Interaction of Turkic Languages in Karakalpakstan

Gulnaz Dosjanova, Anargul Kazakhbaeva and Dilfuza Erjanova

Karakalpak State University, Uzbekistan

Keywords: Turkic Languages, Karakalpak Language, Uzbek Language, Kazak Language, Turkmen Language,

Differentiation, Integration.

Abstract: In this article, the interaction of Turkic languages in Karakalpakstan was analyzed. Although the Karakalpak

language belongs to the Kipchak group of Turkic languages, the reasons for the influence of the Uzbek

language from the Karluk group, the Turkmen language from the Oghuz group, and the Kazakh language

from the Kipchak group were studied. By studying the process of language interaction and its causes, their

development ways and characteristics, the service of this process in the enrichment of these languages was

determined.

1 INTRODUCTION

Karakalpakstan is a multi-ethnic republic. The

majority of the population consists of the Karakalpaks

and representatives of other Turkic peoples - Uzbeks,

Kazakhs and Turkmens. These peoples have been

living together for centuries. The language is used

simultaneously in everyday life, and their languages

also influence each other in the results of

communication and relation. Therefore, it is of great

importance to study the interaction of the Uzbek,

Kazakh and Turkmen languages in Karakalpakstan

with the Karakalpak language and the results of that

interaction. By learning the process of interaction of

the languages and its reasons, the ways and

differences of their development from now on, the

service of this process in enriching these languages

will be determined.

2 BACKGROUND

The interaction of the languages means the different

interaction of two or more languages and their

dialects, the types of mutual transitions, the

appropriation of different linguistic facts of one

language by another language, as well as the results

of the interaction of languages in different eras.

Karakalpak, Uzbek, Kazakh and Turkmen

languages are included in various groups of Turkic

dialects. The Karakalpak language belongs to the

Kipchak group of Turkic languages together with the

Kazakh language, the Uzbek language belongs to the

Karluk group, and the Turkmen language belongs to

the Oghuz group.

Currently, each of these languages serves as a

state language in its republics, has its own written and

spoken forms, and performs all public services in the

territory of that republic.

Although these languages have common

characteristics as Turkic languages, each of them has

its own phonetic, lexical and grammatical

peculiarities. These differences are characteristic of

the languages of Uzbeks, Kazakhs and Turkmens

who lived in the territory of Karakalpakstan.

Therefore, Karakalpak language has not the same

interaction with these languages.

In history, there are various forms of language

development and influence on each other. This

depends on the social facts of their creation, whether

they are narrow or broad in society, the structural-

typological differences of each language, the number

of speakers of each language, the territory of their

service. In this regard, the researchers show the

following ways of interaction of languages: a)

forcefully introducing the language and culture of the

dominant peoples to other peoples, destroying the

language and culture of the oppressed classes; b) the

way of separation of some languages. In this case, one

language tends to be separated from the other; c) the

merging of languages, i.e., the way of one language

Dosjanova, G., Kazakhbaeva, A. and Erjanova, D.

Interaction of Turkic Languages in Karakalpakstan.

DOI: 10.5220/0012662300003882

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 2nd Pamir Transboundary Conference for Sustainable Societies (PAMIR-2 2023), pages 42-45

ISBN: 978-989-758-723-8

entering into the structure of another language: d) the

or less complete absence of the languages of the

minority peoples who did not have their own writing:

d) the way of languages to be enriched and developed

by using their own internal capabilities and the

influence of other languages. The following way

corresponds to the development of the Karakalpak

language.

Two processes are noticeable in the interaction of

the languages: 1) differentiation process, i.e. the

division of one language into several some languages:

2) integration process, i.e. the joining of languages.

The process of differentiation took place in early

times, and as a result of it, many related languages of

the present time were separated from each other. For

example, as a result of the differentiation of Eastern

Slavic languages, the modern Russian, Ukrainian, and

Belarusian languages were separated from each other,

the Nogai, Kazakh, and Karakalpak languages were

separated from the Kipchak-Nogai division, and so

on.

The process of integration is also not productive

at the present time, because languages that have their

own script and literary language cannot be combined

or merged. Integration can happen nowadays only

between dialects of one language, because the

influence of literary language and the differences

between dialects are refined, they become closer to

the literary language, become the same as the literary

language.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The most productive phenomenon in the interaction

of languages at the present time is the adaptation of

words and forms of one language from another. We

understand this phenomenon when we say the

interaction of Karakalpak and other Turkic languages.

The Karakalpak language is living closely and

mixed with Turkic languages - Uzbek, Kazakh and

Turkmen languages - which are genetically related to

it. Therefore, it has a strong connection with these

languages, they influenced each other. This

phenomenon continues even at the present time.

The influence of the Uzbek, Kazakh and Turkmen

languages on the modern Karakalpak language is, of

course, not the same. There are various reasons for it.

As it is known from the history, the Karakalpaks

have been living together and mixed

with the Uzbeks for a long time. Karakalpaks used the

old Uzbek language in the period when they did not

have their common national script, and for that

reason, the influence of the Uzbek language was

strong on their language even in those times. This can

be seen from the written memories of the Karakalpak

language and works of Karakalpak classical poetry.

There are many reasons for the influence of the

Uzbek language on the modern Karakalpak language.

In 1936, Karakalpakstan became a part of

Uzbekistan and is currently part of the Republic of

Uzbekistan. Related to this, Karakalpak and Uzbek

languages have equal rights in Karakalpakstan.

Currently, in Karakalpakstan, the Uzbek language

is used as the state language along with the

Karakalpak language. Karakalpaks communicate

with Uzbeks on a daily life, listen and watch Uzbek

radio and television, read Uzbek- language

newspapers, magazines, and literature. Many young

Karakalpaks study in Uzbek language at Uzbekistan

higher educational institutions. As a result of this, the

words and some word forms of the Uzbek language

entered the Karakalpak language (especially the

spoken language).

The influence of the Uzbek language has

increased especially since the 1990s. Beginning with

the academic year of 1996-1997, the Uzbek language

was taught in Karakalpak classes. Names of

institutions and organizations were previously written

in Karakalpak and Russian languages, but now they

are written in Uzbek instead of Russian. All these

circumstances led to the strengthening of the

influence of the Uzbek language on the Karakalpak

language.

When we say the influence of the Uzbek language

on the Karakalpak language, we mean its influence on

the modern literary language. And in spoken

language, this effect is even stronger.

In recent years, many words from the Uzbek

language have entered the vocabulary of the

Karakalpak language. It often is noticeable at once in

political-social and socio-economic terminology.

The influence of the Uzbek language on the

Karakalpak language is more noticeable, especially

among intellectuals in speech.

Uzbek language influence has increased the

usability of some words that exist from early times in

our language, because they are used productively in

Uzbek language.

If the influence of the Uzbek language on the

Karakalpak language is quite noticeable in terms of

vocabulary, such influence is less in the areas of

phonetics and grammar, due to the fact that these

languages are close from the origin, they often use the

same sounds and grammatical forms, except that they

have some phonetic differences, but their

grammatical structure is similar. Nevertheless, as a

Interaction of Turkic Languages in Karakalpakstan

result of the influence of the Uzbek language, it can

be observed that some forms have begun to be used

productively in the Karakalpak language. For

example, in the Karakalpak language, where the past

tense form of the verb -tugin edi is used, under the

influence of the Uzbek language the form -ar//- er//-r

edi is freely used.

In the modern Karakalpak language, under the

influence of the Uzbek language, the forms of the

present tense of the verb -iwda//-iwde, -maqta//-

mekte are used productively. This form should be

considered to have come from the Uzbek language,

because it does not appear in the works of Karakalpak

poets of the past century.

Thus, the influence of the Uzbek language on the

Karakalpak language is strong in terms of vocabulary,

but not so noticeable in terms of grammar.

The Karakalpak language cannot influence the

Uzbek language due to the narrowness of its social

functions in Uzbekistan, due to the small number of

speakers. Therefore, the influence of the Uzbek

language on the Karakalpak language is considered to

be a one-sided influence. The influence of the

Karakalpak language is felt only in the language of

the Uzbeks who live in the south regions of the

republic.

Representatives of the Uzbek, Kazakh and

Turkmen peoples living in the south regions of the

republic speak Karakalpak words according to the

phonetic rules of their native language. Therefore,

such phenomena are considered to be dialectal

differences in the language of Uzbeks, Kazakhs and

Turkmens in that region.

Karakalpak and Kazakh languages belong to the

Kipchak group of Turkic languages and are very close

to each other, but each of them has its own

characteristics.

The influence of the Kazakh language on the

Karakalpak language was strong in the 1930s,

because the school textbooks were in the Kazakh

language and the teachers were representatives of the

Kazakh people. However, this effect was only among

literate people, and in the spoken language such an

effect was not felt.

Nevertheless, the influence of the Kazakh

language in that era left a mark on the writing of

the Karakalpak literary language, especially on

formation of scientific terms.

The influence of the Kazakh language on the

modern Karakalpak language is not felt. Only in some

cases, some Kazakh terms were adopted in the

selection of terms.

The influence of the Kazakh language on the

Karakalpak language was felt only in the language of

the karakalpaks that live in the Moinak, Takhtakupir

and Konyrat districts of Karakalpakstan. Due to the

fact that the Karakalpaks and Kazakhs are mixed in

these regions, not only the Kazakh language

influenced on the Karakalpak language, but also the

influence of the Karakalpak language is stronger on

the Kazakh language, because the social functions of

the Karakalpak language in these areas are quite wide

and it is used in all spheres of life, while the Kazakh

language is only taught only in schools. For that

reason, the Kazakhs in these regions have a lot of

Karakalpak words.

The Karakalpak language belongs to the Kipchak

group of Turkic languages, but the Turkmen language

influenced on the formation of the Karakalpaks and

their language. That is why there are some centers in

the vocabulary of Karakalpak and Turkmen

languages (especially in the terminology of

agriculture), in some grammatical forms. They cannot

be considered as the influence of two languages on

each other.

4 CONCLUSION

Turkmen words and forms often appear in the works

of Karakalpak classical poet Ajiniyaz, because he

imitated many of his poems to the works of Turkmen

poet Makhtimkuli. Therefore, they should be

considered not as an influence of the Turkmen

language on the Karakalpak language, but as an

influence on the language of the classical poets,

because the Turkmen words and forms used by the

classical poets were not used in the folk Karakalpak

language. There is no influence of the Turkmen

language on the current language. The Turkmen

words are used only in the fiction for a certain stylistic

purpose, as a barbarism.

Currently, the Karakalpaks live mixed with the

Turkmens in some regions of Karakalpakstan

(Turtkul, Ellikkala, Beruniy, Shomanai, Khozheli).

The influence of the Karakalpak language is felt in

different degreDepending on the number and location

of the Turkmens living in Karakalpakstan, the

influence of the Karakalpak language is less in some

places (Turtkul), but it is much stronger in other

places (Khozheli, Shomanai).

Thus, the people of Karakalpak have been

living together, mixed with the Turkic peoples, the

Uzbek, Kazakh and Turkmen peoples, who are

close to them in terms of language. However, this

effect is not the same among them. The influence of

one language on another depends on its wide

spread, i.e. the number of people who speak it, and

PAMIR-2 2023 - The Second Pamir Transboundary Conference for Sustainable Societies- | PAMIR

the services the language performs in society. For

example, the Uzbek language is used in all spheres of

life because it is the state language in

Uzbekistan, and its social function is wider than

other languages in Uzbekistan. Therefore, its

influence on the Karakalpak, as well as the Kazakh

and Turkmen languages of this region is quite

strong. It can be said that other languages have no

influence on the language of Uzbeks in this region.

The other Turkic languages – Kazakh and

Turkmen languages have no influence on the

Karakalpak literary language. On the contrary,

Kazakhs and Turkmens felt the influence of the

Karakalpak language in places where they lived.

The reason is that the Karakalpak language is the state

language in Karakalpakstan, and its field of use is

wider than other languages. The Karakalpak language

is used in all spheres of social life, which is why it

affects other languages.

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Interaction of Turkic Languages in Karakalpakstan