Exploring the Classification, Dynamics, and Control Measures of

Landslide Processes in the Charvak Free Tourist Zone

Kamoliddin A. Khakimov

, Gulshoda M.Janizakova

, Shavkat M. Sharipov

Elbek Safarov

and Davron O. Boymurodov

National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Jizzakh State Pedagogical Institute, Jizzakh, Uzbekistan

Keywords: Landslide Process, Factors, Dynamics, Classification, Measure, Mountain Slopes, Groundwater, Faults, Rock

Porosity, Loess and Loess-Like Rocks, Consequent, Insequent.

Abstract: In recent years, the construction of new hotel complexes, cultural, recreational and shopping centres has been

extensively carried out in Charvak free tourist zone, along with other economic activities, with a view to

developing the tourism sector. Such construction work could provoke further landslide development on

mountain slopes. This article describes in detail the classification, dynamics of landslide processes, one of the

most frequently observed in Charvak free tourist zone, and measures to combat them.

1 INTRODUCTION

Ensuring the safety of citizens has always been one of

the priorities of the state. In this regard, the

Government of our Republic adopts resolutions and

decrees aimed at ensuring the safety of the population

and develops and implements into practice special

programs, and instructions aimed at their

implementation.

Section 7 of the Development Strategy of New

Uzbekistan for 2022-2026, entitled "Strengthening

the security and defense capability of the country,

conducting an open, pragmatic and active foreign

policy", consisting of seven priority areas developed

on the principle of "From action strategy to

development strategy", approved by the Decree of the

President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated

January 28, 2022, No PF-60 "On the Development

Strategy of New Uzbekistan", a systematization of

measures to ensure the safety of the population and to

prevent and deal with emergencies in tourist areas in

an expeditious manner is outlined (President of the

Republic of Uzbekistan. (2022, January 28). Decree

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5039-3461

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6721-7827

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4049-9374

https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9874-8263

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1157-2990

No PF-6). In this development strategy, the main

goals are the protection of the population and

territories from dangerous processes that cause

emergencies of a natural, man-made, and

environmental nature.

In this regard, scientific research to reduce the risk

of landslide processes is of relevance. From a

scientific and practical point of view, it is important

to study the classification, grouping, and dynamics of

the landslide process depending on the factors that

form it.

2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The study aims to examine prevalent landslide

processes, the dynamics of their types, and control

measures within the Charvak free tourist zone. To

achieve this objective, the following tasks are

outlined:

• classification of landslide processes.

• examination of the dynamics involved in

the occurrence of landslide processes.

Khakimov, K., M. Janizakova, G., Sharipov, S., Safarov, E. and Boymurodov, D.

Exploring the Classiﬁcation, Dynamics, and Control Measures of Landslide Processes in the Charvak Free Tourist Zone.

DOI: 10.5220/0012949100003882

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 2nd Pamir Transboundary Conference for Sustainable Societies (PAMIR-2 2023), pages 1033-1036

ISBN: 978-989-758-723-8

1033

• investigation of measures to combat

landslide processes and mitigate their

impact.

3 DISCUSSIONS

The geological structure of the Charvak free tourist

zone is characterized by limestone, sandstone, shale

from different periods, and gravel-clay sediments

dating back to the Paleogene and Neogene periods.

These layers are overlaid by thick loess and loess-like

rocks, which rapidly lose strength and swell in

response to atmospheric precipitation. The region is

also highly susceptible to seismic activity from

earthquakes during the Lower (Q1) and Middle (Q2)

Quaternary periods, contributing to a higher

incidence of landslide processes compared to other

areas in Uzbekistan.

A landslide refers to the phenomenon where rocks

descend from the shores of seas, lakes, rivers, or

mountainsides under their own weight along a

specific slope. This occurrence arises when rocks on

the slope lose their equilibrium due to various factors.

Landslides exhibit variations in size, structure,

causes of formation, developmental conditions,

mechanism, and dynamics, leading to different

classifications. Various factors, including the causes

of formation, properties, shape, and size, are

considered when categorizing landslides.

A.P. Pavlov classified landslides into delapsing

and detrusion landslides based on their starting point.

N.V. Rodionov further categorized landslides into

consistent, suffosion, and structural types based on

the causes of their formation. F.P. Savarensky divided

landslides into asequent, consequent, and insequent

categories depending on the surface of rupture's

location relative to the bedding line.

Asequent landslides occur on slopes composed of

rocks with a homogeneous composition, including

slides on slopes made up of loess-like rocks, typically

displaying an arch-shaped slickenside. Consequent

landslides are formed by the sliding of layers

consisting of weathered rocks over the bedrock

(Figure 1).

Insequent landslides are a category of landslides

where the surface of rupture intersects with the

bedding line of the rock strata. An illustrative

example of this type is represented by stepped

landslides (Figure 2: 1 - slumped clay rocks; 2 - loess

and clay rocks; 3 - groundwater; 4 - Quaternary

conglomerates; 5 - maximum level of water table

rise).

Figure 1: Scheme of a consequent landslide.

Figure 2: Longitudinal geological profile of an insequent

landslide in Mingchukursai.

Figure 3: Figure 3. Schematic section of strengthening the

steep slopes of Sijjak terrace, where a landslide is likely to

occur, by means of underground column piles.

Furthermore, various scholars, including A.M.

Drannikov, N.N. Maslov, E.P. Emelyanova, G.O.

Mavlonov, and Niyazov, have identified several types

of landslides. The diversity in the classification of

landslides arises from the varied conditions, causes,

and structures contributing to their formation.

The dynamics of landslide processes refer to

changes in their structure and properties, as well as

the speed of movement per unit time, encompassing

the stages from initiation through progression to

cessation. The factors causing landslides on slopes

exhibit varying characters and magnitudes over time,

resulting in fluctuations in the rate of rock sliding.

Consequently, the period of landslide processes can

be segmented into three stages:

Stage of Preparation for Slumping: During this

stage, natural phenomena (such as earthquakes or

precipitation) and human activities influence a

decrease in slope strength. Although no slumping has

occurred, initial signs of a landslide, including the

formation of cracks in the slope, become apparent.

Slumping Stage: This stage marks the occurrence

of a landslide, and the speed of the landslide may

vary. Some landslides exhibit initial rapid movement,

followed by a slower pace, or vice versa. The

landslide speed at our research site exceeds that in

PAMIR-2 2023 - The Second Pamir Transboundary Conference for Sustainable Societies- | PAMIR

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other parts of Uzbekistan, reaching several meters per

second. Flowing and sliding landslide types, triggered

by precipitation, exhibit particularly rapid movement

during this stage, leading to destructive events such

as the damage to economic structures and, at times,

fatalities.

Stage After Slumping Occurs: Subsequent to a

landslide, the slope's strength undergoes a complete

transformation. The slumped mass, if not eroded by

flowing water, becomes a supportive element for the

slope, often reducing the slope angle and increasing

its strength. However, new factors emerge, impacting

the slope's strength. The vegetation covering slopes

affected by landslides may be washed away, leading

to increased erosion processes and enhanced washout

of the subsoil layer.

The occurrence of a landslide process has

significant effects on the relief and the mechanical

composition of the subsoil layer. For instance,

landslide cirques (troughs) and table plains may form

on the slopes, altering the geomorphological

structure. In large landslides, such as stepped

landslides, the mixing of different rock types results

in changes in specific gravity, volume, and porosity.

Moreover, landslide processes can alter

hydrogeological conditions, affecting groundwater

regimes and leading to the formation of springlets and

wetlands on slopes. These changes impact the

moisture content of rocks, affecting their strength.

Landslide control involves mitigating the effects

of landslide-forming factors and, in some cases,

completely eliminating them. Given the various

factors and types of landslides, a variety of measures

are employed. For instance, underground column

piles are installed against consequent and insequent

types of landslides, while retaining walls are erected

on slopes where delapsing and detrusive landslides

occur.

To prevent the dislodgement of landslide bodies,

underground column piles, retaining walls, and

counter dams are commonly employed. The design

and implementation of these measures involve

calculating the size of the landslide body and the

forces holding it in place. Underground pile columns

are drilled on slopes at risk of landslides, and these

boreholes are filled with reinforced concrete mortar.

The piles of the column that cross the surface of the

rupture connect the landslide body with the mass not

involved in the sliding (Figure 3: 1 – underground

column piles; 2 – loess-like and clayey rocks; 3 - loess

rocks; 4 - gravels and conglomerates).

Implementation of measures to fortify slopes

using underground pile-columns has been conducted

extensively across various locations within our

research facility. This strategy is aimed at preventing

landslides on the steep slopes surrounding the

Charvak Reservoir. The base of these slopes

comprises sediments from different periods, with the

upper section covered by loess-like and clayey rocks.

In the course of constructing roads leading to the

eastern, northern, and southern areas of the Pskem

recreation area and the Chimgan-Charvak recreation

area, there were instances where it was necessary to

traverse the slopes of the Ugam, Pskem, and Chatkal

ranges, which exhibited steep gradients and relative

heights of approximately 200-250 meters. This

topography leads to a decrease in the strength of

mountain slopes and an elevated risk of landslides. To

mitigate this risk, one preventive measure involves

the construction of retaining walls.

Retaining walls are positioned at the base of the

slope to impede rock sliding, thereby reducing the

likelihood of landslide processes and preventing the

failure of highways. To ensure the stability and

longevity of these walls, drainage systems are

incorporated on the back of the slope. The primary

function of drainage is to safeguard the retaining wall

from deterioration by collecting water originating

from the top of the slope and between the landslide

body.

In cases where the thickness of the landslide rock

and the slope's steepness are minimal, counter dam

barriers are commonly employed to halt the landslide.

These barriers enhance the slope's stability by cutting

away the convexity at the top of the slope and

relocating it to the foot of the slope (Figure 4: 1 -

counter dam; 2 - site of cut-out convexity; 3 - base

consisting of hard rock). This approach results in a

decrease in the slope's gradient and an increase in the

force supporting the lower part of the landslide body.

Figure 4: Scheme to increase the strength of slopes by

levelling their gradient and erecting a counter dam.

If the sedimentary rocks beneath the landslide

body lack resistance to external influences, they will

rapidly deteriorate upon exposure. In such scenarios,

applying measures like constructing a counter dam by

cutting out the convexity on the slope is impractical.

These measures are only viable when there are robust

igneous or metamorphic rocks beneath the landslide

body.

Exploring the Classiﬁcation, Dynamics, and Control Measures of Landslide Processes in the Charvak Free Tourist Zone

1035

Furthermore, the planting of trees on slopes

contributes to temporarily halting landslide

processes. To achieve this, long-rooted trees such as

walnut, poplar, and pine should be planted in a

staggered manner on the slopes. Planting trees in

areas where the landslide body is no thicker than 4-5

meters proves to be particularly beneficial.(

Zokhidov, 1988- Sharipov et. al., 2022)

4 CONCLUSIONS

When formulating a classification for landslide

processes and the corresponding preventive

measures, it is crucial to consider factors such as the

circumstances triggering the process, the extent of the

affected area, the shape, the thickness of the landslide

body, and similar characteristics. Additionally, it can

be asserted that the dynamics of a landslide are

contingent upon the intensity of the influence exerted

by the factors contributing to its occurrence. This is

due to the fact that the impact of these factors varies

over time.

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