Khoja Ahmad Yasavi and the Evolution of Tasawwuf

Osman Khosilovich Karabaev

, Gulistan Omonturdievna Masharipova

Umida Agzamxodjayevna Utanova

and Rakhmonali Khasanov

The National Institute of Fine Arts and Design, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Tashkent University of Applied Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Keywords: Heritage, Tradition, Perfection, Mysticism, Orthodoxy, Sect, “Devoni Hikmat”, Genre, Philosophy,

Consistency.

Abstract: The article tells that Khoja Ahmed Yassawi is a manifestation of Sufism and the founder of the Yassawi

movement, gives a brief description of the work “Devoni Hikmat”, as well as the ideas of fidelity to religious

and moral values that arose under his influence. , the continuation of the tradition of philosophical wisdom

and the ideas of the teachings of Yassawi have a unique harmony in the world of Islam.

1 INTRODUCTION

If we delve into the annals of Sufism, it becomes

evident that the most prolific hub of saints lies in

Turkestan, with a significant concentration in modern

Uzbekistan. The global renown of these saints is

astonishing. Notable among them are Ahmad

Yassawi, Abdulkhalik Gijduvani, Najmuddin Kubro,

Pakhlavon Mahmud, Shahi Naqshband, Khoja

Akhror Vali, and others, who stand as sources of

immense pride for our people.

One would not be remiss in asserting that the

history of Turkic peoples holds unparalleled

significance on the world stage in terms of culture,

spirituality, education, literature, art, music, and

politics. This historical tapestry has woven together

indelible contributions from great scholars, literary

and artistic schools, righteous rulers, and patriotic

heroes. Throughout the history of Turkic peoples,

numerous luminaries have exerted profound spiritual

influence and expanded the boundaries of thought.

However, figures like Hajja Ahmad Yasawi, who

have guided the spiritual, literary, cultural, and even

political life of peoples for centuries, are rare.

His Holiness Ahmad Yasawi undertook a

remarkable and unforgettable historical mission, not

only as the founder of a new sect but also as the

inaugural creator of Turkish mystical poetry.

https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5098-738X

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6902-900X

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6106-1614

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2675-062X

The inception of mystical teachings in Central

Asia can be traced back to Yusuf Hamadani (1048-

1140). Hamadani established a monastery and

madrasah in Marw and Bukhara, imparting education

to many Turkic and Persian students. Notable among

his pupils in Bukhara were Khasan Andoki, Abdullah

Baraki, Akhmad Yassawi, and Abdukhalik

Gijduvani. These four adept students subsequently

carried forward the Hamadani school with success.

Building upon Hamadani's teachings, the

Yassawiyya and Naqshbandiya sects took shape. The

founder of the first mystical sect that emerged in

Central Asia in the 12th century was Sultan ul-Arifin

Khoja Ahmed Yassavi.

"The role of Khoja Ahmed Yassawi in the history

of Sufism was immensely significant, with his sphere

of influence extending widely. The Yasawi tradition

began to proliferate throughout Central Asia,

reaching Great Turkestan, Ak-Edil, the Caucasus,

Khorasan, Iran, Rum, Badakhshan, and East

Turkestan. The Yassawi culture has endured and

continues to thrive in a distinctive manner over the

centuries.".

Karabaev, O., Masharipova, G., Utanova, U. and Khasanov, R.

Khoja Ahmad Yasavi and the Evolution of Tasawwuf.

DOI: 10.5220/0012674200003882

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 2nd Pamir Transboundary Conference for Sustainable Societies (PAMIR-2 2023), pages 87-92

ISBN: 978-989-758-723-8

2 OBJECTIVE

The earliest recorded information about Ahmad

Yasawi was documented by the eminent scholar of

his time, Sufi Muhammad Donishmand, in the 12th

century, and Muhiyuddin al-Arabi (died 638/1240).

Manuscripts from various periods, authored by

scholars such as Khoja Muhammad Porso, Alisher

Navoi, Fakhruddin Ali Safi, Hassan Khoja Nisari,

Sultan Ahmed Khazini, Muhammad Tahir Khorazmi,

Ghulam Sarwar Lokhuri, and Hisamuddin Signoki,

have preserved valuable information about Khoja

Ahmed Yasawi. These authors bestowed upon him

honorable titles such as "Sultan ul-orifin," "Piri

Turkestan," and "Qibla prayer of the people of

Turkestan."

Despite our awareness of sources praising the

greatness of Ahmad Yasawi, the original manuscripts

of his creative works remain largely unknown.

Nevertheless, manuscripts detailing the genealogy,

family tree, and pedigree of Ahmed Yasawi have

survived. These historical sources are particularly

significant as they also highlight notable individuals

associated with Yasawi's family, revealing the

spiritual closeness between Sahibgiron Amir Temur

and Ahmed Yasawi. The manuscripts also indicate

Saifuddin Orung Kvilaki's translation of Yasawi's

genealogy into Turkish, Khoja Bayazid's connection

with Amir Temur in the Yassawi family, and the

presence of Turkish descendants of His Holiness

Rasulullah in the Yasawi family.

For a prolonged period, the scientific study of

Yasawi's life and work faced obstacles, and his works

were prohibited from publication. In the 1970s,

attempts to assess Yasawi's contributions to national

culture, language, and literature were met with

condemnation. The period following Uzbekistan's

independence marked a new era of legal research.

Publications of Yasawi's work, particularly copies of

Devoni Hikmat, appeared in newspapers and

magazines, and in 1990-92, independent publications

became available to readers. Scientific conferences

dedicated to Yasawi were held in Uzbekistan in 1993,

and the texts of the lectures were published in a

separate collection. Articles on Yasawi's personality,

sect, and poetry were also published in the press.

In the years of independence, a crucial task in the

country was the in-depth study and promotion of the

rare heritage, exemplary life, and social activities of

great writers and thinkers. The mention of the great

mystic and "excellent" guardian, Khoja Ahmed

Yasawi, evokes pride among compatriots for the

legacy and teachings of this Turkestan-born thinker.

His greatness is underscored by UNESCO declaring

1993 as the "Year of Yasawi." Nearly eight centuries

after his time, interest in Yasawi's teachings and

wisdom continues to grow, symbolizing the enduring

legacy of his name, teachings, and deeds.

3 MAIN PART

Khoja Ahmed Yassawi, the founder of the first

mystical movement of Sufism in Central Asia in the

12th century, was born in Sairam (Yassi) in the

second half of the 11th century, around 1103

according to some sources. Although the commonly

accepted time of his death is 1167, there are

conflicting stories suggesting he may have lived up to

130 years.

According to Professor Komiljon Khoshimov,

Khoja Ahmad was born in the city of Sairam in 1041

into the Ona Khotun family, with Ibrahim as his

father and Karasoch as his mother. Sairam was a

thriving center of science and culture for the Turkic

peoples, as evidenced by numerous mosques,

madrassas, and intellectual figures like Kozi Bayzavi

and Lutfullah Saremi.

Young Ahmad, raised by his mother Aisha

Khotun after his father's death in 1048, demonstrated

exceptional intelligence and memorization skills

during his studies with teacher Shahabedin Isfijabi.

An incident involving hiding a rooster to test the

students' faith showcased Ahmad's strong religious

convictions and earned him praise from his teacher.

After moving to Yassi with his sister, Ahmad met

his first teacher, Arslan Bobo, and continued his

education. He received teachings from Shahabdin

Isfijabi in Yassid, and under the guidance of Arslan

Baba, he mastered the secrets of internal science.

Later, Ahmad traveled to Bukhara, where he studied

Arabic, Persian, and mystical literature. He consulted

with prominent scholars like Khoja Abdukholik

Gijduvani and Sheikh Hamadani, becoming one of

Hamadani's esteemed disciples.

Upon Hamadani's recommendation, Ahmad

returned to his native Turkestan and became a

respected spiritual leader. His students, including

Mansur Baba and Abul Malik Oto Tosh Khoja,

played crucial roles in spreading the Yassaviya sect

in Turkestan.

In the Middle Ages, Ahmad Yassawi was revered

as the "Feast of Turkestan" and "Khoja of Turkestan."

Alisher Navoi acknowledged his greatness in Nasaim

ul-Mukhabbat, and Abdurauf Fitrat praised Yassawi's

literary contributions.

Muhammad Fuad Koprulizoda's work, "The First

Mystics in Turkish Literature," provides significant

insights into Khoja Ahmed Yasawi's life and sect. In

the 20th century, Ergash Rustamov's article on

PAMIR-2 2023 - The Second Pamir Transboundary Conference for Sustainable Societies- | PAMIR

Yassawi contributed to a renewed interest in his work

in Uzbekistan.

Ahmed Yassawi, known as the first Turkic-

language mystical poet, wrote about 240 poems in his

work "Hikmat," also known as "Devoni Hikmat." His

teachings emphasize Sufism, truth, and the need to

free the spirit from vices. Yassawi's poems, written in

Turkish, quickly gained popularity due to their

language and melodiousness.

Yassawi's wisdom addresses the importance of

humility, renunciation of sensual pleasures, and the

pursuit of knowledge. His teachings highlight the

significance of education and denounce illiteracy,

disbelief, and moral shortcomings.

In summary, Khoja Ahmed Yassawi's profound

contributions to Sufism, literature, and education

have left an enduring legacy in Central Asian culture

and the hearts of Turkic peoples for centuries.

Khoja Ahmed Yassawi, the founder of the first

mystical movement of Sufism in Central Asia in the

12th century, was born in Sairam (Yassi) in the

second half of the 11th century, around 1103

according to some sources. Although the commonly

accepted time of his death is 1167, there are

conflicting stories suggesting he may have lived up to

130 years.

According to Professor Komiljon Khoshimov,

Khoja Ahmad was born in the city of Sairam in 1041

into the Ona Khotun family, with Ibrahim as his

father and Karasoch as his mother. Sairam was a

thriving center of science and culture for the Turkic

peoples, as evidenced by numerous mosques,

madrassas, and intellectual figures like Kozi Bayzavi

and Lutfullah Saremi.

Young Ahmad, raised by his mother Aisha

Khotun after his father's death in 1048, demonstrated

exceptional intelligence and memorization skills

during his studies with teacher Shahabedin Isfijabi.

An incident involving hiding a rooster to test the

students' faith showcased Ahmad's strong religious

convictions and earned him praise from his teacher.

After moving to Yassi with his sister, Ahmad met

his first teacher, Arslan Bobo, and continued his

education. He received teachings from Shahabdin

Isfijabi in Yassid, and under the guidance of Arslan

Baba, he mastered the secrets of internal science.

Later, Ahmad traveled to Bukhara, where he studied

Arabic, Persian, and mystical literature. He consulted

with prominent scholars like Khoja Abdukholik

Gijduvani and Sheikh Hamadani, becoming one of

Hamadani's esteemed disciples.

Upon Hamadani's recommendation, Ahmad

returned to his native Turkestan and became a

respected spiritual leader. His students, including

Mansur Baba and Abul Malik Oto Tosh Khoja,

played crucial roles in spreading the Yassaviya sect

in Turkestan.

In the Middle Ages, Ahmad Yassawi was revered

as the "Feast of Turkestan" and "Khoja of Turkestan."

Alisher Navoi acknowledged his greatness in Nasaim

ul-Mukhabbat, and Abdurauf Fitrat praised Yassawi's

literary contributions.

Muhammad Fuad Koprulizoda's work, "The First

Mystics in Turkish Literature," provides significant

insights into Khoja Ahmed Yasawi's life and sect. In

the 20th century, Ergash Rustamov's article on

Yassawi contributed to a renewed interest in his work

in Uzbekistan.

Ahmed Yassawi, renowned as the inaugural

mystical poet in the Turkic language, penned

approximately 240 poems in his opus, "Hikmat," also

recognized as "Devoni Hikmat." His teachings pivot

around Sufism, veracity, and the imperative liberation

of the soul from vices. Yassawi's poetic

compositions, articulated in Turkish, swiftly garnered

acclaim owing to their linguistic elegance and

melodic cadence.

Yassawi's sagacity underscores the paramountcy

of humility, renouncement of sensual gratifications,

and the relentless pursuit of knowledge. His doctrines

accentuate the value of education while vehemently

condemning illiteracy, incredulity, and moral

deficiencies.

In synopsis, Khoja Ahmed Yassawi's profound

impact on Sufism, literature, and education has

bequeathed an indelible legacy in Central Asian

culture and the hearts of Turkic communities for

centuries.

Figure 1: The work “Hikmat”.

The work "Hikmat" advocates universal human

values such as purity, honesty, correctness, kindness,

self-sufficiency, hard work, and honest labor. It

emphasizes the holistic improvement of an individual

internally and externally in the pursuit of fulfilling the

will of God, as expressed in the works of Yassawi.

There is some discrepancy regarding the number of

wise words attributed to Ahmed Yassawi, with some

sources claiming 4,400 words and others stating

9,900 words. The poet himself, on his sofa, asserts, "I

have spoken four thousand four hundred wise words;

this is a decree." However, some scholars, including

Kamil Erarslon, view this numerical discrepancy as

Khoja Ahmad Yasavi and the Evolution of Tasawwuf

symbolic, with the emphasis placed on the content of

the poet's words rather than the specific count.

Figure 2: The grave of Khoja Ahmed Yassawi.

Between 1395 and 1397, Amir Temur ordered the

construction of a grand mausoleum at the site of

Khoja Ahmed Yassawi's grave, the founder of the

Yassawi order in Turkestan. Additionally, a

substantial stone cauldron, weighing 2 tons and made

from a blend of seven metals, was crafted by the

master blacksmith Abdul Aziz ibn Sharafuddin of

Tabriz and his students. This cauldron, unique in the

world, held 60 buckets of water for dervishes and

pilgrims, providing a source of purification and

healing during Eid celebrations.

Khoja Ahmed Yassawi's legacy holds a

significant place in spiritual development, with his

teachings spreading throughout Central Asia. The

Sharif family gained prominence through this lineage,

and numerous works were written about his

contributions over centuries. "Mirror of Hearts" by

Sufi Mohammad Donishmand, housed in the Hamid

Suleiman Complex, is one such work praising Ahmed

Yassawi's elevated status as the Sultan of the learned

and the leader of the pious.

The Yassawi lineage extended across Central

Asia, drawing murids from various regions. Sufi

Muhammad Donishmand's work emphasizes

Yassawi's profound thoughts on Sufi education,

making it a crucial written heritage of the Yassawi

period. Alisher Navoi, in his tazkir "Nasoim ul-

muhabbat" (1495-1496), lauds Khoja Ahmed

Yassawi as the highest sheikh of Turkestan,

highlighting his fame and greatness.

Notable figures like Abdurauf Fitrat and

Abdurrahman Saadi further attest to Yassawi's literary

and poetic significance. Fitrat likens Yassawi's literary

path to that of simple folk poets, emphasizing his

equal weight, rhyme, and style. Saadi describes

Yassawi as a true and sensitive poet, whose heart

burns with spiritual love throughout his life.

Numerous scientific works, such as Fakhruddin

Ali Safi's "Rashahot" and Ghulam Sarwar Lokhuri's

"Hasinat ul-Asfiya," delve into Ahmed Yassawi's life,

work, order, genealogy, and spiritual legacy. The

wealth of writings underscores the enduring impact of

Khoja Ahmed Yassawi, revered as a great saint and

poet for centuries.

Figure 3: The Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi.

It's important to note that for a significant period,

the life and work of Yassawi couldn't be scientifically

studied as his works were prohibited from publication.

However, in the 1970s, there was a commendable

effort to evaluate the historical and cultural

significance of his contributions, including language

and literature. With the onset of independence, a new

era in legal research emerged in Uzbekistan. The

original copy of Devoni Hikmat was published in

various newspapers and magazines and gained

independent publication between 1990 and 1992.

The release of "The Year of Ahmad Yasawi" in

1993 generated considerable interest, not only in

Uzbekistan but also in other Turkish countries,

particularly Turkey. This publication was significant

for its literary and moral details, and it garnered

attention from various quarters. In the same year,

scientific conferences dedicated to Yassawi were

conducted in both Uzbekistan and Turkey, and the

lecture texts were published in a separate collection.

Numerous articles about Yassawi's personality, sect,

and poetry were published in the press. The

Uzbekiton Writers' Union established a special prize

in the name of Akhmad Yasawi.

In the historic city of Yassi, Ahmad Yassawi

University was established, bearing witness to the

sovereignty of the state and commemorating Sultan

ul-Arifin. In the years 1395-1397, the grand

mausoleum of Amira Temura, the mausoleum of

Khodji Akhmeda Yasavi, was commissioned in

Turkestan as per the order of Yassaviya.

Figure 4: The Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi.

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4 CONCLUSION

The history of the Turkic peoples is particularly

noteworthy and deserving of global attention in terms

of culture, spirituality, education, literature, art,

music, and politics. Throughout their history, the

Turkic peoples have produced remarkable scholars,

literary and artistic schools, just rulers, and patriotic

heroes. Numerous influential figures, such as Haja

Ahmed Yassawi, have played a significant role in

shaping the spiritual and cultural life of Turkish

nations over the centuries, influencing Sufism,

literature, culture, spirituality, and even politics.

His Holiness Ahmad Yasawi achieved a

distinctive and memorable historical feat, not only as

the founder of a new sect but also as the pioneer of

Turkish mystical poetry. Turkish, being a beautiful,

powerful, impressive, and generous language, was

historically used for translating texts related to

Buddhism and monism. However, Ahmad Yassawi

elevated his native language to the status of a sect

language, placing it alongside Arabic and Persian as

a mystical language. Thus, every word and phrase in

the poems of Piri Turkestan became as holy, bright,

and divine as the truths of Islam, as illustrated in

Alisher Navoi’s work "Nasaim ul-Mukhabbat":

“Khoja Ahmed Yassawi - Sheikh of the Turkestan

estate.”

Eminent Turkish scholars, such as Fuad

Kuprilizade, Professor Abdurauf Fitrat, and V.

Zokhidov, as well as N. Mallaev, Ergash Rustamov,

S. Erkinov, B. Kosimov, and M. Mirkholdorov, have

made significant contributions to the study of Khoja

Ahmed Yasawi's life and work.

The literary legacy left by the poet under the

pseudonym Yassawi primarily comprises quatrains,

along with ghazals and masnavi. The exact extent of

Ahmed Yasawi's literary legacy remains unknown,

but his works, which include over four thousand

words of wisdom, are intended to encourage people

to live pure, honest, and compassionate lives. The

ideological direction of his poems is mystical, urging

individuals to restrain the ego and embrace kindness

towards orphans and the poor.

In one of his poems, Khoja Ahmad attributes the

source of his wisdom to hadith, emphasizing the

content of his wisdom as consisting of verses and

good thoughts. His numerous statements advocate for

kindness towards orphans and strangers, promoting a

compassionate and virtuous way of life.

Khoja Ahmed Yasawi's benevolence towards

strangers and orphans, as some argue, goes beyond

being a poet of the "elite" and reflects a poet calling

upon the soul and heart to purity, akin to a great

representative of Sufism. His wisdom not only

illuminates the hearts of common people but also

serves as a source of inspiration for writers among the

Turkic-speaking peoples for many centuries.

According to Professor Farid Hakimjon, the

works of Khoja Ahmed Yassawi and his follower

Suleiman Bakirgani are widely known in the

Bulgarian region, with their language adopted as a

model for education and artistic creation. The

dissemination of Yassawi’s wisdom in the Idylls,

according to him, not only set an example for poets

and writers but also contributed to the acceptance of

new mystical feelings and thoughts.

Alfina Sigbatullina suggests that the Idil tributary

served as a major trade route to Movarunnahr, and the

Wisdom of Ahmad Yasawi gained fame in the

Bulgarian state near Idyll through Central Asian

merchants during Hazrat Sultan's lifetime. The

influence of Yasawi's works is evident in the works

of Mahmad Bulgari, Qutb, Khusom Kotiba, Ali, and

Saifi Saraya during the Golden Horde Khanate era.

The views of Turkmen scientist Kurbanturdi

Geldiev align with these confessions, noting that

Ahmad Yassawi's creative experience strongly

influenced poets such as Sayidnazar Saidi, Talyby,

Kotibi, Zinkhari, Mullanafas, Miskinkilich, and the

great Turkmen poet Magtymguly.

In conclusion, understanding Yasawi is

synonymous with comprehending Sharia, Tariqa,

Enlightenment, and Truth. To know Yasawi is to

grasp perfection by delving into the mysteries of the

human mind, heart, and soul.

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