Recommendations for Illustrative Examples of Terminology Related

to Astronomy in Explanatory Dictionaries

Fotimakhon S. Bakhtiyarova

, Mukhtorjon Y. Bakhtiyarov

, Mukhlisa N. Sultanova

and

Nargiza X. Ernazarova

Alfraganus University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan State World Languages University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Tashkent State Technical University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Keywords: English Language, Uzbek Language, Terminological System, Speech, Terms, Abbreviations, Translation

Methods, Linguotherminology, Lexicography, Graphic Images, Illustration, Graphic Illustration, Lexical Unit,

Synthesis, Diagram, Cosmophotography, Conceptual Analysis.

Abstract: In Presidential Decree No. PF-6084, issued on October 20, 2020, titled "On measures for the further

development of the Uzbek language in our country and the improvement of language policy," various

directives were outlined for linguists, including the task of compiling new editions of the multi-volume

"Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek Language" in both Cyrillic and Latin scripts. Consequently, in 2023,

the initial series of the new 6-volume "Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek Language" based on the Latin

alphabet was published. The preface of this dictionary underscores the dynamic evolution of language,

wherein vocabulary undergoes significant qualitative and quantitative transformations. It emphasizes the

dictionary's role in documenting and standardizing contemporary Uzbek literary vocabulary to enhance

linguistic precision and promote speech culture. The article examines challenges related to incorporating

visual examples of astronomical terms in Uzbek explanatory dictionaries and proposes pragmatic solutions to

address this issue, aiming to enrich the educational value of such dictionaries for both astronomers and the

general public.

1 INTRODUCTION

Most modern dictionaries include graphic

illustrations used to make identification (analogy), as

well as pictorial examples denoting objects, and

additional descriptive tools for names and terms. The

compilers of the Dictionary of Lexicography (”

Dictionary of lexicographic terms“) are

R.K.Hartmann and G.James considers this to be” a

drawing, diagram or photograph that serves to explain

the meaning of a particular lexical unit“, giving a

more detailed definition of Illustration: ”In

illustrative examples, one can describe a group of

single objects or interrelated objects".

https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5784-1375

https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9462-2083

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0682-9333

https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0090-224X

V. D. Tabanakova pictorial illustration draws the

following conclusions as a lexicographic tool for

semanticizing the term only in dictionaries:

 Illustration is used as an additional means of

semanticizing the term in an explanatory type

of dictionary.

 Illustration is used to semanticize special

concepts with Essence.

 Illustration serves to reveal important and

distinctive features that are difficult or

impossible to articulate verbally, and

descriptively (e.g., shape, appearance,

structure, location).

 The effective use of graphic illustration as a

lexicographic tool for semanticizing a term

requires an initial logical and conceptual

Bakhtiyarova, F., Bakhtiyarov, M., Sultanova, M. and Er nazarova, N.

Recommendations for Illustrative Examples of Terminology Related to Astronomy in Explanatory Dictionaries.

DOI: 10.5220/0012907600003882

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 2nd Pamir Transboundary Conference for Sustainable Societies (PAMIR-2 2023), pages 613-617

ISBN: 978-989-758-723-8

613

analysis of terminology with the allocation of

a set of features for each somaticized concept.

2 METHODOLOGY

The problem of the function of pictorial examples and

the correctness of their use in dictionary writing is

interpreted differently in Russian, European, and

American lexicography. For example, according to

Landau, simple words do not need additional

illustration, but they do need definitions. L. Zgusta

believes that only something unusual or

unfamiliar/event/action needs pictures.

In his article” Ornamental Pictures in Dictionaries

“, L.Zgusta expands on his ideas about the need to

include pictorial illustrations and explains this need

by the fact that graphic information is visual and

contributes to understanding and memorizing words,

can be used as an addition to the definition of a

dictionary.

It is known that the study of astronomy, celestial

bodies, and phenomena has fascinated mankind for

centuries. As this field continues to develop, it is

becoming increasingly important to interpret the

terms related to astronomy clearly and intelligibly.

One effective means of improving understanding is to

include illustrative examples in annotated

dictionaries. These examples not only clarify

definitions but also contribute to a deeper

understanding of the wonders of space. It is advisable

to consider the importance of providing illustrative

examples in annotated Dictionaries on astronomy and

how they affect a broader understanding of

astronomical concepts.

Illustrative examples serve as a practical

demonstration of abstract concepts. In astronomy,

where many terms describe phenomena that are

difficult to observe directly, examples eliminate the

discrepancy between theory and observation. For

example, explaining the concept of a new star will be

more accurate, along with describing the intense

brightness and explosive energy released during such

an event. These examples help students understand

complex ideas by providing comparable scenarios.

Astronomy is a huge field with many

interconnected concepts. Examples in annotated

dictionaries contain contextual information that helps

to understand the relationship between terms. For

example, determining a star, including various types

of examples such as Red Giants and White Dwarfs,

helps students recognize the diversity of star objects.

This contextual understanding allows readers to more

fully understand the concepts of astronomy.

3 DISCUSSION AND

CONCLUSION

Astronomy attracts enthusiasts with different levels

of knowledge. The inclusion of illustrative examples

in annotated dictionaries eliminates gaps in

knowledge, allowing this diversity to be considered.

Those who are now in this field can easily understand

basic concepts, while advanced readers can deepen

their understanding using complex examples.

Focusing on different levels of familiarity, these

examples ensure that students of any level are

familiar with and benefit from the information

provided.

Astronomy is amazing in nature and arouses

curiosity about the secrets of the universe. Illustrative

examples in explanatory dictionaries bring a sense of

surprise, and interest and inspire researchers. For

example, describing large distances in space using the

concept of “light-year” leads readers to think about

the scale of space and extraterrestrial life. These

examples not only teach but also encourage students

to delve deeper into the essence of the subject.

Astronomy plays a decisive role in the

development of scientific literacy and critical

thinking. By including illustrative examples in

explanatory dictionaries, readers will be able to get

acquainted with scientific concepts and better assess

the scientific style. By familiarizing themselves with

these examples, readers learn to think critically,

analyse data, and analyse/synthesize connections

between different astronomical phenomena.

Explanatory dictionaries containing terminology

related to astronomy can be significantly expanded by

introducing illustrative examples. These examples

help provide additional context and clarify

definitions, making astronomical terms more

understandable.

An Explanatory Dictionary dedicated to terms

related to astronomy has not yet been created in

Uzbek. The manual for creating an Explanatory

Dictionary in the Uzbek language emphasizes the

need for a clear interpretation of terms within a

particular field, in contrast to common words. This

involves working with professionals in the relevant

field to provide clear explanations. In this regard, the

presence of an Explanatory Dictionary in field

terminology can be an invaluable resource. For

example, explanatory dictionaries have been

developed for fields such as linguistics, history, and

medicine. These dictionaries not only help to develop

relevant areas but also serve as the main resource for

training potential specialists and assessing progress

and shortcomings in the scientific community.

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Therefore, it is extremely important to accelerate the

creation of an Explanatory Dictionary of terms related

to astronomy to promote the development of the

Uzbek scientific language, observe changes in

terminology, and identify factors that promote the

increase in the vocabulary wealth of the Uzbek

language.

According to our point of view, it is necessary to

revise and change the illustrative examples selected

for terms related to a particular field using a clear and

well-founded approach in the Explanatory Dictionary

of the Uzbek language. This is because the

explanation of the general terms inherent in a

particular area is different from each other. In all three

editions of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek

language, illustrative examples of terms related to

astronomy are presented in the form of a verbal

conjunction and a sentence. For example:

YEAR 1 is the Earth's period of one

circumnavigation of the Sun; twelve calendar months

are equal in time, and such a measure is equal in time.

2 ...

3 ...

4 astr. The period during which a planet orbits the

sun once. Year of Mars (equivalent to 687 days), Year

of Zuhra (equivalent to 225 days).

ORBIT [lot. orbit-path, trace; space, depth] astr.

The path of an arbitrary natural or artificial cosmic

body moving in space relative to another celestial

body (for ex., the path of the Earth around the sun is

called Earth orbit). The last stage of the rocket

brought the automatic interplanetary station into its

intended orbit. From the newspaper. Food,

equipment, and apparatus, as well as correspondence,

were transported into orbit. From the newspaper.

It can be seen that an illustration in compound

form is given for the derivative meaning (4) of the

terminological unit of the year. In the example given

in the queue, an evidential example is given from a

source in the form of a sentence.

In addition, there are also cases of non-illustrative

examples following the interpretation of terms. For

example:

ZUHRA [a. o] (large) 1. astr. One of the larger

planets in the solar system is the Arabic name for

Venus.

2. ZUKHRA (female name).

PLANETALOGY [planet + lat. logos-knowledge,

doctrine] is the branch of astronomy that studies

planets and their satellites in the solar system.

In this terminological unit, the headword acquired

the property of terminality. A footnote is cited, but no

illustration is given.

It seems that most of the illustrations given for

astronomical terms are from mass publications,

samples of fiction. However, it is advisable to take the

examples mainly from the literature on the field.

Below is the Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek

language of 5-volumes, we look at the examples

collected as illustrations to terms given with mark

Astr.:

STAR 1 astr. A celestial body composed of heated

gas (plasma), which by nature looks like The Sun,

appears to be a shining point at night. Light Star. Dim

star. Polar Star. Star series. The evening sank

Tashkent into the bosom, A star in the blinking Blues.

X.Salah. Here The Sun deviates-cool falls, at night, a

sky full of stars on top of us. R.Azizkhojayev, “Green

chayla.”

Recommendation:

A STAR noun is a luminous celestial body

composed of a mass of gas combined with its gravity

and emitting light as well as heat. Stars are the most

common objects in the universe. Therefore, the study

of their physical nature is considered an important

issue in astronomy. "Astronomy".

THE PLANET [a. - planet; car; caravan] 1. There

is no alternative accommodation, a wanderer, a

wanderer. Leave (put down) your prey, hunter,

Wanderer like me. Furqat.

2. astr. A spherical celestial body that revolves

around the sun and receives light from it, mas.,

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars. It is known that the

Earth – planet Earth appeared and evolved in the solar

system as a small fragment of the universe. From the

newspaper.

THE EARTH. Earth planet, mother planet, kurrai

Queen, the first time I saw your photo from the sky.

A.Oripov.

Recommendation:

THE PLANET - noun is a celestial body orbiting–

star, has a spherical shape, and cleans its orbit from

other debris. The moon, the satellite of the planet, is

also involved in the daily visual movement, moving

east-west along with the stars. "Astronomy".

THE COMET [yun. cometes is a long, fluffy-

haired] Foggy radiating cloud as well as a celestial

body with a tail-like luminous (light) Line

appearance, a star with a tail. At all times-at all times,

unique comets pass near the Earth. "Youth".

Recommendation:

A COMET – noun is a small celestial body

composed of ice, dust, and gas that orbits the sun in

an elongated elliptical orbit, often showing its tail as

it approaches The Sun. As it approaches the sun, the

comet's tail appears. The tail consists of very sparse

gas and extremely small particles, which are released

Recommendations for Illustrative Examples of Terminology Related to Astronomy in Explanatory Dictionaries

615

from the core of the comet under the influence of the

Sun. "Astronomy".

ASTEROIDS [yun. aster-star + eidos-appearance;

similar] astr. Minor planets of the solar system

orbiting between Mars and Jupiter, minor celestial

bodies; minor planets.

Recommendation:

AN ASTEROID – noun is a small stony object

orbiting the sun, usually located in the asteroid belt

between Mars and Jupiter. The dimensions of the

largest of the asteroids also turn out to be very small

compared to the radius of the Earth. The largest of

these are Serera (cross-sectional 1000 km), Pallada

(610 km), Vesta (540 km), and Hygeia (450 km).

"Astronomy".

It should be noted separately that in explanatory

dictionaries of the Uzbek language, the illustrations

given for certain astronomical terms are taken from

the literature on the field. In recognition of this, it is

advisable to give other astronomy-related terms in the

same way. In particular, the illustrations given for

numerical terms such as galactic, Galactic,

heliocentric, and planetary, are taken from the

literature on the field. For example:

GALAXY (G-large) [from lat. Galacticos - milky]

astr. A huge gravitational system of more than 200

billion stars connected by mutual total gravity, which

also includes the sun and other planets in the Solar

System: the Milky Way. All Stars and their clusters

form an extremely large – giant system of stars in

unity, this system is called a Galaxy. "Astronomy".

HELIOCENTRIC [gelio.. + lat. centrum < yun.

kentron-tackle. accumulation; Centre]: the

heliocentric system is a doctrine that considers the

sun as the centre of the universe. A Copernican

system, that is, a system with the sun in its centre, is

called a heliocentric system. "Astronomy".

It should be noted that in 2023 a new 6-volume

“Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek language” was

published in the Uzbek alphabet, based on the Latin

script. It notes that " ...the structure, vocabulary,

vocabulary of previous publications are almost

completely preserved, the main emphasis is on

identifying vocabulary units that were not part of the

previous edition of the dictionary, new meanings that

appeared within certain words, their inclusion in the

composition of the dictionary, expanding the scope of

dictionary materials. As noted in the dictionary's

preface, the recommended four thousand dictionary

units were annotated and incorporated into the

dictionary, and the dictionary was also enriched with

many illustrative examples from modern editions”.

During the study, we observed that only 2 new

astronomical terms were added, with all the

astronomical terms recorded in the 5 volumes of the

Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek language in this

dictionary being included without any changes. These

terms are as follows:

WHALE I [Greek. ketos is a sea creature] a very

large mammal marine animal that looks like a fish.

There are hardly any toothless whales left in the

Atlantic. "ÖzME".

WHALE II [lat. Cetus, Cet] is an equatorial

constellation near the Zodiac signs Aquarius and

Taurus. The whale can be seen in autumn and winter.

"ÖzME".

It seems that KIT II is an astronomical term. But

in the dictionary, it is not marked with a special

marker. The illustrative example is also not taken

from the field literature.

EAGLE I 1 ...

2 ...

3 ...

Eagle II astr. is a Zodiac sign located between the

constellations Zodiac sign Aquarius around the

celestial equator.

And the lexeme in question is a homonym, and the

Eagle II was conceived as an astronomical term. But

simply given a definition, no illustrative example is

given.

4 CONCLUSION

Thus, it is necessary to include, and perfect

illustrative examples of terms related to astronomy in

explanatory dictionaries. These examples go beyond

strict definitions of textbooks and contextualize

astronomy terms for students. Examples thought out

to the smallest detail, turn dictionaries into rich

educational resources. Pictorial examples can also be

very effective in explaining astronomical

terminology. Drawings, diagrams, and illustrations

create vivid images that are remembered by readers.

Explanatory dictionaries enriched with illustrative

examples in the field of astronomy, where it is

difficult to understand abstract concepts and large

distances, are an invaluable resource. These examples

improve understanding, provide contextual

understanding, fill gaps in knowledge, promote user

interest, and encourage scientific literacy.

REFERENCES

Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek Language. 6 volumes.

Volume 1. – Tashkent: Publishing and Printing

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Creative House named after G'four Gulom, 2023. – 962

pages. – Page 11.

Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek Language. 6 volumes.

Volume 1. – Tashkent: Publishing and Printing

Creative House named after G'four Gulom, 2023. – 962

pages. – Pages 5, 9.

Landau S.I. The art and craft of lexicography. – N.Y., 1996.

– 370 p.

Zgusta L. Ornamental pictures in Dictionaries //

Lexicographers and their works. Exeter: Exeter Univ.

Pres, 1989. – P. 215-223.

https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/graficheskaya-

illyustratsiya-kak-sredstvo-semantizatsii-terminov-v-

odnoyazychnyh-tolkovyh-i-spetsialnyh-slovaryah

Zgusta L. Ornamental pictures in Dictionaries //

Lexicographers and their works. Exeter: Exeter Univ.

Pres, 1989. – P. 216.

Uzbek Language Dictionary. 5 volumes. – Tashkent: Uzbek

National Encyclopaedia State Scientific Publishing

House, 2006. 2nd edition. – 671 pages. – Page 267.

Uzbek Language Dictionary. 5 volumes. – Tashkent: Uzbek

National Encyclopaedia, 2006. 3rd edition. – 688 pages.

– Page 135.

Uzbek Language Dictionary. 5 volumes. – Tashkent: Uzbek

National Encyclopaedia State Scientific Publishing

House, 2006. 2nd edition. – 671 pages. – Page 166.

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