The Effectiveness of Watching Video About Adolescent Physical

Activity on Physical Activity Levels Among Students at

SMPN 39 Samarinda

Silfa Ayu Safika, Nur Rohmah and Lies Permana

Faculty of Public Health, Mulawarman University, Sambaliung Street, Samarinda, Indonesia

Keywords: Adolescent, Audiovisual Media, Physical Activity.

Abstract: Until now, there are still challenges in increasing physical activity as a health behavior. Changes in people's

lifestyles during the Covid-19 pandemic have also resulted in a decrease in physical activity, especially among

children, and an increase in sedentary living habits. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of watching

a video about adolescent physical activity on the physical activity levels among students at SMPN 39

Samarinda, Indonesia. The study used a Quasi-experimental design with a One-Group Pre-test Post-test. The

sample consisted of 8th-grade students from SMPN 39 Samarinda, with 19 students selected using purposive

sampling. Data collection involved a pre-test, a post-test conducted one week after the intervention, and a

delayed post-test carried out two weeks after the intervention. Measurements were made using the

International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and tested using repeated measures Friedman tests. The

results showed a significant increase in physical activity among students at SMPN 39 Samarinda before and

after the video intervention (p < 0.05). The study's conclusion is that watching the video is effective in

increasing students' physical activity levels. Therefore, the school is encouraged to innovate the use of videos

to enhance students' physical activity levels.

1 INTRODUCTION

Globally, 23% of adults and 81% of youth (aged 11-

17 years) do not meet the WHO recommended levels

of physical activity (WHO, 2020), and this issue

underpins action plans aimed at increasing physical

activity worldwide (WHO, 2018). Even before the

Covid-19 pandemic, the low levels of physical

activity in the population had drawn the attention of

the World Health Organization (WHO). Challenges

persist in promoting physical activity as a public

health behavior. According to the National Basic

Health Research Report (Riskesdas) in 2018, in

Indonesia, 33.5% of individuals aged ≥10 years were

found to engage in physical activity for less than 150

minutes per week. In East Kalimantan, 41.11% of

individuals aged ≥10 years were classified as

physically inactive (Kemenkes RI, 2019).

The Covid-19 pandemic has had a significant

impact on public health (Meilina & Kusuma, 2022).

A systematic review of eight studies conducted in

several countries (United States, Germany, Spain,

Canada, Australia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and

Latin America) in 2021 indicated a decline in

physical activity, particularly among children, and an

increase in sedentary lifestyle habits (Suryoadji &

Nugraha, 2021).

Physical activity for children and adolescents is

closely tied to their school activities (Hoffmann et al.,

2019). Establishing physical activity habits during the

school-age years has a lasting impact into adulthood

(Hasan et al., 2019). However, the adoption of online

learning policies, which persisted for two years,

resulted in delays in implementing physical activities

in schools. Consequently, changes in the behavior of

children and adolescents, such as reduced physical

activity, increased social media usage, and higher

consumption of sugary foods and drinks, have been

observed (Sidjabat, 2022).

Insufficient physical activity in children and

adolescents can lead to negative health consequences,

including non-communicable diseases (Suryoadji &

Nugraha, 2021), stunted growth, and reduced life

expectancy (Hasan et al., 2019). Previous studies

have shown that most parents use social media

platforms like Telegram and TikTok for purposes

Saﬁka, S. A., Rohmah, N. and Permana, L.

The Effectiveness of Watching Video About Adolescent Physical Activity on Physical Activity Levels Among Students at SMPN 39 Samarinda.

DOI: 10.5220/0012898100004564

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Social Determinants of Health (ICSDH 2023), pages 14-18

ISBN: 978-989-758-727-6; ISSN: 2975-8297

unrelated to their children's health (Ifroh & Permana,

2022). This results in children and adolescents not

receiving information about health, particularly

physical activity, from their parents. In this context,

exposure to media containing information about

physical activity becomes essential. Various research

studies have recommended health program

interventions as a means to promote physical activity

(Kurniawan, 2021; Savitri, 2018; Suryoadji &

Nugraha, 2021). Video is commonly used as a

medium for health information, as demonstrated by

research conducted by Rahayu et al. (2018), which

showed the effectiveness of health education using

audiovisuals in increasing physical activity levels

(Rahayu et al., 2018).

Based on previous studies, which involved

interviews with 8th-grade high school students at

SMPN 39 Samarinda, it is evident that the level of

physical activity among students at SMPN 39

Samarinda remains low. Students tend to use

transportation rather than walking to school, even

when their homes are within walking distance.

Additionally, students reported that they do not

engage in physical activity on a daily basis. SMPN 39

Samarinda is located far from the central government,

resulting in a lack of sports facilities, which are

primarily concentrated in the city center.

Consequently, residents living in outlying areas do

not have access to these facilities. Given this context,

the purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness

of video presentations on adolescent physical activity

in increasing physical activity levels among students

at SMPN 39 Samarinda.

2 METHOD

This study utilized a quasi-experimental design with

a one-group pre-test post-test approach. The sample

consisted of 8th-grade students from SMPN 39

Samarinda, with 19 students were selected using

purposive sampling. SMPN 39 Samarinda has a

smaller student population compared to other schools

due to its distance from the central government. The

selection of 19 students as samples in this research

was based on previous studies that revealed low

physical activity levels among 8th-grade students.

The research was conducted from January to

February 2023. It commenced with a pre-test for both

experimental groups using the International Physical

Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The research subjects

were then assigned to an experimental class to assess

the effectiveness of video media in promoting

adolescent physical activity. The study included a

post-test after the first week and a delayed post-test

after the second week for the experimental group.

Data collection occurred over a seven-day period

in accordance with the IPAQ questionnaire's

provisions, which measured physical activity in the

last seven days (IPAQ Research Committee, 2005).

Physical activity level measurements were taken

three times: before the video was shown, one week

after, and two weeks after the video presentation. This

timeframe aligns with Edgar Dale's cone of

experience theory, which suggests that a significant

portion of learning experiences are retained within

two weeks of exposure (Maheshwari, 2016). Data

collection was conducted through direct interviews.

The video creation process involved several steps,

including pre-production, production, and post-

production. Pre-production encompassed tasks like

gathering material on adolescent physical activity,

creating media design scripts, and recruiting students

as video talents. Production involved recording and

editing, while post-production entailed using

hardware devices like phones and computers, along

with video editing software. Editing activities

included assembling video recordings, adding voice-

overs, and incorporating text based on the prepared

script. The final stage was finishing.

The video provided health information and

visualizations of various adolescent physical

activities in line with recommendations from the

Ministry of Health. After completing the video, it

underwent media trials, with content and material

being evaluated. Media reviewers were lecturers from

the Faculty of Public Health and Physical Education

at Mulawarman University. These trials also included

students of the target school-age group, specifically

30 8th-grade students from SMPN 21 Samarinda. The

experimental class involved showing the video twice

in a single day, interspersed with ice-breaking

activities such as singing and exercises.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The table 1 presents the distribution of characteristics

among the research subjects. As per Table 1, the

majority of students are 13 years old (47.4%), and the

student population is predominantly female (63.2%).

More students utilize motorbikes as their primary

mode of transportation to school (63.2%) compared

to walking. Furthermore, a significant percentage of

students are involved in school extracurricular

activities (94.7%).

The Effectiveness of Watching Video About Adolescent Physical Activity on Physical Activity Levels Among Students at SMPN 39

Samarinda

Table 1: Distribution of Respondents by Characteristics.

Characteristic n %

Age

13 years ol

9 47.4

ears ol

8 42.1

ears ol

2 10.5

Gende

Male 7 36.8

Female 12 63.2

Transportation Used to Get to School

Moto

ikes 12 63.2

Walkin

7 36.8

School Extracurricular Activities

Yes 18 94.7

No 1 5.3

Physical activity can generally be categorized into

different levels of intensity, including light (e.g.,

walking), moderate, and vigorous, based on MET

(Metabolic Equivalent of Task) scores. According to

the International Physical Activity Questionnaire

(IPAQ), physical activity levels are divided as

follows: light intensity (e.g., walking) if the total

MET score is <600 METs-minutes/week, moderate

intensity if the total MET score ranges from 600 to

1500 METs-minutes/week, and vigorous intensity if

the total MET score is >1500 METs-minutes/week

(World Health Organization, 2015).

Table 2: Distribution of Respondents by Physical Activity

Level.

Physical

Activity

Levels

Pre-test Post-test Delayed

Post-test

n % n % n %

Walking 10 52.6 4 21.1 2 10.5

Moderate

intensit

8 42.1 5 26.3 4 21.1

Vigorous

intensit

1 5.3 10 52.6 13 68.4

Table 2 presents the changes in the physical

activity of the respondents before, after one week, and

after two weeks of viewing the video about

adolescent physical activity. Before the intervention,

10 respondents (52.6%) fell into the light physical

activity category (walking). This number decreased

to 4 respondents (21.1%) after one week of video

viewing. After two weeks of video viewing, the

number of respondents in the light physical activity

category further decreased to 2 respondents (10.5%).

Meanwhile, respondents in the moderate intensity

category also decreased, from 8 respondents (42.1%)

before video viewing to 5 respondents (26.3%) after

one week, and further to 4 respondents (21.1%) after

two weeks of video viewing.

Simultaneously, respondents in the vigorous

intensity category experienced an increase. Before

video viewing, there was 1 respondent (5.3%) in this

category, which increased to 10 respondents (52.6%)

after one week of video viewing and further increased

to 13 respondents (68.4%) after two weeks of video

viewing. Based on the data presented in Table 2, it

can be concluded that the intervention of watching

videos about adolescent physical activity among

students at SMPN 39 Samarinda leads to an increase

in physical activity levels.

To determine the appropriate statistical test, a

normality test was conducted. The results of the

normality test indicate that some data, specifically the

pre-test data, are not normally distributed (p < 0.05),

while the post-test and delayed post-test data are

normally distributed (p > 0.05). Therefore, to assess

the change in physical activity among SMPN 39

Samarinda students, the Friedman test was employed.

The following section presents the results of the

statistical tests conducted on the physical activity

levels of SMPN 39 Samarinda students.

Table 3: Increase in Average of Physical Activity in SMPN

39 Samarinda students.

Variable n

Mean (METs-

minutes/week)

p-value

Pre-test 19 820.05

<0.001

Post-Test 19 1450.44

Dela

ed Post-Test 19 1876.89

Table 3 provides insight into the average physical

activity levels of the 19 students from SMPN 39

Samarinda. During the pre-test, the average physical

activity was 820.05 METs-minutes/week,

categorized as moderate intensity. Subsequently,

there was a notable increase in the moderate intensity

category to 1450.44 METs-minutes/week after one

week, and then a further increase to 1876.89 METs-

minutes/week, characterized as vigorous intensity.

The p-value is <0.001, indicating statistical

significance (p < 0.05) and demonstrating an increase

in the average physical activity of SMPN 39

Samarinda students before and after the video

intervention. This finding aligns with the research

conducted by Rahayu et al. (2018), which showed

that health education using audiovisual media had a

significant effect (p=0.001) on physical activity in the

experimental group (Rahayu et al., 2018).

To compare physical activity scores, a bivariate

comparative test was conducted for two paired

samples. The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was

performed on the pre-test and post-test data due to the

non-normal distribution of pre-test data. Conversely,

ICSDH 2023 - The International Conference on Social Determinants of Health

the Paired T-test was employed on the post-test data

and delayed post-test data, as they exhibited a normal

distribution. The following table, Table 4, displays

the results of the statistical tests conducted on the pre-

test and post-test scores of SMPN 39 Samarinda

students.

Table 4: Increase in Average of Physical Activity in SMPN

39 Samarinda students.

Variable

Mean Difference

(

METs-minutes/week

)

Pre-test

—

Post-test 630.38

Pre-Test — Delayed Post-

test

1056.83

Post-test — Delayed Post-

Test

426.44

In Table 4, it is evident that the physical activity

of SMPN 39 Samarinda students increased by 630.38

METs-minutes/week when comparing pre-test and

post-test scores after one week of video viewing.

Furthermore, there was an increase in physical

activity between the pre-test and delayed post-test,

totaling 1056.83 METs-minutes/week. Notably,

when comparing post-test and delayed post-test

results, there was an increase of 426.44 METs-

minutes/week.

These findings are in line with Edgar Dale's cone

of experience theory, which elucidates that

individuals tend to retain approximately 50 percent of

what they see and hear after a learning experience

(Maheshwari, 2016). In this context, watching a video

falls under the 4th level, which involves the

presentation of information that can be effectively

remembered and applied. Thus, video media can

effectively convey, apply, and execute messages or

information.

As per Bloom's taxonomy (1956), students at the

application knowledge level (C3) can employ

information by using it in real-life situations (Darsini

et al., 2019). In the practical or action classification,

as described by Notoatmodjo (2012), the relevant

level in this research is the guided response level,

where students can appropriately act upon examples

or recommendations, leading to increased physical

activity.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the study's results, it can be concluded that

viewing video of health information and

visualizations related to adolescent physical activity

is effective in increasing the physical activity levels

of students at SMPN 39 Samarinda. This conclusion

is supported by the observed increase in physical

activity among SMPN 39 Samarinda students before

and after the video intervention, with a p-value of

<0.05, indicating statistical significance.

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