Metonymic Analysis of Novels by Abdallah Qadiri

Urak P. Lafasov

Tashkent State University of Oriental Studies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Keywords: Abdulla Qadiri, Novels, Metonymy, Method, Transfer of Meaning, National Language, Literature, Masters

of Words, Deep Knowledge, Respect, Feeling, Artistic Source, Epics, Folk Dialects, Soulless Works,

Nonsense Writers, Fake Pattern, Rely On, Feed On, Qarluq-Chigil-Uyghur Dialect, Pure Uzbek Dialect,

Oghuz Dialect, El, Bek, Connection.

Abstract: In the article titled " Metonymic Analysis of Novels by Abdallah Qadiri," the discussion centers on the crucial

role of transpositions in the national language and the allure of fiction through meaning transfer. Abdulla

Qadiri, lauded as the founder of the Uzbek national novel, is celebrated for his deep connection and

appreciation of the language, rooted in the belief that every national language possesses an inexhaustible

wealth. The article underscores Qadiri's inspiration drawn from folk epics and criticizes the soullessness

resulting from copying artistically superior works. It challenges notions of linguistic corruption in the current

Uzbek literary language and questions the significance of the Karalug-Chigil-Uyghur dialect. The piece

examines Qadiri's effective use of metonymy, exploring various types employed in literary novels, from

references to country and law to service and respect for the mother tongue. Overall, it delves into the

intricacies of Qadiri's linguistic craftsmanship, emphasizing his unique contribution to Uzbek literature.

1 INTRODUCTION

Migrations play a crucial role in shaping the language

of any nation, adding beauty and allure to fiction

through the transfer of meaning. Writers endeavor to

unveil the artistic expressions of their national

language in their works, showcasing their profound

knowledge and respect for their mother tongue.

Abdulla Qadiri (Lafasov 2020), the pioneer of the

Uzbek national novel, stands out as a skilled writer

who wholeheartedly loved his language and had a

profound appreciation for its unparalleled richness.

Every national language possesses an inexhaustible

source, and for the Uzbek language, this artistic

source lies in the folk dialects that gave rise to our

epics. Abdulla Qadiri drew inspiration from the

unique epics and the vibrant dialects, the living

language of our people, while crafting his novels.

Contrary to some literary experts' claims that

Abdulla Qadiri incorporated artistically high works

from other Eastern languages, it is unfounded. Art

expressed in a foreign language diminishes the

national appeal of the mother tongue. If this were the

case, Abdulla Qadiri's works would lack soul and

popularity. Unfortunately, lifeless and soulless works

exist in the literature of various nations, including

https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9815-3119

Uzbek literature, as less refined writers persist in their

efforts. Consequently, great writers like Abdulla

Qadiri are not commonplace not only among Uzbek

writers but worldwide.

Another contributing factor is the failure to break

free from the literary language mold established

during the Shura period. Neglecting the incorporation

of dialects and lacking patience further hinders the

growth of writers of Abdulla Qadiri's caliber.

2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

In fact, the current template of the Uzbek literary

language has been shaped by the "shoros," and

nationalism has become corrupted. The Betayn

dialect, devoid of examples from folk oral creativity

and lacking a source of simile and epic, cannot serve

as the foundation for our literary language. The core

issue lies in the fact that the pure Uzbek (later

Kipchak (Doniyorov 1979) dialect of Fergana, which

is tied by blood to the Uzbek lands with rich epics

(Lafasov 2019) and Uzbek expressions in colloquial

speech, is entirely foreign to us and does not resonate.

The reliance on the qarluq-chigil-uyg‘ur dialect is

suggested as the foundation, a claim previously

Lafasov, U.

Metonymic Analysis of Novels by Abdallah Qadiri.

DOI: 10.5220/0012677400003882

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 2nd Pamir Transboundary Conference for Sustainable Societies (PAMIR-2 2023), pages 111-116

ISBN: 978-989-758-723-8

111

asserted in Russian and Uzbek linguistic research.

This notion has been promoted and supported by

scholars.

Our great-grandfather Mahmud Koshgari, a

prominent linguist, interpreted the ethnonym

"Qarluq" as a distinct Turkic group, separate from

nomads and Oghuz. According to Koshgari, they are

essentially Turkmen (Koshgari 1960). Consequently,

the Qarluqs have no connection to the Kipchaks or the

Oghuz.

Koshgari also provided three distinct meanings

for the ethnonym "chigil," derived from the Persian

phrase "In chi gil ast? - What kind of soil is this?": 1)

a nomadic tribe residing in the town of Kiyos in the

lower part of the city of Barsaghan; 2) Residents

living near the city of Tiroz, who were enemies of the

Oghuz; 3) A tribe residing in several villages in

Kashkar (Koshgari 1960). Thus, the Chigils are

unrelated to the Kipchaks or the Oghuz.

Regarding the ethnonym "Uyghur," interpreted

from the Persian expression "Inan hud khurand -

These are formed from the expression of those who

find themselves eating," Koshgari explained that the

name originated from the five-city region known as

Khudkhur, later becoming Uyghur. The province had

five cities whose inhabitants were fierce infidels and

highly skilled shooters (Koshgari 1960). Although

the language of the Uyghurs is Turkish, they also

speak other languages amongst themselves.

Interestingly, the Uyghurs (Lafasov 2020) are not

considered Turkic peoples (Abdurahmonov 1991).

3 METHODOLOGY

The works of Abdulla Qadiri pose a challenge for

readers attempting to discern the fundamentals

associated with the Qarluq dialect. The pattern, based

on literary language encompassing sentence

structure, lexical units, and grammatical forms, is

actively employed in the pure Uzbek dialect. The only

distinction from the erroneous literary dialect is the

use of pure Uzbek and the original Uzbek synonym

in Oghuz dialects. Arabic, Persian, and Russian

synonyms are utilized in Uzbeks bearing the

nickname Qarluq. For instance: "kun" (the sun) in

Uzbek corresponds to "oftob" in Persian; "el" in

Uzbek corresponds to "xalq" in Arabic; "elbegi" in

Uzbek corresponds to "hokim" in Arabic; "bekovul"

(bakavul) in Uzbek corresponds to "rais" in Arabic;

"o‘nboshi" in Uzbek corresponds to "brigadir" in

Russian; "uzangi" (zangi) in Uzbek corresponds to

"narvon forscha."

The dialects and variations between pure Uzbeks

and Oghuz, as indicated by folk tales, are intricately

connected with ancient, robust roots. This is

supported by shared regions and vocabulary units.

The Uzbek word "el" served as the basis for numerous

lexical units. For example: "el" (people), "el+ik" (the

ruler), "el+kin" (alien); "el" (place), "el+begi"

(governor), "el+kun" (homeland). This implies that

the word "el" holds two distinct meanings in our

language: 1) nation, as in "o‘zbek eli"; 2) place, as in

"elbegi" (governor). Two rivers from ancient times

(Oghuz – Amudarya, Inju Oghuz – Syr Darya) and

four nations that lived between them (kutji, nayman,

qiyat, kongirat) were referred to as Oghuzbeks. Later,

this ethnonym was shortened to become Uzbek. The

Turkish synonym for the Arabic word "vatan" is

"Elkun," a compound word formed from "el" (place)

and "Kun" (Sun). Three thousand years ago, the

ethnonym Elkun, with a history of ten thousand years,

was translated into Khorezm (Khavar - Sun, Azm -

place) by the Tur (Munsak) people, descendants of

Munsak, the brother of Turks, who spread into

Persian as their second language. In the Khorezm

Khanate (Qiyat, Kutji, and Kungirat dynasties) and

Bukhara Emirate (Kutji, Naiman, and Mangit

dynasties), the word "el" was used in the sense of

place. For example: Guzar beggi, Karshi beggi. On

this basis, terms like "elbegi" (provincial governor),

"tumanbegi" (district governor), and "tovbegi"

(mountain governor) were coined and actively

utilized. In modern Turkish, the word "el" is also used

to denote "joy." For example, the Republic of Turkey

is administratively divided into 81 provinces. The real

reason for this is that the Kutjis from the Uzbeks

established the Ottoman Empire, and after their

decline from power, the empire deteriorated.

The term "bek" is also employed with dual

meanings: 1) chief; 2) citizen. Consequently, terms

like "bekovul" (head of the village, manager) and

"oilabegi" (beg) were coined. For example:

"Alpomish bor vaqtida ozod qilgan Farmonqul degan

quli bor edi. Ko‘rdi, bu qul to‘yga bakovul bo‘lib

turibdi." Yusuf Khos Hajib, the esteemed literary

scholar and linguist, employed the term "bek" in the

sense of "grajdan" in his work "Kutadgu Bilik." For

instance: "Bu beklik udug‘luq edi edgu nang,

Yorыqы ko‘ni ersa e qыzg‘u eng (Beklik – bu

hushyorlik, ezgu holat, Agar yo‘l-yo‘rigi to‘g‘ri yuzi

yo‘rugdir). Edu edgu beklik taqы edgurak, To‘pu – ul

anы tuz yurutgu kerak (The best of goodness is

kindness, it is politics, it is obligatory to conduct it

correctly)." The meaning of the word "citizen,"

adopted from Arabic into modern Uzbek, is not

officially recorded in explanatory dictionaries. The

Arabic word "رىقف" ("faqir") meaning poor or needy

(plural of "fagir," beggar – "رىقف" "fagir," ادگ "heda,"

fukaro– but in singular "faqir") is used colloquially in

the Uzbek language to denote "xalq" or "qora xalq."

Abdulla Qadiri also employed the word "xalq" in the

sense of "people" in "O’tgan Kunlar." For example:

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"Azizbek: Rahmat fuqaro! Orqamda sizningdek

fuqarom turg‘anda menga hech bir qayg‘u yo‘qdir!

(Azizbek: Thank you, citizen! I have no sorrow when

I have a citizen like you behind me)".

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The colloquial speech of pure Uzbeks and Oghuz

serves as the foundation for our current literary

language. It incorporates various linguistic

influences, one of which is relational migration.

Abdulla Qadiri adeptly utilizes this type of meaning

transfer in his novels. Metonymy, derived from the

Greek "metonymia" meaning "renaming," is a

figurative expression involving the substitution of

one word with another closely related in meaning. For

instance, instead of saying "the audience applauded,"

one might say "the hall applauded". Despite a

seeming incongruity in content, this rule is based on

the interrelation of words rather than their exact

meaning. Metonymy involves the transfer of names

based on word interdependence.

In the Uzbek language, the phenomenon of name

transfer through metonymy is prevalent. Various

explanations exist regarding the types of metonymy

in different literary traditions. However, its forms can

vary based on language family and morphological

nature. Abdulla Qadiri's novels exhibit several types

of name transfer through metonymy (Qadiri 1994):

I. Metonymy related to the country. For example:

1. Azizbek, having traveled to the strength, rebelled

against Kokand. 2. Having obtained the treasure's

account, he killed the waiting guards and rushed to its

gates; Qo‘qon, too, should not remain peaceful

against this Name transfer based on relationship:

Qo‘qon – Kokand Khanate. According to the

principles of statehood, the territories under a

country's control fall under the jurisdiction of the

chief ruler, referencing this event. The use of

"olg’ani" in the second sentence is derived from pure

Uzbek dialects but presented in a literary form.

Abdulla Qadiri employs the form of pure Uzbek

dialects (Qadiri 1994).

II. Metonymy associated with the city. For

example: 1. We heard that on this day, with five

thousand Sipoys, Normuhammad, at the command of

Kirovchi, moved towards Tashkent 2. Thank you,

citizens! We have heard that the Qipchaks, under the

leadership of Normuhammad, have begun to move

towards Tashkent with the Tashkent fortress in their

hands. Name transfer based on relationship:

Toshkand – Tashkent city (Qadiri 1994). According

to the principles of statehood, the territories under a

ruler's control should be subject to the chief ruler,

referencing this event. The verb "to hear" in these

sentences is derived from pure Uzbek dialects,

maintaining its literary form. Abdulla Qadiri employs

the form of pure Uzbek dialects.

III. Metonymy related to the law. For example: 1.

One of the prisoners was captured; if their state

provides a ruler, their remaining ones will also be

protected – I think. Name transfer based on

relationship: davlat – the law. According to the laws

of statehood, the population under a ruler's control

should be under the ruler's protection, referencing this

event. The verb "ushlamoq" in this sentence is

derived from pure Uzbek dialects; its literary form is

"tutmoq." Abdulla Qadiri employs the form of pure

Uzbek dialects (Qadiri 1994).

IV. Metonymy related to officials. For example:

1. – Inside, amid so much reading and religious

learning, in a moment of uneducated ignorance,

considering such a great task, I think it shouldn't be

entrusted to anyone, by God. 2. Attach to the services

of the fortunate king an ignorant charlatan, a blue-

clad, money-loving official; may the tongues of our

ancestors, like the chains around their necks, always

be tied in their servitude! Naming based on

relationship: officials. In any country, high and low

officials carry out certain tasks, as indicated in the

work. The adjective "great" (ullu) in the first sentence

is derived from pure Uzbek and Oghuz dialects, and

the same word has been borrowed into the literary

language. Abdulla Qadiri employs the form of pure

Uzbek dialects (Qadiri 1994).

V. Metonymy related to localism. For example: 1.

These are the tongues of two To‘ng‘iz brothers, the

leaders of the Muslim horde, the commanders of the

Qipchaks, and the enemies of the black robe. Name

transfer based on relationship: Qipchoq (rural), black

robe (city) - locality. According to the laws of the

state, there should be equality among the population,

referencing this event. "Cholaq" in this sentence is

derived from pure Uzbek dialects, and the same word

has been borrowed into the literary language. Abdulla

Qadiri, a true child of the Uzbek nation, condemns

localism, which has been instilled in us by corrupt and

self-interested foreigners under the guise of

"Uzbeks." In reality, true Uzbeks are educated,

faithful to their religion, cultured, and just (Qadiri

1994).

VI. Population-related metonymy. For example:

1. If someone says to me that in these days, it's not

about thirty-two coins but about paying thirty-two

black coins, let him take his right, then. Name transfer

based on relationship: yurt – population. According

to statehood, the population under a ruler's control

should be under the ruler's protection, referencing this

event. The pronoun "men" in this sentence is derived

from pure Uzbek dialects, and the same word has

been borrowed into the literary language. Abdulla

Metonymic Analysis of Novels by Abdallah Qadiri

113

Qadiri employs the form of pure Uzbek dialects

(Qadiri 1994).

VII. Metonymy related to people. For example: 1.

Ertasi kun butun Marg‘ilon deyarlik Malikboyning

maydonida voqi‘ bo‘lg‘an ishka juda hayron. –

Yurtning so‘ziga qarab aytayapman-da, – dedi

Shukur so‘fi, yengilgan ohangda, – garchi bir necha

kundan beri katta-kichikning og‘zida shu gap. 3.

Ko‘chada unga-bunga kengash solsam, arzang

ma’qul deyishdi. 4. Sultonali mirzog‘a o‘xshag‘anlar

yer ostidan yonidag‘isig‘a kulib muomala qilar va

ba’zilari Shaxodat mufti kabi to‘nini teskari kiyib

olg‘an ko‘rinar edi. 5. Mulla Abdurahmon ifloslar

qatorig‘a o‘tkan ekan, ishi oson, jo‘natib yuborish

qo‘limizdan keladi. Aloqadorlik asosida nom

ko‘chishi: Marg‘ilon, yurt, katta-kichik, unga-bunga,

yonidag‘isi, ifloslar – odamlar. Everyone is interested

in the exact solution of an event or task, and this

situation is indicated in the work. The noun ishka in

the first sentence is used in purely Uzbek dialects; its

literary form is ishga (Qadiri 1994).

VIII. Metonymy related to the yard. For example:

1. Otabek do‘kondorning ko‘rsatishicha qutidorning

tashqarisig‘a kirdi. 2. Aytganingizdek, uning eshigini

Toshkandda har kim bilur ekan. Name transfer based

on the relationship: tashqarisi, eshigi – courtyard.

According to the way of life of Uzbeks, the walled

yard is entered through the gate, and the yard is

divided into the outer and inner yard. Flowers

(Lafasov 2021) and various plants [21] were planted

in the outer yard, and the side of the ditch was open,

which is indicated in the work. In the first sentence,

the word tashqari is used in pure Uzbek dialects, and

the same word was borrowed into the literary

language. Abdulla Qadiri used the form of pure

Uzbek dialects (Qadiri 1994).

IX. Metonymy related to the household. For

example: 1. Men sizning ko‘rpachangizga ko‘b

o‘lturganman, endi menga ortiqcha takallufingizning

hojati yo‘q (Qadiri 1994). Name transfer based on the

relationship: ko‘rpacha – the apartment. According to

the custom of Uzbeks, a new blanket is given to the

guest; this situation is mentioned in the play. The

noun ko’rpacha in this sentence is used in purely

Uzbek dialects, and the same word was borrowed into

the literary language. Abdulla Qadiri used the form of

pure Uzbek dialects.

X. Metonymy related to loved ones. For example:

1. Marg‘ilon bilan uzil-kesil aloqasi uzilganligini

churq etib so‘zlamagan (Qadiri 1994)... Name

transfer based on the relationship: Marg‘ilon – loved

ones. After that abstract and painful event, Otabek

developed hatred towards his father-in-law, which is

mentioned in the play. Uzil-kesil in this sentence is

used in pure Uzbek dialects; its literary form is

complete. Abdulla Qadiri used the form of pure

Uzbek dialects.

XI. Metonymy related to tradesmen. For example:

1. Saroy tinch uyquda, tun yarim (Qadiri 1994). Name

transfer based on the relationship: saroy – Name

transfer based on the relationship. A caravanserai is a

place where people who are rich in trade stop and rest

in eastern cities; its shortened form is used in the play,

hinting that Otabek is a merchant. The quality of quiet

in this sentence is used in pure Uzbek dialects; its

literary form is carefree. Abdulla Qadiri used the form

of pure Uzbek dialects.

XII. Metonymy related to the community. For

example: 1. Bu gap majliska uncha onglashilmadi

shekillik, ajablanib bir-birlariga qarashdilar (Qadiri

1994), 2 – Majlisda ko‘b gaplar o‘tdi, taqsir, - dedi

Homid [19. 64]. Name transfer based on the

relationship: majlis – the team. The people of the

meeting will be surprised if they talk about an unusual

situation; this situation is referred to in the play. The

adverb “kob” in the second sentence is used in pure

Uzbek dialects; it has many literary forms. Abdulla

Qadiri used the form of pure Uzbek dialects.

XIII. Metonymy related to hospitality. For

example: 1. Anovi Musulmonqul bo‘lmasa, boshqa

Alimqulning bosh ko‘tarishi aniq, – dedi qushbegi va

dasturxondan cho‘qinib davom etdi (Qadiri 1994).

Name transfer based on the relationship: dasturxon –

goodies. According to the custom of hospitality in the

East, various treats are placed in front of the guest;

their common name is used in the work. In this

sentence, the combination “to eat something from the

table” is used in pure Uzbek dialects; its literary form

is to eat something from the table. Abdulla Qadiri

used the form of pure Uzbek dialects.

XIV. Metonymy related to food. For example: 1.

Qutidor mehmonlarni ixlos va samimiyat bilan kutar,

ziyofat quyuq-suyuqlari bilan to‘la-to‘kis davom etar

edi (Qadiri 1994). 2. Mehmonlar uchun meva-cheva,

quyuq-suyuq tortildi (Qadiri 1994). Name transfer

based on the relationship: quyuq-suyuqlari – foods.

According to the custom of hospitality in the East,

various dishes are served, and their common name is

used in the work. The double noun meva-cheva in the

second sentence is used in pure Uzbek dialects, and

the same word was borrowed into the literary

language. Abdulla Qadiri used the form of pure

Uzbek dialects.

XV. Metonymy related to singing. For example:

1. Gulsin bilan Xonimbibi endi dutor bilan qo‘shiqqa

o‘ltirdilar (Qadiri 1994), Name transfer based on the

relationship: qo‘shiq – singing. “Uzbeks like to enjoy

art even if it is amateurish at weddings and

gatherings, and this situation is pointed out in the

work.” The noun song in this sentence is used in

purely Uzbek dialects; its literary form is ashula.

Abdulla Qadiri used the form of pure Uzbek dialects.

XVI. Metonymy related to marriage. For

example: 1. Eri o‘lib erkaksiz qolg‘andan, ip yigirib

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ovqat o‘tkarganidan va qizining kengashmasdan

shohi buyurg‘anidan hasrat qilib ketdi (Qadiri 1994).

Name transfer based on the relationship: ovqat

o‘tkargani – to live. Uzbeks are hardworking and

prefer to live by working; this situation is pointed out

in the work. The verb to spin a thread in this sentence

is used in pure Uzbek dialects, and the same word was

borrowed into the literary language. Abdulla Qadiri

used the form of pure Uzbek dialects.

XVII. Family-related metonymy. For example: 1.

Uy ichidan bitta-yarimtasi sezib qolmag‘ay deb juda

xavotirda bo‘ldim (Qadiri 1994). 2. Mahdum oilasini

ham kiyim-kechak vajidan o‘zi kabi tutar edi [19.

390]. Name transfer based on relationships: uy ichi,

oila – family members. Everyone in the family is

disturbed by the unpleasant situation, as indicated in

the play. The compound in the first sentence is used

in pure Uzbek dialects, while its literary form is in the

house. Abdulla Qadiri employed the form of pure

Uzbek dialects.

XVIII. Metonymy related to eating. For example:

1. – Sodiq horib qorni ochib kelgan ko‘rinadir, man

ham ertadan beri tomoq yegan emasman (Qadiri

1994). 2. Nigor oyim sopol laganda palov keltirib,

hammalari birga oshqa o‘lturdilar (Qadiri 1994).

Name transfer based on relationships: tomoq, osh –

food. According to the way of life, life requires

nutrition from a person, and this situation is pointed

out in the work. The verb to eat in the first sentence is

used in pure Uzbek Ferghana dialects, while its

literary form is to eat. Abdulla Qadiri used the form

of pure Uzbek dialects.

XIX. Metonymy related to breakfast. For

example: Otabek bilan birga choy ichish maqsadida

ertalab Oybodoqning damlagan choyig‘a bormay,

Otabekning uyg‘onishini kutib yurdi (Qadiri 1994).

Name transfer based on relationships: choy –

breakfast. As the Uzbeks are an ancient cultured and

settled people, they eat at all three places, and this

situation is pointed out in the work. The verb to drink

tea in this sentence is used in pure Uzbek dialects, and

the same word was borrowed into the literary

language. Abdulla Qadiri used the form of pure

Uzbek dialects.

XX. Metonymy associated with a vessel. For

example: 1. Ul ikkinchi piyolani ichkach, Otabekni

diqqat bilan kuzatib chiqdi (Qadiri 1994) (189-bet).

2. Agar yanglishmasam, siz ham biroz qayg‘uliroq

ko‘rinasiz, mehmon, bir piyolani ichib

yubormaysizmi (Qadiri 1994) (190-p). Name transfer

based on relationships: piyola – wine. As the Uzbeks

are an ancient cultured people (Polivanov 1933), they

love hospitality, and this situation is pointed out in the

work. The verb yanglishmoq in the first sentence is

used in purely Uzbek dialects, while its literary form

is adashmoqdir. Abdulla Qadiri used the form of pure

Uzbek dialects.

XXI. Metonymy related to time. For example: 1.

Vaqt shomg‘a yaqinlashib qolg‘anliqdan bitta –

yarimta do‘konlar ham yopilib, o‘tkunchilar ham

siyraksib qoldilar (Qadiri 1994) (182-bet). 2. – Anvar

akang ham kelib qolar, taom asrga tayyor bo‘lsin!

Name transfer based on relationships: shom, asr –

time. According to the state security, the security of

the city’s residents is important, and this event is

referred to in the work. The verb siyraksimoq in the

first sentence is used in pure Uzbek dialects, while its

literary form is siyraklamoqdir. Abdulla Qadiri used

the form of pure Uzbek dialects.

XXII. Metonymies related to personality. For

example: 1. Shuningdek, ul ham jiddiy bir ravishda

Fuzuliy mutolaasiga berildi (Qadiri 1994), 2,

Ayamdan sizga salom, boqiy so‘zni Shayxi

Sa’diydan o‘qursiz deb xatni muxtasar qildim, Ra’no.

Name transfer based on relationships: Fuzuliy,

Shayxi Sa’diy – book. As the Uzbeks are an ancient

cultured people, they enjoy reading books, and this is

highlighted in the work. The noun aya in the second

sentence is used in pure Uzbek dialects, and its

literary form ona is also taken from pure Uzbek

dialects. Abdulla Qadiri used the form of pure Uzbek

dialects.

XXIII. Metonymy related to agreement. For

example:... biz Toshkand mardumlari bu to‘g‘rida

haqiqat tomonida sobit qadam bo‘lmoqqa til

berishurmiz (Qadiri 1994). 2. Biz shu yerdagi

og‘aynilar bilan kengashib bir gapka to‘xtab qo‘ydiq.

Name transfer based on relationships: til berish,

gapka to‘xtab qo‘ymoq – agreement. Since the

Uzbeks are a people of faith, they have always been

in favor of peaceful living, and this situation is

pointed out in the work. The noun oghayni in the

second sentence is used in purely Uzbek dialects,

while its literary form is ona. Abdulla Qadiri used the

form of pure Uzbek dialects.

XXIV. Service-related metonymy. For example:

1. Albatta Solih mahdum og‘irroq kasbni uxda

qilolmas, imomatka bo‘lsa soqoli chiqmag‘anliqdan

yarolmas edi. Name transfer based on relationships:

imomat – service. In the system of Muslim

neighborhoods, there is a special position that

conducts worship and religious ceremonies in an

orderly manner, and this situation is referred to in the

work. The heavier adjective in this sentence is used in

purely Uzbek dialects, and the same word was

borrowed into the literary language. Abdulla Qadiri

used the form of pure Uzbek dialects.

XXV. Metonymy related to price. For example: 1.

– Yog‘lar to‘kilsa yerga yotib yalar taqsirim, bo‘lsa

bozorda pastlik sotib olar taqsirim. Name transfer

based on affiliation: the price is low. In our country,

there are many crops, vegetables, and fruits, but they

differ according to their quality and availability, and

this situation is pointed out in the work. The verb to

Metonymic Analysis of Novels by Abdallah Qadiri

115

pour in this sentence is used in pure Uzbek dialects,

and the same word is borrowed into the literary

language. Abdulla Qadiri used the form of pure

Uzbek dialects.

XXVI. Case-related metonymy. For example: 1.

1. Yoshi ellidan oshqan, soch va soqolida bir muncha

oqlar ko‘rinar edi (Qadiri 1994, Ismoil kizi 2024). 2.

Yosh chog‘ida otasi o‘lib, qattig‘chilikda o‘sdi, uning

ba’zi yarashmagan harakatlari balki o’sha

qattig‘chilikning ruhka singib qolg‘an yomon

ta’siridir (Qadiri 1994). Name transfer based on

relationships: holat – oq(tuk)lar, qattig‘chilik. A

person changes in accordance with the way of life and

living conditions, and this situation is pointed out in

the work. The combination of over fifty in the first

sentence is used in purely Uzbek dialects, while its

literary form is over fifty. Abdulla Qadiri used the

form of pure Uzbek dialects.

5 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, it can be said that the modern Uzbek

literary language was based on pure Uzbek and

Oghuz dialects with oral sources and epics. In these

unique sources of our national language, you can

witness incomparable types of migrations. In the oral

form of the Uzbek language, you can find many ways

of transferring names based on relation. Abdulla

Qadiri also relied on these sources when writing his

novels and made good use of the phenomenon of

metonymy.

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