Fluid Consumption, Mood, and Anxiety in Pencak Silat Athletes of

Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

Yuni Afriani

, Desty Ervira Puspaningtyas

, Siska Puspita Sari

and

Soepri Tjahjono Moedji Widodo

Nutrition Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Respati Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Fluid Consumption, Mood, Anxiety, Pencak Silat Athletes.

Abstract: Pencak Silat is a traditional Indonesian martial art and sport with a rich history. The Pencak Silat team at

Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta (UNY) has garnered numerous achievements and recognition. Proper fluid

intake plays a pivotal role in an athlete's mental state and performance. This study aimed to investigate the

relationship between fluid consumption, mood, and trait anxiety among 18 athletes from the UNY Pencak

Silat team, selected purposively. Data collection involved the Fluid Intake SQ-FFQ questionnaire, the Brunel

Mood Scale (BRUMS), and the Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Pearson

and Spearman correlation tests (p<0.05). Among the participants, 12 athletes (66.67%) belonged to the fighter

category, while six (33.33%) were in the art category. The study found that 16 athletes (88.89%) had moderate

trait anxiety, while two athletes (11.11%) exhibited mild trait anxiety. Notably, the volume of fluid

consumption did not demonstrate a significant correlation with an athlete's mood. However, specific types of

fluids were correlated with distinct mood states. For instance, the consumption of milk and ice cream was

associated with feelings of fatigue (p=0.046) and (p=0.012), respectively. Similarly, the consumption of

vitamin C beverages was correlated with expressions of anger (p=0.045) and depression (p=0.020). Overall,

this study did not find a significant correlation between fluid consumption and anxiety levels among these

Pencak Silat athletes.

1 INTRODUCTION

Pencak Silat is a traditional sport that originated in

Indonesia, deeply rooted in Malay culture and

governed by the Indonesian Pencak Silat Association

(IPSI) (Hariono, 2006). Indonesian Pencak Silat

athletes have been achieving remarkable success, as

evidenced by their outstanding performance at the

2023 Sea Games in Southeast Asia, where they

clinched 16 medals, including nine gold, six silver,

and one bronze, securing Indonesia's position as the

overall champion. This success follows their

impressive performance at the 2022 Pencak Silat

World Championship in Malaysia, where Indonesia

secured 11 gold, nine silver, and eight bronze medals

(Febriati, 2023; Isnanto, 2022).

Despite these achievements, several studies have

highlighted suboptimal performance among Pencak

Silat athletes, attributed to various factors, including

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6627-5942

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https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2183-4964

inadequate nutritional intake. Inadequate protein

consumption, for example, can adversely affect

athletes' hemoglobin levels (Widiastuti et al., 2009).

It has been observed that many Pencak Silat athletes

in PAB Yogyakarta do not consume sufficient protein

sources, and some exhibit an endomorphic

ectomorphic somatotype, indicating a dominance of

body fat over muscle mass (Agustin et al., 2018).

Studies also reveal a correlation between energy

intake and the fitness level of Pencak Silat athletes,

emphasizing the importance of appropriate energy

intake to enhance performance (Tahnia, 2018).

Furthermore, energy and protein intake among

Pencak Silat athletes fall short of recommended

levels, with 73.63% and 73.40%, respectively

(Mahmudah et al., 2017). Afriani et al. (2017) added

that many Pencak Silat athletes lack an adequate

understanding of their daily nutritional needs,

especially in terms of carbohydrate sources.

240

Afriani, Y., Puspaningtyas, D. E., Sari, S. P. and Widodo, S. T. M.

Fluid Consumption, Mood, and Anxiety in Pencak Silat Athletes of Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta.

DOI: 10.5220/0012928700004564

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Social Determinants of Health (ICSDH 2023), pages 240-246

ISBN: 978-989-758-727-6; ISSN: 2975-8297

Dehydration is another concern among Pencak

Silat athletes in one of the UKMs in Yogyakarta, with

a substantial 85% showing dehydration based on

urine specific gravity and 52.5% based on urine color.

It's worth noting that 20 male athletes (66.7%) and 16

female athletes (84.2%) have inadequate fluid intake.

On average, athletes consume 2,051.20 ml/day,

including mineral water (55%) and other beverages

(95%). However, there is no significant association

between the amount and type of fluid consumed and

hydration status. The recommended fluid intake

includes 400-600 ml before exercise and 150-350 ml

every 15-20 minutes during exercise, adjusted for

weight loss (Rachmawati et al., 2014; Indrawati et al.,

2017). Dehydration can significantly impact athletes'

performance, with a loss of 2% of body weight

leading to decreased performance (Murray, 2007;

Prado et al., 2012).

Ensuring proper nutrition compliance is crucial

for optimizing athletes' performance. Nutritional

intake, both from food and fluids, should be tailored

to individual characteristics and exercise patterns.

Many athletes lack the knowledge about the

importance of meeting their nutritional needs,

especially regarding their fluid intake, largely due to

inadequate education. Extended physical exercise

significantly increases fluid requirements,

emphasizing the importance of consuming the right

types and amounts of fluids (Setiawan, 2011; Murray,

2007; Zahra and Muhlisin, 2020; Ministry of Health

of the Republic of Indonesia, 2014).

UKM Pencak Silat UNY is a prominent

organization in Yogyakarta, known for its numerous

medals and active participation in competitions, as

observed in various tournaments, including the

ASEAN Games (Supriyono, 2022). Preliminary

studies at UKM Pencak Silat UNY have shown that

athlete coaching is regularly administered by

administrators and coaches, though mental coaching

has not been a consistent practice. Mental well-being

plays a pivotal role in coaching, directly impacting

athletes' performance during competitions. Many

athletes also lack understanding about the correct

dietary and fluid intake while training and competing.

The selection of the right fluid intake, including type

and quantity, can significantly influence athletes'

psychological stability and overall performance.

Therefore, this study aims to investigate the

correlation between fluid consumption and the mood

and trait anxiety of Pencak Silat athletes.

2 SUBJECTS AND METHODS

This preliminary study was conducted in June 2023 at

the UNY Pencak Silat Hall. The study participants

consisted of Pencak Silat athletes who are members

of the UKM Pencak Silat UNY, with a total of 18

individuals selected through purposive sampling.

Inclusion criteria for participation required that the

athletes be in good health and willing to participate as

respondents. Data collected included respondent

characteristics, fluid consumption data measured

using the Fluid SQ-FFQ questionnaire, mood data

assessed with the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS)

questionnaires, and trait anxiety measured with The

Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaires. The Brunel

Mood Scales and The Trait Anxiety Inventory were

adapted from Afriani's (2014) research, which

reported reliability coefficients of r=0.881 and

r=0.879, respectively. Data analysis was performed

using statistical software, with descriptive statistics

provided for the mean and standard deviation of each

variable. Bivariate analysis was conducted using the

Pearson Correlation Test and Spearman Correlation

Test (p<0.05). It is essential to note that this study

obtained Ethical Clearance from the Health Research

Ethics Commission, Faculty of Health Sciences,

University of Respati Yogyakarta (approval number:

093.3/FIKES/PL/V/2023).

3 RESULTS

Table 1 displays the characteristics of the study's

respondents. The age of the respondents ranged from

19 to 23 years. Among the participants, 12 athletes

were classified in the fighter category, with another 6

falling into the arts category. The mood levels of the

athletes were predominantly in the high category for

the fatigue component, while other components were

rated as sufficient. Notably, the athletes' daily fluid

intake ranged from 2,519.58 to 5,379.38 ml.

Table 2 provides insights into fluid consumption,

with water intake averaging around 2,000-3,500 ml

per day. It's worth mentioning that most athletes had

a preference for sugary beverages, including

sweetened tea, vitamin C drinks, isotonic beverages,

fruit juices, coffee, chocolate, and milk.

Table 3 illustrates the relationship between

specific fluid consumption and mood and anxiety in

Pencak Silat athletes. It revealed significant

associations between milk consumption and fatigue

(p=0.046) and ice cream consumption and fatigue

(p=0.012). Additionally, there was a noteworthy

Fluid Consumption, Mood, and Anxiety in Pencak Silat Athletes of Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

241

correlation between the consumption of beverages

containing vitamin C and mood components,

specifically anger (p=0.045) and depression

(p=0.020).

Table 1: Characteristics of Respondents.

Characteristics Sum (%) Mean±Deviation

Standard

Age (years old) 18 (100) 20 (19−23)

Type of Pencak

Silat

Fighter

Art

(66,67%)

(33,33%)

Mood

Anger

Confusion

Depression

Fatigue

Tension

Vigour

18 (100)

7,00±2,169

7,44±2,254

6,55±1,580

10,00±1,571

7,61±2,872

3,50(1,00−4,00)

Trait Anxiety 18 (100) 31,05±5,93

Amount of

Fluid

18 (100) 3.163,45

(2.519,58−5.379,38)

Description: Median (Min-Max)

Table 2: Amount of Fluid Intake from Various Beverage

Types.

Type of Beverages

Total Intake

Plain Water

2.250 (2.000-3.500)

Milk

28,57 (0-228,57)

Fermented Milk

0,445 (0-65)

Yoghurt

10,39 (0-500)

Ice cream

4 (0-42,86)

Soybean juice

0 (0-128,57)

Tea

1.714 (10,67-1.000)

Bottled tea

16,67 (0-357,14)

Coffee and chocolate

39,77 (0-714,28)

Carbonated drinks

1,86 (0-321,43)

Energy drinks

0 (0-6,67)

Cooling drinks

1,090 (0-142,86)

Spiced drinks

1,92 (0-75,24)

Mung Bean Juice

0,96 (0-142,86)

Fruit juice

57,14 (0-250)

Fruit-flavored drinks

0,68 (0-600)

Orange juice drink

3,35 (0-200)

Syrup

1,09 (0-57,14)

Isotonic drink, isotonic

vitamin

69,05 (0-525,95)

Vitamin C drinks

83,54 (0-466,67)

Alcohol

0 (0-2,74)

Other (protein milk, coconut

water

)

1,37 (0-300)

Description:

Median (Min-Max)

Table 3: Relationship of Fluid Types with Mood and

Anxiety in Pencak Silat Athletes

luid Type

Sum

(%)

Anger Confus

ion

Depres

sion

Fatigue Tension Fatigue Anxiety

lain

ate

0,95

0,30

0,51

0,74

0,51

0,22

0,46

1,00 0,53 0,73 0,04* 0,58 0,44 0,30

ermented

0,66 0,29 0,58 1,00 0,78 0,16 0,60

oghurt

0,65 0,57 0,84 0,76 0,46 0,29 0,47

ce Cream

1,00 0,35 0,61 0,01* 0,42 0,84 0,12

Soybean

uice

0,13 0,61 0,32 0,77 0,44 0,05 0,21

0,56 0,97 0,58 0,39 0,49 0,16 0,68

ottled tea

1,00 0,23 0,37 0,75 0,73 0,17 0,12

offee

0,31 0,35 0,33 0,05 0,28 0,47 0,78

arbonated

rinks

0,83 0,72 0,31 0,35 0,91 0,84 0,27

nergy

rinks

0,1

0,12 0,09 1.00 0,21 0,44 0,30

ooling

rinks

0,6

0,28 0,79 0,77 0,31 0,16 0,31

Spiced

rinks

0,2

0,96 0,54 1,00 0,92 0,31 0,35

ung

ean

uice

1,0

0,25 0,31 0,77 0,20 0,95 0,21

ruit

uice

0,7

0,72 0,38 0,65 0,48 0,84 0,89

ruit-

lavored

rinks

0,1

0,72 0,61 0,35 0,78 0,29 0,93

range

uice

rin

0,4

0,15 0,14 0,77 0,12 0,38 0,24

Syrup

0,6

0,47 0,68 1,00 0,58 0,84 0,38

sotonic

rin

0,3

0,77 0,68 0,65 0,85 0,84 0,58

itamin

drinks

0,0

0,11

0,02

0,38

0,10

0,05

0,86

lcohol

0,1

0,81 0,36 0,53 0,41 0,44 0,78

Description:

Pearson Correlation test,

Spearman test,

*Significant (p<0,05)

ICSDH 2023 - The International Conference on Social Determinants of Health

242

4 DISCUSSIONS

Athlete performance is influenced by a myriad of

factors, encompassing technical ability, tactics,

physical fitness, and the psychological and

physiological aspects of athletes (Stolen et al., 2005).

Notably, mood fluctuations, including emotions like

anger, fatigue, and vigor, can be substantially

impacted by mild dehydration (Armstrong et al.,

2012). It is well-established that fatigue can lead to

negative mood states, cognitive impairments, and

reduced performance (Hockey et al., 2000).

Furthermore, physical stressors can induce changes in

behavior and increase anxiety levels (Chotiwat&

Harris, 2006; Krause et al., 2008).

Proper nutritional intake, both in terms of type and

quantity, plays a pivotal role in enhancing athletic

performance. The need for precise dietary regulation

extends to the composition and quantity of nutrients

to meet specific requirements (Ministry of Health of

the Republic of Indonesia, 2014). According to the

AKG (2019) recommendations, men aged 19-29

years typically require around 2,500 ml of fluid per

day for daily activities. In the context of this study,

athletes' daily fluid intake ranged from approximately

2,519.58 to 5,379.38 ml, indicating that, on the whole,

their fluid consumption was adequate. However,

some athletes might need adjustments, particularly

with regard to training requirements. It is noteworthy

that many athletes in this study exhibited a penchant

for consuming sugary beverages, including milk,

sweet tea, packaged tea, packaged coffee, orange-

flavored drinks, and both natural and packaged

orange juice. This aligns with other research that

suggests a high percentage of Pencak Silat athletes

frequently indulge in and favor sweet foods and

beverages, which are known contributors to

overweight issues (Faizal & Hadi, 2019).

This pattern of fluid intake is in line with prior

studies indicating that athletes often fall short in terms

of the amount, type, and timing of their fluid

consumption. One study, for instance, identified a

correlation between energy drink consumption and an

elevated pulse rate in athletes at the PS Sleman

Development Center (Afriani et al., 2022). Another

study revealed that a substantial proportion of athletes

(92%) were experiencing mild dehydration, with

88.0% of athletes falling into the category of

inadequate water consumption, averaging only 68%

or 2,300 ml per day (Ulvie et al., 2017).

Selecting the right fluid intake is paramount for

athletes, especially during prolonged exercise

sessions lasting over an hour. Beverages like soft

drinks, syrups, and fruit juices should be avoided

within an hour of training or competition. Likewise,

diuretic beverages such as tea, coffee, and carbonated

drinks are not recommended for consumption during

training or competition (Sasmarianto&Nazirun,

2022; Kuswari&Gifari, 2020).

Dehydration can have adverse effects on aspects

such as vigor, self-esteem, short-term memory, and

attention. Rehydration through water

supplementation has been shown to alleviate fatigue,

improve attention, and enhance reaction times (Zhang

et al., 2019). In this study, a correlation was observed

between milk consumption and fatigue, with a

correlation coefficient of -0.476, signifying that

higher milk consumption is associated with reduced

fatigue among athletes. This aligns with research

indicating that milk, as a source of protein, aids in the

muscle recovery process. Several studies have

demonstrated that consuming chocolate milk can

replenish fluids lost during exercise and restore

glycogen stores in muscles, ultimately reducing

fatigue. This effect is further enhanced by the

antioxidant content in chocolate milk, which helps

combat free radicals. Opting for low-fat milk is a wise

choice given its rich B vitamin and calcium content,

which supports nerve transmission and muscle

contraction (Jauhari et al., 2014; Glenniza, 2015;

Kameswara &Fitriyanti, 2015).

There exists a notable relationship between ice

cream consumption and fatigue conditions, with a

correlation coefficient of -0.543, indicating a

substantial correlation. Ice cream is rich in milk

protein, boasting an excellent biological value due to

its abundance of essential amino acids. It

predominantly consists of milk, which is high in

lactose, facilitating hydrolysis into glucose and

galactose, thus enhancing calcium and phosphorus

absorption in the body. Milk is also a rich source of

calcium, phosphorus, and other health-beneficial

minerals. Moreover, ice cream contains lactoferrin

and cytokines that can enhance immunity. The

inclusion of additional ingredients like vegetables,

fruits, probiotics, spirulina, and nuts can make ice

cream a healthier option for consumers (Deosarkar et

al., 2016; Patil & Banerjee, 2017).

Furthermore, there is a significant correlation

between vitamin C consumption and reduced anger

(correlation coefficient -0.477) and depression

(correlation coefficient -0.542) among athletes. The

results of this study indicate that competitive Pencak

Silat athletes consume more vitamin C than their art

counterparts (p=0.043), in line with studies

demonstrating links between plasma concentrations

of vitamin C and levels of depression and anger

(Pullar et al., 2018). Additionally, research shows that

the consumption of 1000 mg/day of vitamin C for

Fluid Consumption, Mood, and Anxiety in Pencak Silat Athletes of Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

243

four weeks can enhance work motivation, focus, and

cognitive performance (Sim et al., 2022). Wang et al.

(2013) suggest that administering 500 mg of vitamin

C twice a day can reduce mood disorders and

psychological stress. Vitamin C plays a pivotal role

in enzymatic reactions, neurotransmitter transport,

and hormone biosynthesis. It is directly associated

with the dopamine β-hydroxylase reaction, producing

norepinephrine to stabilize psychological well-being

(Parker, 1997).

This study reveals that trait anxiety among Pencak

Silat athletes predominantly falls into the moderate

category, with ten individuals, compared to the six art

athletes. Notably, athletes experiencing dehydration

tend to exhibit increased anxiety (Ganio et al., 2011).

However, this study did not establish any significant

relationship between the amount and type of fluid

intake and trait anxiety conditions. Trait anxiety is

influenced by various factors. Consuming large

quantities of caffeinated beverages like tea, coffee,

and chocolate drinks may have detrimental effects,

leading to anxiety, reduced focus, irritability,

insomnia, and physiological disturbances such as

cardiac arrhythmias (Spriet, 2014).

Anxiety is often a consequence of insufficient

fluid intake, as evidenced by increased blood pressure

and pulse rate. Consuming water along with

carbohydrates and vitamin C can reduce state anxiety

and pulse rate in athletes (Afriani et al., 2016).

However, another study found no significant

correlation between fluid intake and vitamin C

consumption and anxiety conditions in soccer athletes

(Afriani et al., 2017). Trait anxiety in athletes often

stems from innate personality traits and can

significantly impact physiological changes in blood

pressure and pulse rate due to the instability of

sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves (Passer &

Smith, 2007). Consequently, emotional stability plays

a crucial role in an athlete's performance during

training and competition. Positive motivation is

essential to increase the activity of neurotransmitters

like dopamine and serotonin (Lane et al., 2010;

Silverthorn, 2013).

Several studies emphasize that providing athletes

with the appropriate type and quantity of beverages

can effectively counter dehydration, improve mood,

alleviate anxiety, and enhance VO2 max values

(Afriani et al., 2015; Afriani et al., 2017;

Puspaningtyas et al., 2015). To enhance athletes'

understanding of regulating fluid intake and

managing mood and anxiety, comprehensive

education is essential. Providing education can

significantly increase knowledge and foster positive

attitudes. Nutrition education, in particular, can

enhance athletes' knowledge and attitudes towards

selecting appropriate food and beverage options

(Waryana and Wijanarka, A., 2013; Sari et al., 2018;

Puspaningtyas et al., 2019; Afriani et al., 2021).

5 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this study demonstrates a correlation

between fluid consumption and mood components,

specifically fatigue, anger, and depression. However,

no significant correlation was found between fluid

consumption and athletes' anxiety. It is imperative to

investigate and educate Pencak Silat athletes about

the management of mood, anxiety, and fluid intake to

enhance their overall performance.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We express our gratitude to the Center for Research

and Community Service at Universitas Respati

Yogyakarta, which provided the Internal Research

Fund Grant in 2023. We also extend our thanks to the

Director, Management, and Coaches at UKM Pencak

Silat UNY.

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