Business and Economics, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,

2007. р. 21.); Nazarmuhamedov B. “Japan’s ODA

Policy Toward Central Asia and the Caucasus. An

Analysis of Japanese Assistance to Economic

Development in Kyrgyzstan and Armenia” (Journal

of International and Advanced Japanese Studies, Vol.

10, March 2018, p. 183.); Information on the topic in

the media was also used.

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A synthesis of peer-reviewed literature and recent

reports and documents pertaining to our issue inform

our qualitative, systematic, comparative, sociological,

institutional, and case study approach, which forms

the basis of our core methodology. By identifying the

relationships between nations, the system approach

assisted in determining the part that each political

system plays in the international political process. It

was feasible to compare different nations' foreign

policy approaches thanks to the comparative

technique. The sociological approach was required to

determine how foreign policy agendas and national

economies interacted with other facets of society,

including national and international policies,

geopolitical features, the overall economy, etc. The

institutional method was applied in analyzing the

institutional and legal framework of relations

between the two countries. The historical method

helped to study the evolution of the development of

the Japanese political system, the stages of the

process of political modernization and to identify the

main stages of the development of diplomacy and

investment policy of Japan, and to make predictions

about the future course of the country. The case study

technique allowed researchers to examine specific

instances of both transient and permanent situations

and circumstances that impacted the development of

mechanisms for investment and diplomacy, as well as

the degree of dependency among different players in

this process.

4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

The article shows that the foreign policy of countries

is inextricably linked with their political system in the

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example of Japan and the Republic of Uzbekistan.

The study examines the dynamics of Japan's political

modernization process and the significance of Japan's

experience for Uzbekistan. Analysis is done on

Japan's investment strategy, economic and energy

diplomacy, and Central Asian and Uzbek foreign

policy strategies. Consequently, forecasts are made

on the future of bilateral ties.

5 DISCUSSION

At present, the Japanese government is in the process

of further improving the country's political system

and expanding and modernizing its democratic

foundations.

It should be highlighted that the political structure

of Japan is distinct in a number of aspects. "Japanese

are tolerant of political processes based on the

cultural and geographical features of their country".

This aspect is important in the political development

of the Japanese state and the improvement of the

political system of society. The Constitution, adopted

on November 3, 1946, served as an important legal

basis for the formation of the modern Japanese

political system. It is known that this document came

into force on May 3, 1947, and is still in force today.

The Constitution of Japan has the status of the

Basic Law of the country, according to which the

Japanese people are designated as the leading entity

exercising state sovereignty. According to the

Japanese Constitution, democratic principles of

political power apply. Based on the advanced ideas of

constitutional law, “in the last quarter of the twentieth

century, the process of democratic renewal in

Japanese society has reached its peak. During this

period, the third wave of democracy will intensify".

Reforms in the Japanese political system are

playing an important role in achieving such results.

The role of parliament in the Japanese political

system is immense. In fact, Japan has the oldest

tradition of parliamentarians among Asian countries.

Of course, the political processes that took place after

the Second World War, and the measures taken to

implement democratic reforms had a strong impact on

the formation of the Japanese political system,

including the parliament, which is an important part

of it.

According to Article 41 of the Japanese

Constitution, “Parliament is the supreme and sole

legislative body of state power and consists of two

chambers: the House of Representatives and the

House of Advisers.

The House of Representatives is the lower house

of the Japanese parliament and is elected for 4 years.

The House of Advisers is the upper house and is

elected for 6 years. At present, every three years, half

of the deputies of the upper house are re-elected in

accordance with Article 46 of the Constitution.

The House of Representatives consists of 480

deputies and is responsible for reviewing and

approving key bills.

The Constitution of Japan provides for a very

wide range of powers of the Parliament. In addition

to its main functions in the field of legislation, finance,

and oversight, the parliament has the authority to

ratify international treaties, initiate amendments to

the country's constitution, establish an impeachment

court, and participate in the formation of certain

executive bodies.

At the same time, it should be noted that the

appointment of the Prime Minister of the country, as

well as the adoption of laws and the state budget, are

the most important tasks of parliament.

The role of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet of

Ministers in the Japanese political system is unique.

The Cabinet of Ministers is the leading body

exercising executive power. That is why the cabinet

is often referred to as the Japanese government. The

level of participation of the executive branch in the

legislative process is much higher. Ninety percent of

the bills passed by the Japanese parliament are bills

submitted by the government.

This means that in Japan, the executive branch

serves as the leading subject of the political process,

although it operates within the framework of the

democratic division of power into sectors.

The role of political parties in the exercise of

political power in Japan and in the Japanese political

system in general is enormous. It is political parties

that are an important political institution that develops

strategies for changes in Japanese political life and

ideas of political development.

The party, which has a majority in parliament,

forms the central and local authorities. At the same

time, it will have the right to lead the Cabinet of

Ministers.

In the process of reforming Japan’s political

system, the country’s top political leaders have

sought to create a unique model of governance in

recent years, as well as to adopt progressive aspects

of the European and American political systems. At

the same time, the Japanese political system does not

deny the national traditions and values of the

Japanese people.

The role of the country's constitution in the

Japanese political system is incomparable. At the

Fundamentals and Prospects of Strategic Partnership Development of Central Asia and Japan

same time, the Constitution, which came into force in

1947, is being seriously amended to make changes

and additions to it, based on the needs of the country's

political development.

“In 2019, the Japanese government has begun to

take concrete steps to review the constitution. In

particular, the task of amending the electoral norms,

expanding the powers of the authorities,

reinterpreting Article 9, which sets the norms for the

organization and use of the Japanese armed forces, is

becoming more urgent”.

At the same time, the issues of modernization of

relations between political parties in Japanese society,

and the introduction of effective institutional

mechanisms that ensure the consensus of political

parties on leading issues of national importance are

also on the agenda.

Indeed, the political parties operating in Japan are

ideologically very close to each other. Therefore,

experts conclude, that Japan can achieve a two-party

system of government based on a relentless pursuit of

an effective political system.

At the same time, the foundations of "consensual"

democracy in Japanese society are being strengthened

on the basis of modern principles of coalition

government. Today, the Japanese government is in

the process of increasing the efficiency of the

country's political institutions and reforming the

country's political system in line with modern needs.

This means that today the Japanese political

system is going through a period of significant

improvement. The modernization of the political

system, in turn, paves the way for the opening of new

sources for political development.

Uzbekistan and other Central Asian nations are

significant players in Japanese foreign policy.

Furthermore, the area serves as a vital geopolitical

"bridge" between the East with the West. Situated

between Europe, the Middle East, South Asia, Russia,

and China, Central Asia was formerly the route of the

Great Silk Road.

For Japan, the strategic and geoeconomic

importance of the region is as important as other

regions of Asia, including Southeast Asia. The

Ministry of Foreign Affairs defines Central Asian

diplomacy as follows in the 2018 revisions to Japan's

Blue Book on Foreign Policy, which is a crucial

strategic conceptual document:

"Central Asia is strategically significant to Japan;

maintaining regional peace and stability, fostering

socioeconomic growth, and fostering investment

activities are all crucial facets of Central Asian

diplomacy. Japanese diplomacy in Central Asia has

set the following priorities:

 Developing stronger bilateral ties;

 Expanding regional cooperation and helping

to resolve regional issues through the

"Central Asia + Japan" conversation;

 Expanding global collaboration.

A comparison of the Central Asian version of this

document in previous years shows the strategic

importance of the region, the priorities of Japan's

regional diplomacy have gradually developed and

significant results have been achieved at various

stages. Based on the priorities of Japan's Central

Asian diplomacy, the chronology of relations can be

divided into the following five periods:

 Diplomatic relations were established

between 1992 and 1997 when the first

delegations were sent. The initiation of the

Japanese government's Official

Development Assistance (ODA) program,

the support Japan provided for Central

Asia's membership in regional development

banks, the acceleration of market transition

reforms in the region, and the interest of

Japanese companies in Central Asia's energy

infrastructure projects all contribute to the

explanation of this period. Central Asian and

other energy resource diversification is

emphasized in Japan's 1993 White Paper on

Energy Policy.

 1997–2001: Japan's strategy in Central Asia

was formulated with the adoption of papers

such as Prime Minister Hashimoto's

Eurasian Diplomacy and Prime Minister

Obuti's Silk Road Action Plan. The strategic

orientations of collaboration with the

Caucasus and Central Asia were outlined

explicitly for the first time. June and July of

1997 saw K.S. Obuti headed a sizable group

of intellectual, commercial, and political

circles that traveled to Kyrgyzstan,

Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan.

The direction of investment in the energy

industry was one of the key subjects of

discussion.

 2001-2009. Japan's policy in Central Asia

has changed in the wake of US military

action in Afghanistan and the Middle East.

The Koizumi-led government's foreign

policy vector has focused on peace stability

and security in the region. Established in

2004, the CA + J communication format

remains the central platform for multilateral

cooperation to this day. In 2005-2006, a

foreign policy group led by Taro Aso, the

foreign minister of the Koizumi and Abe

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governments, promoted the concept of

“Freedom and Prosperity” calling for the

promotion of democratic values in various

regions of Eurasia and the Middle East. As

per the notion, Japan has conveyed its

support for Western nations in bolstering

democratic principles around the globe.

China's influence in the region has

diminished as a result of the shifting power

dynamics, and Tokyo has been forced to

explore the potential for economic

initiatives—mainly related to energy—in

the area. Japan has started to give the

countries in the area more consideration in

its energy policy. Japanese businesses are

now actively involved in the region's oil and

gas developments.

 2009-2012. Japan's abandonment of the

concept of "freedom and prosperity" has led

to some improvement in relations with

China. The government, led by Yoshihiko

Noda, has given priority to Japan's resource

diplomacy in Central Asia. Abroad, uranium

mining and nuclear cooperation have

developed rapidly. However, since the

Fukushima events in March 2011, the

country has undergone significant changes

in domestic and foreign energy policy.

 The contemporary era spanning from 2012

to the present can be described by Japan's

resource diplomacy and increased

pragmatism. During this time, Japan's

approach to forging commercial

relationships and stepping up significant

energy and investment projects in Central

Asia diverged.

The policy of the Japanese government for

Central Asia is being implemented conceptually.

Japan is now a significant worldwide ally for the

nations in the area that are pursuing diverse foreign

policies. Japan and Central Asian nations have

agreements on friendship, collaboration, and strategic

partnership. One of the favorable elements fostering

the fruitful growth of political ties between Japan and

Central Asian nations is the lack of an unsolved

international issue or conflict.

There are two primary means by which Japan has

bolstered its influence in Central Asia. Grants,

technology collaboration, low-interest and interest-

free loans, and other forms of financial aid were used

to carry out the first directive. The Official

Development Assistance (ODA) program of Japan

has made a substantial contribution to the

development of the social sector, democracy, and the

transition to a market economy. It has also laid the

groundwork for sustained economic growth. Under

the second strategy, Japanese companies were

encouraged to actively support regional economic

interests. Tokyo has assured the export of these

energy supplies to Japan in this way by working to

support the development of energy-related projects in

Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan, which

contain uranium, gas, and oil.

Japan proposed a new Charter on the Basic

Principles of Official Assistance for Development to

the world following the conclusion of the Cold War.

These principles include: - The growth of the

defense industry in the host nations should be

supervised; - The principles of democracy and market

economy should be developed;

 The use of military assistance is prohibited;

 Growth and environmental preservation are

connected.

In general, Japan's foreign policy in Central Asia

has served not only as a key tool to ensure regional

development but also to establish bilateral relations

and support Japan's foreign policy goals in the

countries of the region.

Currently, modernizing regional infrastructure

and promoting Japanese infrastructure exports with

an emphasis on human resource development are the

two most significant aspects of Japan's diplomacy in

Central Asia. The other is economic and resource

diplomacy.

It should be noted that the long history of cultural

ties between our peoples has had a great positive

impact on the development of friendly and cordial

relations between Uzbekistan and Japan during the

years of independence. Today, due to the consistent

democratic reforms implemented by both countries

and the commonalities in their enormous results, the

positive prospects of modern cooperation are

showing.

Interparliamentary ties are actively developing

through holding forums with the participation of the

parliamentary friendship leagues "Japan

Parliamentary League for Friendship with

Uzbekistan" and "Democratic Party of Japan -

Uzbekistan". Regular political meetings between the

foreign ministries of the two nations have taken place

since 2002. Japan and Uzbekistan work together to

resolve a range of international issues and share

similar perspectives on a wide range of global

political concerns. Japan's appointment as a

permanent member of the UN Security Council has

the backing of Uzbekistan.

Today, Japan's relations with Uzbekistan have

reached the level of strategic partnership. Japan

Fundamentals and Prospects of Strategic Partnership Development of Central Asia and Japan

recognizes Uzbekistan as a regional state influencing

the situation in Central Asia. In relations between

Tashkent and Tokyo, special attention is paid to

cooperation in the "Japan + Central Asia" format.

Japan supports Uzbekistan's regional policy aimed at

creating a reliable and close neighborly environment

in Central Asia.

The Uzbek-Japanese and Japanese-Uzbek

committees on economic cooperation have a

significant impact on the growth of trade and

economic relations.

Between 1991 and 2007, Japan proposed the

following projects.

 The Official Development Assistance

Program (ODA), among other forms of

financial and non-financial assistance, was

made possible for the Central Asian

countries in 1993 by the Initiative for the

Inclusion of Central Asian Countries in the

Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development;

 1997 - Eurasian diplomacy, which

envisaged the intensification of economic

and political cooperation between Japan,

Russia, and Central Asia. Three main

principles: mutual benefit, trust, and long-

term perspective;

 1998 - Program of Action on "Silk Road

Diplomacy" aimed at supporting democratic

reforms, promoting economic reforms,

reconstruction of transport infrastructure,

and exploration of natural resources;

 2004 - Central Asia plus Japan Initiative -

regular meetings at the level of heads of

ministries and departments to promote

cooperation and regional interaction;

 2006 - "Transformation of Central Asia into

the corridor of peace and stability" - an

approach to Central Asia taking into account

the long-term perspective, supporting open

regional cooperation, and searching for a

partnership based on common universal

values.

Together with ODA support, which is presently

valued at almost two billion dollars, these projects

have really been quite important for the nations in the

area and have played a significant role in the

development of Central Asia.

August of 2008. On September 24, 2009, the

intergovernmental agreement "On liberalization,

mutual protection and promotion of investments" was

signed and became operative. Eleven recognized

Japanese company representative offices have been

created in Uzbekistan, along with ten joint ventures,

one of which has 100% Japanese capital. Japan and

Uzbekistan's mutual commercial turnover is

increasing at a rapid rate. The total value of bilateral

commerce in 2014 was 189.5 million US dollars.

Over $3.4 billion worth of financial and technical

support was provided to Japan in total. Numerous

socially significant infrastructure projects in the fields

of health, education, energy, transportation,

telecommunications, and other sectors have been

developed in Uzbekistan as a result of the financial

and technical support of Japan.

The primary objective in the advancement of our

nation's economic ties is to increase collaboration in

the areas of international commerce, investment, and

finance. Although direct air travel between our two

nations occurs twice a week, the amount of

international trade currently does not match the

potential that exists. The expansion of collaboration

in the tourist and energy sectors is especially crucial.

The area of innovation is now a new focus in the

development of Uzbekistan-Japan economic

cooperation. With the cooperation of institutions in

both countries, a great deal of effort was made to

establish the Japanese-Uzbek Youth Innovation

Center after Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's visit to

Uzbekistan in 2015. With Japan's cutting-edge

technology and creative ideas combined with

Uzbekistan's abundance of natural resources, this

center has exceptional prospects for the growth of

mutually beneficial relations between our two nations.

After the Central Asian and Japanese foreign

ministers met in the spring of 2017, a "road map" for

regional collaboration in the areas of logistics and

transportation was approved.

At the same time, Japan attaches great importance

to Uzbekistan in implementing its regional policy in

Central Asia. For example, Uzbekistan accounts for

57% of Japan's aid to the region. Japanese companies

are closely cooperating in the processing of mineral

resources in Uzbekistan. It should be noted that as a

result of measures taken by the governments of the

two countries in the energy sector, the oil refineries in

Bukhara and Fergana have been restored, and the

Kokdumalak gas compressor station has been built.

The main areas of our economic cooperation are

electricity, oil, gas, and chemicals. The supply of

turbines and other energy technologies for

Uzbekistan's energy systems is one of the important

areas for Japanese business.

During his official visit to Japan, President of the

Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev also

touched upon the issues of energy cooperation

between the two countries. Currently, 11 Japanese

companies have representative offices in Uzbekistan.

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To date, 65 billion yen has been invested in the

development of Uzbekistan's energy sector through

Japan's Eximbank.

Uzbekistan is an important transit center in the

region, and special attention is paid to projects in the

field of communications. Toyota Tsusho has signed a

$ 100 million loan agreement with the National Bank

for Foreign Economic Activity to finance data

transmission and Internet speed projects.

6 CONCLUSION

After evaluating the outcomes of Japan's economic

and diplomatic efforts in Central Asia, we can say that

the region is not only strategically significant for

Japan but also rich in natural resources and a growing

market.

Japan's investment strategy envisages special

attention to loans, grants, economic and technological

assistance, infrastructure, and energy mining and

processing projects in Central Asian countries.

Additionally, Japan actively seeks to advance market

linkages and democracy in the Central Asian area

through its foreign policy.

At the same time, the analysis of the country's

regional policy in recent years requires a transition to

a more active foreign policy in Central Asia and the

widespread use of socioeconomic and financial

investment tools.

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Fundamentals and Prospects of Strategic Partnership Development of Central Asia and Japan