Mapping Ideological and Aesthetic Landscapes in Iranian Short

Stories Today

Dilorom Saidaxmad Qizi Saidoripova

, Xulkar Vasilovna Mirzaxmedova

Inomiddinov Xusniddin Ibroxim Ogli

and Djafarov Bekhzad Farkhadovich

Tashkent State University of Oriental Studies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Keywords: Suffix, Allomorph, Suffixal Allomorph, Affixation, Adverbial Suffixes, Adverbial Suffixal Allomorphs,

Derivation of Adverb, Derivative Adverbs, Adverbs of Place, Adverbs of Time, Adverbs of Manner.

Abstract: In this article, the concept of allomorph in linguistics is studied in detail, as the various theoretical views of

scientists, and to consider the functional-semantic features of the adverbial suffix allomorphs in Persian and

the issues of their use in the context, the suffix of ﺃ [an] and its suffixal allomorph ﺍ [ā], also the suffix of ﻪﻧﺁ

[āne] and its suffixal allomorphs ﻪﻧﺎﮔ [gāne], ﻪﻧﺍﻭ [vāne] hamda ﻪﻧﺎﻳ [yāne], which form derivative adverbs were

studied through examples derived from sources and literary books.

1 INTRODUCTION

There are many problems in linguistics that are

waiting for their solution. The phenomenon of

allomorphism, which is one of these issues, has been

attracting the attention of world linguists for a long

time. Over the past period, a lot of research has been

carried out on morphology, affixation, and affixal

morphemes. In particular, regarding morphemics,

word-forming morphemes and their variants, Uzbek

researchers Rasulov R. (2010), Q.Sapayev (2009),

M.Iriskulov (2009), H.R.Zokirova (2016), European

linguists K.A.Timofeyev (1986) and Diuf Aliu

(2011), Iranian researchers Mohammad Ali (1993),

Dr Iron Kalbosi (1992), Dr Hasan Anvari (2006), Dr

Hasan Anwari and Dr Hasan Ahmadi Givi (2006)

have carried out significant work, also Uzbek

linguists A.Kuranbekov and N. Nurddinov (2019)

A.A. Vahidov (2010), Russian linguists L.S.

Peysikov (1972), Yu.A. Rubinchik (2001) have

carried out various scientific studies on issues related

to the morphophonology of the Persian language.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9884-2764

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5288-6494

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5952-5483

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8229-6682

2 METHODS

In this article, the methods of structural analysis,

comparative analysis, description, functional

analysis, semantic analysis and statistical analysis are

used.

3 RESULTS

In Persian, it is a very productive way to form

adjectives using suffixes. This article relied on the

theoretical approaches of A.A. Vahidov (2010) and

D. Iron Kalbosi (1992) on Persian suffixes. On this

basis, some suffixes with allomorphs were selected

and divided into 2 groups according to their

interchangeability:

1) Interchangeable suffixal allomorphs

2) Non-interchangeable suffixal allomorphs.

Their functional-semantic features were analyzed

based on current Persian language materials.

According to the analysis, it was observed that the

formations formed by the suffixal allomorphs enrich

the vocabulary of the Persian language and activate

phonetic and stylistic options.

Saidoripova, D., Mirzaxmedova, X., Ogli, I. and Farkhadovich, D.

Mapping Ideological and Aesthetic Landscapes in Iranian Short Stories Today.

DOI: 10.5220/0012932200003882

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 2nd Pamir Transboundary Conference for Sustainable Societies (PAMIR-2 2023), pages 891-895

ISBN: 978-989-758-723-8

891

4 DISCUSSION

In linguistics, there are different views on the concept

of allomorph, some scientists study allomorph in the

form of variants of one morpheme, some research it

in the form of morphological alternations, while other

scientists analyze it as alternations of lexical

morpheme, other scientists call it with such concepts

as alternations of lexical morpheme or the

phenomenon of phoneme variation.

Uzbek linguist Azim Hojiyev (2009) considers

the concept of allomorph as a variant of a morpheme

and defines it as follows: “An auxiliary morpheme in

which one can be used instead of another in any

context of a morpheme is a variant of a morpheme.

For example, the morphs -day, -dek in Uzbek can be

added freely. Therefore, variants of the affix such as

gulday-guldek in the variant case are types of the affix

in terms of phonetic sound composition” (p. 21).

Another Uzbek linguist M.T. Iriskulov (2009)

added to the above information of Azim Hajiyev, that

the allomorphic component is defined as follows:

“Morph and morpheme are not always equal to each

other. A morpheme, a linguistic unit, can be

represented in speech by one morph and by several

morphs. The meaning of direction in Uzbek language

is implementation with various suffixes: - ga, - ka, -

qa. One such morpheme is represented by three

morphs. Morphs that usually belong to a morpheme

are called variants or allomorphs of that morpheme.

So, allomorphs are morphs that have different forms

but have the same meaning and form one morpheme”

(p. 144). Also, as an example of allomorphs, the

scientist cites suffixal allomorphs representing the

plural in the Russian language, such as [и], [ы], [а],

[я].

According to Azim Hajiyev, variants

(allomorphs) of one morpheme are interchangeable,

but linguists M.T. Iriskulov and R. Rasulov (2010)

disagree and put forward the opinion that allomorphs

cannot exchange places and explain it as follows:

“Allomorph is a variant of a morpheme, and as a

separate morph, it participates only in the

composition of the corresponding word form. Each

morph, which is observed as an allomorph, has a

limited possibility of application, it appears only in

conditions that are favourable for it, and it is added

selectively. One morph-allomorph is not used instead

of the other” (p. 221). The scientist cites these Uzbek

examples as proof of his opinion: tonggi - tongki,

kechki - kechgi. As the scientist continues his theory,

“the phonetic situation, phonetic form and semantics

do not allow this. So, allomorphs appear in such a

form as the used word forms are accepted”.

Analyzing the opinions of linguists, it can be said

that allomorphs are variants of one morpheme. But

here a controversial question is raised: are allomorphs

interchangeable or not? Finding an answer to this

question requires studying the theories and views of

other linguists.

Allomorphism is being explained as the result of

the application of phonological processes examining

languages such as English. There is another claim

regarding allomorphy apart from the conventional.

According to Carstairs, 1987, there is a need to

distinguish phonologically-conditioned allomorphy

from lexically or grammatically conditioned one

(Carstairs, 1987). Ralli, 2007, has also claimed in her

paper that, “non-phonologically conditioned

allomorphy occupies a central position in

morphology” (Ralli, 2007).On the basis of the

(Carstairs, 1987) and (Ralli, 2007) claims, allomorph

can be defined as “syntactic variation of a phoneme is

also called allomorphy”(p.35).

In European linguistics, there is a slightly

different approach to the concept of allomorph, and

the Russian linguist Yarstseva (1990) gives the

following definition using the term morpheme

exchange: “The morpheme, which is the main unit of

morphology, is understood as a phoneme, similar to

an abstract invariant that comes in the form of a

specific variant - morph (allomorphs): the use of a

morpheme in different variants is different positions -

such as grammatical position (in these cases, in the

form of grammatical or morphological variants

comes) is also related to phonetic position (in these

cases the morpheme comes in phonetic form). For

example, in Russian “писать” - “пишу” the base

morpheme grammatical position (invariant form-true

variant form) and various morpheme exchanges

English noun plural suffixes [s] - [z] - [iz] are

phonetically conditioned occurs in the position (p.

313)”. The scientist proves his ideas through the

following examples: bats - bats, birds - birds, boxes -

boxes.

Apparently, Yartseva also put forward the

opinion that each of the allomorphs has its own

position, they are not interchangeable. In order to

determine the nature of allomorphs in the Persian

language, which is the main object of our article, we

will turn to the theory and views of the Iranian linguist

Iron Kalbosi (1992) in order to determine what kind

of view there is on the concept of allomorph in Iranian

linguistics. In his books on the grammar of the

Persian language, the scientist calls the morph (vāž)

and defines it as follows: “The smallest unit of

language that has a meaning or form is called a morph

and is used in the formation of words as grammatical

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892

units of the language. A morph is a concept with an

abstract meaning, its object, that is, its expression in

writing is a morpheme (vāžak), its variants (gunehā-

ye vāžak) are called allomorphs” (p. 21)

It is clear that every scientist has his own opinions and

views and evidence for his opinions. To find a

solution to the problem, we will analyze the ideas of

Russian linguist L.S. Peysikov (1973) about the

allomorph. The scientist defines the concept of

allomorph as the alternation of a lexical morpheme

and explains it as follows:

“In order for a morpheme to be an allomorph, it

must have the main unifying sign, that is, a common

functional-semantic feature. If the commonality of

meaning and function is located in one allomorph

eme, the remaining criteria have a relative character

and play an auxiliary role in determining similarity

issues. The commonality of meaning and tasks allows

for combining different allomorphs. So, two or more

elements can be allomorphs of one morpheme” (p.

29). Also, the scientist sets the following

requirements for the phenomenon of allomorphism:

1) if affixes have the same meaning and function;

2) if affixes are interchangeable on the same

morphemic basis;

3) if affixes have only self-used places;

4) if affixes have a common and similar

appearance, relative phonetic commonality.

Analyzing the various theories and views of the above

linguists, it can be said that affixal allomorphs are

divided into two groups:

1) Interchangeable suffixal allomorphs

2) Non-interchangeable allomorphs.

Word-forming affixal allomorphs are different

variants of the same word-forming morpheme. In the

process of affixation, depending on the style and

phonological adaptation, one of the affixal

allomorphs can be used instead of another. In this

case, one formative morpheme can form a word in a

scientific or artistic style, and the second word-

forming allomorph can form a word in an oral style.

Phonologically, in the process of word formation,

word-forming affixal allomorphs cannot replace each

other. Sometimes two vowels do not appear in one

word, and if two vowels occur, a gap appears. A

consonant is added to fill this gap. We will consider

the proof of these ideas in the analysis of the suffixal

allomorphs that form the morpheme.

Below, in order to consider the functional-

semantic features of the adverbial suffix allomorphs

in the Persian language and the issues of their use in

the context, the suffixal of ﺃ [an] and its suffixal

allomorph ﺍ [ā], also the suffix of ﻪﻧﺁ [āne] and its

suffixal allomorphs ﻪﻧﺎﮔ [gāne], ﻪﻧﺍﻭ [vāne] hamda ﻪﻧﺎﻳ

[yāne], which form different derivative adverbs will

be studied through sources and examples from

literary books.

1) The suffix ﺃ [an] has its own allomorph ﺍ [ā],

which is used to make derivative adverbs from words

of different categories. They are Arabic diacritics -

"fatha", which were borrowed from Persian. These

suffixes are added to original Persian words or words

borrowed from other languages and form derivative

adverbs. For example,

Adverbs of manner:

ﺄﻣﻮﺳ [sevvoman] – from the third

ﺄﻨﻔﻠﺗ [telefonan] – by telephone

ﺎﺻﻮﺼﺨﻣ [maxsusan] – especially

ﺎﺻﻮﺼﺨﻣ ﻮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺎﺑ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﻥﺩﺮﮐ ﺍ ﻦﻳ ﺲﻔﻗ ،گﺭﺰﺑ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺭﺍﺩ ی ﻪﮐ

ﻝﺎﻣﺁ ﻭ ﺎﻫﻭﺯﺭﺁی

ﺧﯽﻠﻴ ﮔﺭﺰﺑﯽ ﻢﻫ ﺭﺍﺩی.

Maxsusan to ke bā farāham kardan-e in γafas-e

bozorg nešān dāri ke āmāl o ārzuhā-ye xeyli bozorgi

ham dāri. (Mirkiyoni. 2009. P. 23.)

Especially you, who by providing this big cage,

show that you have very big hopes and dreams.

ﺄﻫﺎﺒﺘﺷﺍ[eštebāhan] – mistakenly

ﺎﻤﺘﺣ [hatman] - obviously

ﺎﻤﺘﺣ ﻣﯽ ﺘﺳﺍﻮﺧﯽ ﺡﻼﺳ ﻭ ﻫﺎﭙﺳﯽ ﺎﺑ ﻝﻮﭘ ﻼﻁ ﺎﻫ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﻨﮐﯽ.

Hatman mi xāsti salāh va sepāhi bā pul tellā hā

farāham koni. (Mirkiyoni. 2009. p. 28)

Obviously, you wanted to buy weapons and

troops with gold coins.

ﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ [taγriban] – About

ﺎﻴﻘﻳ [yaγinan] - surely

ﺎﻌﻄﻗ [γat’an] – Certainly

ﺃﺪﺑ [badan] - later on

ﺍﺭﺎﮑﺷﺁ [āškāran] – obviously

ﺍﺪﺑﺍ [abadan] – never

ﻼﺻﺍ [aslan] – never

ﺎﻘﻠﻄﻣ [motlaγan] - absolutely

ﻼﻗﺍ[aγlan] – at least

ﺭﺍﺬﮕﺑ

ﻼﻗﺍ ﻨﺗﯽ ﻪﺑ ﺏﺁ ﻢﻧﺰﺑ. ﻸﻗﺍ

ﺍﻦﻳ ﺎﻣﺮﮔ ﻭ ﮕﺘﺴﺧ ﯽ ﻩﺍﺭ ﺍﺭ ﺯﺍ

ﻢﻨﺗ ﺑﻥﻭﺮﻴ ﻢﻨﮐ .

Begozār aγlan tani be āb bezanam. Aγlan in

garmā va xastegi-ye rāh rā az tanam birun konam.

(Mirkiyoni. 2009. p.15)

Let me at least touch the water. At least I can get

this heat and fatigue out of my body.

Adverbs of time :

ﺍﺪﺑﺍ [abadā] – never

ﺎﻘﻠﻄﻣ [motlaγā] – absolutely

ﻻﺎﺣ [hālā] – now

ﻻﺎﺣ ﻖﺣ ﻡﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻁﺎﺧ ﺍﻦﻳ ﺧﺖﻧﺎﻴ ﺮﺳ ﻮﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻨﺗ ﺍﺪﺟ ﻢﻨﮐ .

Hālā haq nadāram be xāter-e in xiyānat sar-e to rā

az tanet jodā konam. (Mirkiyoni. 2009. p.44)

Now I have no right to cut your head from your

body because of this betrayal.

ﺍﺩﺎﺒﻣ [mabādā] – mabodo, balki

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893

ﺩﺮﻣ ،ﺐﺳﺎﮐ ﺍﻦﻳ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺍﺭ ﺎﺑ ﺵﺩﻮﺧ ﺖﺷﺍﺬﮔ ﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻧﺎﺧ ﺑﻥﻭﺮﻴ

،ﺖﻓﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻟﺎﺣﯽ ﻪﮐ ﺯﺍ ﺎﺳﮥﻳ ﺵﺩﻮﺧ ﻣ ﯽ ﺳﺮﺗﻡﺪﻴ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻧ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺍﺩﺎﺒﻣ

ﻪﻌﻓﺪﮑﻳ ﺮﺳ ﻠﮐﮥ ﯽﮑﻳ ﺯﺍ ﺭﺎﮑﺒﻠﻁ ﺎﻫ ﭘﺍﺪﻴ ﺩﻮﺷ .

Mard-e kāseb, in γarār rā bā xodeš gozāšt va az

xāne birun raft, dar hāli ke az sāye-ye xodeš mi tarsid

va negarān bud ke mabādā yekdaf'e sar-e kolle-ye

yeki az telbakār ha peydā šavad. (Mirkiyoni. 2009. p.

50)

Shoemaker made this appointment with himself

and left the house, while he was afraid of his own

shadow and worried that he might suddenly be found

on the head of one of the creditors.

The suffix ﺃ [an] and its suffixal allomorph ﺍ [ā]

they can come interchangeably. For example:

ﺍﺪﺑﺍ [abadan] – ﺍﺪﺑﺍ[abadā] – never

ﺎﻘﻠﻄﻣ [motlaγan] - ﺎﻘﻠﻄﻣ [motlaγā] – absolutely

The suffix ﺃ [an] and its allomorph ﺍ [ā] form

derivative adverbs from functionally different word

groups. There is no difference in the stylistic

application of the above suffixal allomorphs, and they

can be interchanged.

2) The suffix ﻪﻧﺁ [āne] has its own functional

allomorphs ﻪﻧﺎﮔ [gāne], ﻪﻧﺍﻭ [vāne] hamda ﻪﻧﺎﻳ [yāne],

which are used to make derivative adverbs from

words of different categories. The appearance of

these allomorphs is explained by the phonetic

phenomena occurring at the place of the connection

of morphemes.

Linguist Vokhidov A. (2010) recommended

analyzing one of the structural-semantic restrictions

required by the language norm in cases of the addition

of the suffix ﻪﻧﺁ [āne] and its suffixal allomorphs to

constituent bases in the following order. (p. 38)

According to him, the suffix ﻪﻧﺁ [āne] is added to the

base of the word that ends with a consonant phoneme.

This suffix is used to form derivative adverbs when

added to nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. For example:

Noun + ﻪﻧﺁ [āne]

ﺖﺳﻭﺩ [dust] > ﻪﻧﺎﺘﺳﻭﺩ [dustāne] – friendly

ﺩﺮﻣ [mar] > ﻪﻧﺍﺩﺮﻣ [mardāne] – for men

Adverb + ﻪﻧﺁ [āne]

ﺐﺷ [šab] ﻪﻧﺎﺒﺷ [šabāne] – evening

Adjective + ﻪﻧﺁ [āne]

ﻞﻗﺎﻋ [āγel] > ﻪﻧﻼﻗﺎﻋ [āγelāne] – Wisely

ﺯﺍ ﻪﻤﻫ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﺖﺳﺍﻮﺧ ﺎﺗ ﻠﺴﺗﻢﻴ ﺘﻧﻮﺸﺧ ﯽ ﻪﮐ ﻥﺎﻤﺘﻔﮔ ﺎﻫ ی ﺘﻣﻮﮑﺣ ﯽ

ﻪﺑ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﺭﺰﺗﻖﻳ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺪﻧﻮﺸﻧ ﻭ ﻪﻧﺍﺭﻮﺒﺻ ﻭ ﻪﻧﻼﻗﺎﻋ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ .

Az hame mardom xāst tāslim xošunati ke

goftemān hā-ye hokumati be mardom tazriq

mikonand našavand va saburāne va āγelāne raftār

konand. (Shokeri A. 2016. P.73)

She asked all the people not to succumb to the

violence that the government’s discourse injects into

the people and to behave patiently and wisely.

When the suffix ﻪﻧﺎﮔ [gāne] is added to the word-

formative bases ending with the vowel [e], the

suffixal allomorph of ﻪﻧﺎﮔ [gāne] was formed as a

result of the addition of گ [gāf] consonant. The

suffix ﻪﻧﺎﮔ [gāne] can be added not only to Persian

nouns but also to Arabic-acquired adjectives and

adverbs. For example:

Adjective + ﻪﻧﺎﮔ [gāne]

ﻥﻭﺰﺤﻣ [mahzun] > ﻪﻧﺎﻧﻭﺰﺤﻣ [mahzunāne] – sadly

ﻦﻋﺮﻔﺘﻣ [motafar’an] > ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻋﺮﻔﺘﻣ [motafar’anāne] –

submissively

ﺍﺪﺟ [jodā] > ﻪﻧﺎﮔﺍﺪﺟ [jodāgāne] – alohida, bo‘lak-

bo‘lak

Noun + ﻪﻧﺎﮔ [gāne]

ﻪﭽﺑ [bače] > ﻪﻧﺎﮕﭽﺑ [bačegāne] – childish

Number + ﻪﻧﺎﮔ [gāne]

ﻪﺳ [se] > ﻪﻧﺎﮕﺳ [segāne] – triple

When the suffix ﻪﻧﺁ [āne] is added to the word-

formative bases ending with the vowels [ā] or [i], the

suffixal allomorph ﻪﻧﺎﻳ [yāne] was formed as a result

of the addition of a ی [yāy] consonant. For example:

Adjective + ﻪﻧﺎﻳ [yāne]

ﺎﻧﺍﺩ [dānā] > ﺎﻧﺍﺩﻪﻧﺎﻳ [dānāyāne] – wisely

ﯽﻔﺨﻣ [maxfi] > ﻔﺨﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﻴ [maxfiyāne] – secretly

ﺎﺑ ﻌﻤﺟﯽ ﺯﺍ ﻧﺎﺘﺳﻭﺩﯽ ﻪﮐ ﻔﺨﻣﻪﻧﺎﻴ ﺯﺍ ﭘﯽ ﺩﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺍﺭ ﺪﻧﺩﺎﺘﻓﺍ .

...maxfiyāne az peyye ostād be rāh oftād. (Shokeri

A. 2016. P.67)

with a group of friends who secretly followed the

teacher.

After stems ending in the vowel phoneme [u], the

old variant of allomorphs is ﻪﻧﺍﻭ [vāne]. Although the

suffix allomorph ﻪﻧﺍﻭ [vāne] is not very prolific, it is

preserved in some derivative adverbs. For example:

Noun + ﻪﻧﺍﻭ [vāne]

ﻭﺩﺎﺟ [jādu] > ﻪﻧﻭﺩﺎﺟ [jāduvāne]– magical

ﻮﻫﺁ [āhuvāne] > ﻪﻧﺍﻮﻫﺁ[āhuvāne] – as gazelle

The suffix ﻪﻧﺁ [āne] has its own functional

allomorphs ﻪﻧﺎﮔ [gāne], ﻪﻧﺍﻭ [vāne] hamda ﻪﻧﺎﻳ [yāne],

form derivative adverbs from different word groups.

Adverbs derived from these suffixal allomorphs can

appear in texts of various styles. These suffixes are

phonetically allomorphs, so they cannot be

interchanged.

5 CONCLUSION

The theories and views of different scientists on the

concept of allomorphs were studied and analyzed into

two groups: interchangeable allomorphs and non-

interchangeable allomorphs. Then the derivative

adverbs made from the suffix of ﺃ [an] and its suffixal

allomorph ﺍ [ā], also the suffix of ﻪﻧﺁ [āne] and its

suffixal allomorphs ﻪﻧﺎﮔ [gāne], ﻪﻧﺍﻭ [vāne] hamda ﻪﻧﺎﻳ

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[yāne], were studied through examples derived from

sources and literary books. According to the results

of the research, the following conclusions were

reached: 1. In Persian, the suffixal morphemes that

form the derivative adverbs perform similar functions

in terms of functionality and semantics. 2. In Persian,

the suffixal allomorphs that form derivative adverbs

belong to different stylistic styles. However, in some

cases, words made of adverbial suffixal allomorphs

that are used interchangeably within the same base do

not differ stylistically. 3. In Persian, adverbial suffixal

allomorphs differ phonetically according to the way

they are formed, and adverbial suffixal allomorphs

cannot be used interchangeably in the same base.

Therefore, derivative adverbs formed through

adverbial suffixal allomorphs contribute to the

enrichment of the Persian language vocabulary and

the increase of various phonetic and stylistic options.

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