Exploring Eco-Friendly Uzbek: Linguistic Evolution and

Sustainability

Samixan Ashirbaev

Tashkent State University of Uzbek Language and Literature named after Alisher Navoi, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Keywords: Ecology, Eco-Friendly, Linguistic Geography, Patois, Dialect.

Abstract: Scientists have scientifically established that the Uzbek language, among Turkic languages, is inherently

multi-dialectal. Extensive studies of Uzbek dialects were conducted in the 1950s, identifying key

characteristics. Despite ecological persistence from the 11th to the 20th centuries, current trends indicate

challenges to maintaining dialect purity due to population movements. This article focuses on dialects resilient

to external influences, with a historical perspective spanning from the 11th century to the present. Notably,

the 1920s saw significant scientific investigations into Uzbek dialects, driven by the search for the primary

dialect in the development of Uzbek literary language. The article periodizes the history of Uzbek dialect

studies, shedding light on each era, its researchers, and their contributions, particularly addressing a neglected

period during the Soviet Union.

1 INTRODUCTION

The Uzbek language exhibits a complex dialectal

composition, leading to growing global interest

among researchers. Numerous studies on Uzbek

dialects have been conducted, culminating in the

establishment of Uzbek dialectology. This field has

undergone a lengthy historical development. While

linguistic studies are generally recognized to have

begun with the exploration of the vibrant language of

ancient Turkic tribes and their relatives –

Пуллиблэнк (1968) - Дёрфер (1968), the same holds

true for Uzbek linguistics. Despite Uzbek linguistics

originating within Turkic linguistics, its early stages

involved the study of the vivid language spoken by

ancient Turkic tribes.

This preparatory period for Uzbek linguistics

occurred before the formation of scientific linguistics,

and Uzbek dialectology emerged during the same

period. In this sense, the initiation of Uzbek

linguistics is appropriately marked in the 20s of the

XXI century. The formation and development of

Uzbek dialectology are closely associated with the

contributions of Professor E. D. Polivanov and

Professor G. O. Yunusov. Researchers worldwide,

including Gunnar Yarring, have been drawn to Uzbek

dialects. Yarring authored a work on the "Sword

Dialect of the Uzbek Language" (1945), with

commentary by S.E. Malov. E. Stephen Vurm also

wrote a book on the "Andigan Dialect of the Uzbek

Language," and Professor S. Ibrahimov published a

related article in the journal "Issues of Uzbek

Language and Literature" - Шоадбдураҳмонов,

Ишаев (1969).

As mentioned earlier, the Uzbek language's

complex dialectical construction distinguishes it from

other Turkic languages. Y. D. Polivanov attributes

this complexity to two socio-historical processes. He

suggests that the fertile lands of Central Asia attracted

eastern Turkish tribes, who, after extensive migration

from the East, mixed with the local Persian-speaking

population, resulting in the formation of the specific

dialect of the Uzbek language - Поливанов (1933).

The objective of this study is to periodize the

examination of Uzbek dialects.

Until now, scientists have not systematically

investigated the history of studying Uzbek dialects,

with only a few journal articles available on the

subject. Shoabdurahmonov and Ishaev provide a

relatively comprehensive overview of Uzbek

dialectology up to the 1970s, mentioning past and

present dialectologists such as Y. D. Polivanov, K. K.

Yudakhin, G. O. Yunusov, S. Ibrahimov, S. Zufarov,

and F. Abdullaev. These scholars have conducted

research on the phonetics, lexicon, and morphology

of Uzbek dialects - Шоабдураҳмонов, Ишаев

(1969). While E. I. Fazilov also mentions some facts

Ashirbaev, S.

Exploring Eco-Friendly Uzbek: Linguistic Evolution and Sustainability.

DOI: 10.5220/0012956400003882

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 2nd Pamir Transboundary Conference for Sustainable Societies (PAMIR-2 2023), pages 1181-1186

ISBN: 978-989-758-723-8

1181

on this topic - Фaзилов (2008), he does not provide

analytical data. This article aims to classify the study

of Uzbek dialects into different periods based on

more than 50 years of the author's observations,

analysis, and synthesis of published works in Uzbek

dialectology. The author presents this article due to

years of lecturing on the subject, writing articles on

dialectology, analyzing dialectological works, and

preparing scientific and pedagogical staff in this field.

2 ANALYSIS

Although the study of Uzbek dialects has a long

history, the historical timetable of studying has not

been arranged so far. As a result of the study, the

essence of the research in Uzbek dialectology and the

methodology based on the investigation of dialectics

and vivid language, we found it necessary to

determine the following periods:

Studying the ancient Turkic dialects. This period

includes the end of the XIII-XI and the beginning of

the XIV centuries. This period is common to almost

all Turkish languages; therefore, it is also an ancient

period of the Uzbek language. In this period, learning

dialects is based on the notion of language learning,

but in reality, this view is not mistaken because

researchers are interested in practical issues rather

than theoretical issues. Importantly, all aspects of the

language structure are centered on studying lexicon,

that is, the phonetics and morphology of the language

of kindred and tribes explained in the process of

interpreting lexicon. The main source of this period is

the work of Mahmud Kashgari "Devonu lugatit

Turk". This work is a preliminary dialectological

study, as all lexical and grammatical forms included

in this dictionary are written directly from the

language of ancient Turkish tribes and kindred.

Mahmud Kashgari mentions two dialects in his work:

"Khakani Turkiṣ" and "Oghuz", and they are also

called Turkish and Oghuz - Kошғарий (1960). He

considers that the Kipchak dialect was in the part of

the Oghuz dialect. Later, this idea was accepted by

Abdurauf Fitrat without any change - Фитрат (2006).

It is true that Mahmud Kashgari refers to the Kipchak

dialect, but for some reasons, he neglected the fact

that they had a great position in the places from the

Syrdarya to the Irtysh River and along the Dunay and

the Volga in the XI – XIII centuries – Шаниязов

(1974). Probably Mahmud Kashgari has never been

to these zones, and there is no information about it,

perhaps, in relatively later periods, the Kipchaks

settled in Central Asia - Шониёзов (1999).

Consequently, Kipchaks were low numbered in

Central Asia during the period when Mahmud

Kashgari lived, so they were part of the Oghuz

people.

It is worthy to note that Mahmud Kashgari

expresses an idea that can still be the methodological

basis for current dialectologists. He says, "The most

accurate and precise language is the language of those

who know only this language, do not interfere with

the Persians, and do not have relatives in cities to

visit." - Kошғарий (1960). We can see that the word

“language” is used in the sense of “dialect”. Although

this idea is translated very simply, it is the first most

favorable opinion in dialectological studies

concerning the correct choice of the respondent,

which has not lost its significance yet.

As we mentioned earlier, Mahmud Kashgari was

engaged in the creation of the Turkish language in the

eleventh century, but this work could not have been

carried out without mentioning the phonetics and

morphology of that time. Therefore, it is possible to

obtain sufficient information about the graphics,

phonetics, and morphological features of that period

from his work. It will also be possible to note the fact

of some present dialects from the semantic

interpretations of the words in the work and make

etymological conclusions. We are limited to one

example. The word çerkäşti is noted in The Devon.

This word is used as a past form of the verb, in the

expression of ikki su çerkäşti [two soldiers lined] -

Kошғарий (1960). What is important to us is that the

word çerkäşti is interpreted as "they lined," but the

word çerik is referred to as "battle line" in the Devon

- Kошғарий (1960). In the Indels–Dictionary, which

is arranged based on this dictionary, it is given as a

soldier - Девону луғатит турк (1967). Jirmunskiy

shows that the word used by A. N. Samoylovich

based on old Uzbek sources is žеrgе, j

еrgе variants in

terms of row, circular - Жирмунский (1966) -ka, - ge

are two different variants of the same affix, and they

are considered noun affixes. There are no facts in the

history of the language that its root çer/žеr/žаr was

used independently, but the phrase çir аjlаndï

(chiraylandi) is used in the present Turkestan dialect

(our observation) in this phrase has the meaning a

circle, a protuberance of the word çir. In the word

çirpiräk of the Uzbek literary language, the meaning

of the circle and round of the chir morpheme is

preserved. The addition of -kä/gе affix to this word

seems to have created a purported word. This

viewpoint belongs to us, and its etymology requires

further studies.

We may call Mahmud Kashgari the founder of the

method of linguistic geography. He was the first to

create a map of the Turkic tribes and kindred. This

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map has been studied to some extent by Z.Auezova -

Kāshgārī (2005), but the interpretation of the

inscriptions on this map by Mahmud Kashgari is still

awaiting his researchers.

The Kipchak dialects in this period are studied in

the book "Attuhfatuz zakiyatu fil lugatit turkiya." The

author of this book is unknown. The book reflects the

language of the Kipchak tribes in the XIII-XIV

centuries. The author intends to use 23 letters to write

a dialect of Kipchaks, but in practice, there is

confusion in this matter - Aттуҳфа (1968). The work

emphasizes the lexical units and phonetic

peculiarities of the Kipchak dialects, including şоlаq

(chjloq), qаz (g‘oz), tоqtаdï (to‘xtadi), qаnаdï (ezdi),

tükrük (tupuk), şiridi (chiridi), buγа (buqa), аγaş

(daraxt), uru (o‘g‘ri), and others. The peculiarities of

the Oghuz dialect are reflected in this book: käşür

(carrot), qоnşï (neighbor), а::çïq (hungry), kästi (cut),

and others. Although the unknown author intended to

investigate the language of the Kipchak, the features

inherent in the literary language of the period - the

XIII-XIV centuries - are wider than the peculiarities

of the Kipchak dialect. Therefore, this means that

studying the dialects of this period is characterized by

the creation of its own original method, that is, the

phonetic and morphological features of the vivid

language (dialect) studied connected to lexicography.

These were the key characters of that time.

Studying medieval Uzbek dialects. We attribute

this period to the name of Alisher Navoi. Alisher

Navoi takes into account two dialects on the issue of

the basis of the literary language in explaining the

peculiarities of the literary language in the work

"Muhokamat ul Lugatain," dedicated to the issues of

linguistics: they are "Khorezmian Turkish" called

Oghuz by Mahmud Kashgari and "Khakani Turkish,"

which was the basement of the literary language

during the Karakhanids. It is known that the Turkish

literary dialect of the Tilgaqarlugs, known as the

"Khakoni Turkish," was a basis dialect during the

Karakhanids’ period - Tурсунов, Ўринбоев, Алиев

(1995). This literary language later created a

foundation for the emergence of "chigatoy," that is,

the old Uzbek literary language. The concept of

"Khorezmian Turkish" is mentioned in the majority

of works of Alisher Navoi. For example, in the phrase

“And Qasidai Burda," also commented on the

Khorezmian Turkish language. This term is noted in

the book “Majolisun nafois” - Навоий (2011).

It is worth noting that Alisher Navoi approaches

the Turkish words based on their meanings in the

vivid language in exploring Turkish and Persian

words in his work "Muhokamatul lugatayn." He also

has a unique way of explaining variants of the

phonemic system of the Uzbek language of the

fifteenth century, that is, he chooses examples that are

extremely characteristic of the vivid language in

rendering the variants of the interpreted phoneme.

These are as follows: от – “şaji muhrik” (something

can make fire, fire), ӧt – “murur” (pass away), ut-

“muqammirγa burd žihätdin ämr” (current verb -

win), üt – “burn something” “kallanio’tg’atutup,

tukinaritur” - Навоий (2013). It is possible to see that

Alisher Navoi understood well the characteristics of

о↔ӧ, u↔ü front row and back row oppositive vowels

of the vivid Uzbek language (dialect) of that period.

Alisher Navoi attempts to elucidate the polysemy

and homonymy of words based on information

gathered from a vibrant language, illustrating three

meanings of the word "ter." Firstly, "ter" is

interpreted as meaning "sweating," secondly, as "a

moment," referred to as "alcohol" and "booze" by the

Tajik people, and thirdly, as "arrow." For the word

"kok," Navoi presents four meanings: 1) "көк"

signifies the "sky," 2) it represents "melody," 3) it

denotes the "spring," and 4) it refers to the "bump."

Navoi's exploration of other words in the context of a

lively language is considered a method of

dialectological research.

It is crucial to highlight that Alisher Navoi's

utilization of folk words and grammatical elements is

not pertinent to our work but rather showcases the

writer's literary prowess. The emphasis lies on

Navoi's scientific approach to the living language

(dialect) in speech usage and language interpretation.

This involves scrutinizing dialectal peculiarities, and

it is important to note that not all of Navoi's ideas

should be interpreted as references to dialects.

Specifically, his views on the affixes

"gӓč/кӓč/γаčч/qаč" are unrelated to Uzbek dialects

and the Uzbek language. This affix was not

mentioned in Turkic manuscripts until the 14th

century but has only been used in the language since

the book "Muhabbatnoma" - Abdurahmanov, & et. al.

(2008). Alisher Navoi's attitude towards the language

reflects his belief in the positive use of words and

forms considered valuable in Turkish languages.

Considering Alisher Navoi's vision based on the

peculiarities of the vibrant language (dialect) as a

method of studying the dialects of that period, it is

evident that although his dialectological views are not

explicitly stated, they offer a scientific insight into

Uzbek dialects.

Regrettably, until the mid-nineteenth century,

despite the usage of Uzbek dialects and the

vocabulary possibilities of the Uzbek language, the

scientific or practical study of Uzbek dialects was not

advanced.

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The study of Uzbek dialects in the late XIXth and

early XXth centuries was propelled by Russian

orientalists who studied the Uzbek language for

practical purposes. Central Asia was under Russian

occupation during this time, leading Russian

orientalists to delve into the history, geography,

culture, religion, language, and literature of the vast

territory inhabited by Uzbeks. The primary aim was

to utilize the local population as a source of labor.

Notable figures among these orientalists, including

M. Terentev, A. V. Starchevsky, Z. A. Alekseev, А.

Vishnegorsky, V. Nalivkin, M. Nalivkina, S. A.

Lapin, I. Bilyaev, L. Afanasev, N. S. Budzinsky, N.

Ostroumov, directly engaged with the live Uzbek

language in creating practical grammar and

dictionaries. A more in-depth examination will be

given to some of them.

V. Nalivkin and M. Nalivkina note that they

created their works based on the materials of the

Andijan dialect, and the facts of the Tashkent and

Namangan dialects were also used - Наливкин,

Наливкина (1884). N.S. Budzinski states that he has

created his works based on the materials of the

Tashkent dialect, and A.V. Starchevsky based his

work on Khiva and Bukhara Uzbek dialects -

Старчевский (1878) - Будзинский (1910). Although

the works they created were based on the dialects of

that period, they could not be considered as

dialectological works; they considered the language

in practice, that is, dialects as the Uzbek language, but

in fact, they were not intended to study the dialects.

Nevertheless, they could illustrate that the Tashkent

dialect is the six-vowel dialect, and the characteristics

of the grammatical forms in the dialects, especially

the case, grammatical numbers, and verb forms.

Studying of Uzbek dialects in the 20s and 30s of

the 20th century. In these years, researchers began to

study Uzbek dialects intensively. Famous linguists of

the period, Professors Polivanov, Yunusov, Yudaxin,

Borovkov, Reshetov, later Shoabdurahmonov began

to work since that time. In their research, the phonetic

and grammatical features of Uzbek dialects were

studied, and the first scientific classification of the

dialects was developed - Шоабдураҳмонов, Ишаев

(1965). Particularly during this period, it is necessary

to emphasize the leadership activities of Polivanov

and Yunusov. Numerous articles have been written

about Polivanov, and this is reflected on the Internet.

His work "Uzbek dialectology and Uzbek literary

language (Uzbek Dialectology and Uzbek

Literature)" is still in the focus of not only Uzbek

dialects but also Turkologists and language theorists.

Most importantly, this work illustrates the social and

historical reasons for the complexity of the dialectal

composition of the Uzbek language, and it is awaiting

new analysis by scientists.

In the research of Polivanov, Uzbek dialectology

developed both theoretical and practical points of

view. He introduced into the science the notions of

iranization, hybridization, crossbreeding, umlaut,

"broken" words, and the disappearance of

singarmonism in urban and rural dialects. True, there

were also critical views on his work - Боровков

(1953), but they did not try to understand the essence

of these theories. Polivanov's early works included

the idea of integrating the Uzbek (literary) language

into the Tashkent dialect. Based on this, the phonetic

and grammatical (morphological) system of the

Tashkent dialect as the Uzbek language was

described in the book "The brief Grammar of the

Uzbek Language" (Kratkaya grammatika

uzbekskogo yazyka). It was published in 1926; in this

respect, it now aligns with the principles of "Urban

Dialects" in "Dialectology," which are published in

European countries, particularly at Cambridge

University - Chambers, (2004). But in later works, he

changes his view that Chigatay is a literary language

- Поливанов (1933). It is necessary to note that

Polivanov's works in Uzbek dialectology should

receive their scientific values.

At present, Yunusov's works on Uzbek dialects

are valuable to science. He investigated the Uzbek

language along with its dialects. Unfortunately, his

dialectological works created during the prohibition

period have been out of reach for researchers for

many years. True, his classification variant separating

Uzbek dialects into Uzbek-Kipchak, Turkish-Barlos,

Khiva-Urganch dialects, based on "Ө

zbek lahᵶalarini

tasnifda bir taᵶriba," which was published in 1936, is

included in textbooks and manuals - Ashirboyev

(2016). However, his valuable works in the press of

the 20s have just started to be familiar to our science.

N. Yangibaeva introduced to science the teachings of

G. O. Yunusov that the dialects of the Uzbek

language were formed by three groups – Kipchak,

Uygur-Chigatay, Oghuz dialects. Therefore, it still

maintains three dialects until now, based on the article

"Sounds of the Uzbek language," which was

published in the magazine “Maorif va o‘qitg‘uchi”

during the prohibition period – Yangibaeva (2019).

G. O. Yunusov did not state the classification of

dialects in the headline of this article, so the

researchers were unaware of it (even if Polivanov

too). His article is more valuable as he was able to

identify all the vowels and consonants that are typical

of Uzbek dialects, despite being in the totalitarian

period. His research in this area is still relevant.

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The development of Uzbek dialectology in the

50s and beyond includes the period from the 50s of

the last century to the independence of Uzbekistan.

During this period, Uzbek dialectology formed as a

science. Uzbek dialectology was included in the

curriculum of philological faculties in higher

educational institutions, and a wide range of

dialectological studies were conducted in the

departments. The Dialectology department started to

operate at the Institute of Language and Literature

Research of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan,

and as a result, a large generation of Uzbek

dialectologists appeared.

The main peculiarity of this period is that

studying Uzbek dialects started based on plans. The

Academy of Sciences and the Chairs of Higher

Education establishments organized dialectological

expeditions, and as a result, scientific and factual

texts on Uzbek dialects were collected, and a large

group of scholars of Uzbek dialectology grew up.

Most importantly, the methodology of studying

Uzbek dialects was developed.

It is true that in the 50-80s of the last century,

Uzbek dialects were studied not only by the plan but

also by the researcher's own choice. During this

period, the implementation of dissertation work,

especially on Uzbek dialects, increased even more.

The following researchers defended their doctoral

dissertations on these issues.

Table 1: Exploring Uzbek Linguistic Diversity: Dialects

Across Regions.

Researchers Works

ReshetovV. Qurama dialects

ShoabdurahmonovSh. Dialect and literary language

relationshi

Abdullaev F. Phonetics of Khorezm

dialects

Ibrahimov S. Professional lexicon of

Fergana dialects

Mirzaev M. Bukhara Uzbek dialects

Aliyev A. Namangan dialects

DoniyorovX. Kipchak dialects

Juraev A. Linguistic geography of

Uzbek dialects

Shermatov A. lower Kashkadarya dialects

Madrahimov O,

Muhammadjonov Q,

Rajabov N.

Samarkand dialects

Yuldashev T. Uzbek dialects of Tajikistan

Ibragimov Y. Uzbek dialects of

Karakalpakstan

Murodova N. Uzbeks dialects of Navoi

region

As it turned out, it is possible to designate three

categories of dissertations performed during this

period:

Works studying either the phonetic, lexical, or

morphological systems of a particular dialect. These

include works such as Gulamov’s "The morphology

of the dialects of the Tashkent region," Ishaev's

"Phonetics of Mang’it dialects," Otamirzaeva’s "The

sound composition of Namangan dialects," and

Sadykov's "Lexicon of Tashkent region dialects."

Works studying only one issue of Uzbek dialects.

Examples of such works include Nazarov's

"Possession category in Uzbek dialects" and

Usmanov's "Present tense verb forms in Uzbek

dialects."

Dialect and history of language relations. This

issue was studied in the works of Doniyorov,

"Genealogy and dialects of the Uzbek people," and

Tuychiboev's "Stages of development of the Uzbek

Language."

Comparative studies of linguistic phenomena in

Uzbek dialects with literary language. In this

category, research include works like

Shoabdurahmonov's "Uzbek literary language and

folklore dialects" and works dedicated to the

comparative study of Uzbek literary language with

Namangan and Forish dialects.

Works studying a comprehensive examination of

the phonetic, morphological, lexical (or two of them)

features of a particular dialect. These works include

Reshetov's "Margilan dialect of the Uzbek language,"

Afzalov’s “Parkent dialects of the Uzbek language,"

Gulomov’s "Jizzakh dialect of Uzbek language," X.

Doniyorov's "Bakmal dialects of the Uzbek

language," Zafarov's "Sayram dialects of the Uzbek

language," Kudratov's "Intermediate dialects of the

Uzbek language," and other works. Researchers such

as Mirsoatov, Egamov, Abdullaev, Rajabov, Juraev,

Farmonov, Aliev, Shermatov, Mamatkulov,

Sharipov, Ahmedov, Gafurova, Valiev, Nosirov,

Shamsiddinov, Mamatov, Orozov, Bobojonov, H.

Sharipov, T. Turgunov, T. Yuldashev have carried

out research works in these issues.

Linguistic geography of the Uzbek language. This

field was developed by A. Shermatov (doctoral

dissertation), Muhammadjonov, Ibrahimov, N.

Murodova, Ibrahimova, Rakhmonov.

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Admittedly, research on Uzbek dialectology has

declined since 2000. However, it does not mean that

Uzbek dialects have not been investigated. Firstly,

Uzbek dialects have not been fully investigated in

descriptive terms, and the dialects studied 50-80 years

ago require re-research. This issue is in the focus of

the attention of the heads of the Republic of

Uzbekistan. On May 13, 2016, the Presidential

Decree "On the Establishment of the Uzbek

Language and Literature University named after

Alisher Navoi" assigned the task of guiding the study

of Uzbek dialects to this university, creating the

foundation for the beginning of a new era in studying

Uzbek dialects.

3 CONCLUSION

In summary, the exploration of Uzbek dialects has

traversed a rich historical timeline, from the study of

ancient Turkic dialects to the intensive research

conducted in the 20th century. Mahmud Kashgari's

foundational work in the 11th century laid the

groundwork for linguistic geography, emphasizing

the importance of understanding dialects in their

original context. Alisher Navoi's contributions during

the medieval period showcased a unique approach,

utilizing the vibrant language to uncover phonetic

nuances and dialectical variations. The 20th century

witnessed a surge in dialectological studies,

particularly driven by Russian orientalists and later by

Uzbek scholars who established dialectology as a

distinct field.

Moving forward, the 20s and 30s marked a crucial

period where Uzbek dialectology gained momentum.

Scholars like Polivanov and Yunusov contributed

significantly, introducing key concepts and

classifications. The subsequent decades saw a

flourishing of Uzbek dialectology, with dedicated

departments, expeditions, and systematic plans for

research. This period witnessed a surge in

dissertations exploring diverse aspects of Uzbek

dialects, contributing to the establishment of

dialectology as a recognized scientific discipline. The

current focus on revisiting earlier research and the

establishment of the Uzbek Language and Literature

University named after Alisher Navoi in 2016

indicate a commitment to preserving and advancing

the study of Uzbek dialects into a new era.

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